Chapter One: Propositional Logic and Set Theory

Propositional Logic

This chapter begins with an exploration of propositional logic, which serves as the foundation for
mathematical reasoning. Propositional logic focuses on the structure of statements rather than their
content. A proposition is defined as a declarative sentence that can be either true (T) or false (F), but not
both. The chapter outlines various types of propositions and introduces logical connectives: conjunction
(and), disjunction (or), implication (if...then), and biconditional (if and only if).

1. Logical Connectives: The chapter details how propositions can be combined using logical
connectives:

o Conjunction (∧): True only if both propositions are true.

o Disjunction (∨): True if at least one proposition is true.

o Implication (→): True unless the first proposition is true and the second is false.

o Biconditional (↔): True if both propositions have the same truth value.

2. Truth Tables: Truth tables are introduced as a method to determine the truth values of
compound propositions formed by these connectives. The chapter provides examples illustrating
how to evaluate the truth values of complex propositions.

3. Tautology and Contradiction: A compound proposition is a tautology if it is always true

regardless of the truth values of its components. Conversely, it is a contradiction if it is always
false.

Set Theory

The second part of this chapter delves into set theory, which is essential for understanding collections of
objects.

1. Definition of a Set: A set is defined as a well-defined collection of distinct objects, called

elements. The chapter discusses various ways to describe sets, including roster and set-builder
notation.

2. Set Operations: Key operations on sets are introduced:

o Union: The set of elements that are in either set.

o Intersection: The set of elements that are in both sets.

o Difference: The set of elements in one set but not in the other.

o Complement: The set of all elements not in the given set.

3. Venn Diagrams: The chapter uses Venn diagrams to visually represent set operations and
relationships, enhancing the understanding of how sets interact.
Chapter Two: The Real and Complex Number Systems

The Real Number System

This chapter covers the different subsets of real numbers, emphasizing their properties and significance.

1. Natural Numbers: Introduces natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...), discussing their role as the building
blocks of mathematics.

2. Integers: Explains integers, which include both positive and negative whole numbers, as well as
zero.

3. Rational Numbers: Defines rational numbers as numbers that can be expressed as the ratio of
two integers. The chapter discusses properties and examples of rational numbers.

4. Real Numbers: Expands on real numbers, which include all rational and irrational numbers. The
chapter highlights the importance of the number line in representing real numbers.

The Complex Number System

Complex numbers are introduced as an extension of the real number system.

1. Definition: A complex number is defined as a number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers, and i is the imaginary unit (√-1).

2. Plotting Complex Numbers: The chapter discusses how complex numbers can be represented on
the complex plane, with the x-axis representing the real part and the y-axis representing the
imaginary part.

3. Operations on Complex Numbers: The chapter covers addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division of complex numbers, providing examples for clarity.

4. Conjugates and Moduli: The conjugate of a complex number is defined, along with the modulus
(or absolute value), which represents the distance from the origin on the complex plane.

5. Polar Form: The chapter introduces the polar form of complex numbers, explaining how to
convert between rectangular and polar coordinates.

Chapter Three: Functions

This chapter focuses on the concept of functions, a fundamental idea in mathematics.

Relations and Functions

1. Definition of a Function: A function is defined as a relation that assigns exactly one output for
each input. The chapter emphasizes the importance of domain (input values) and range (output
values).

2. Cartesian Products: The concept of Cartesian products is introduced, which forms the basis for
understanding relations and functions.
Types of Functions

1. One-to-One Functions: These functions assign distinct outputs to distinct inputs, ensuring that
no two inputs map to the same output.

2. Onto Functions: An onto function covers all elements in the codomain, meaning every possible
output is accounted for by at least one input.

3. Inverse Functions: The chapter explains how to find the inverse of a function, where the roles of
inputs and outputs are reversed.

Graphing Functions

1. Polynomials: The chapter covers polynomial functions, including their degree and how to find
zeros (roots) of polynomials.

2. Rational Functions: Rational functions are introduced, alongside techniques for graphing them
and identifying asymptotes.

3. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions: These functions are defined, with emphasis on their
properties and graphs.

4. Trigonometric Functions: The chapter discusses the sine, cosine, and tangent functions,
including their periodic nature and applications in various contexts.

5. Hyperbolic Functions: Finally, hyperbolic functions are introduced, drawing parallels to

trigonometric functions and discussing their properties.

Chapter Four: Analytic Geometry

This chapter explores the geometric concepts essential for understanding the coordinate plane.

Equations of Lines

1. Distance Formula: The distance between two points in the Cartesian plane is derived, along with
the formula used to calculate it.

2. Equations of Lines: The chapter covers how to write equations for lines in slope-intercept form
(y = mx + b) and point-slope form.

3. Distance from a Point to a Line: The concept of finding the shortest distance from a point to a
line is explained, with relevant formulas provided.

Conic Sections

1. Circles: The standard equation of a circle is discussed, along with how to find its center and
radius.

2. Parabolas: The chapter defines parabolas, including their standard equations and properties
such as vertex and axis of symmetry.
3. Ellipses and Hyperbolas: Ellipses and hyperbolas are introduced, with emphasis on their
standard forms and characteristics.

4. General Second-Degree Equations: The chapter concludes with a discussion on general second-
degree equations, analyzing how they can represent various conic sections depending on their
coefficients.