chemistry class

Date : 30-12-2024 STD 12 Science Chemistry Total Marks : 70

f4

* Choose The Right Answer From The Given Options.[1 Marks Each] [12]

1. Chloromethane on treatment with excess of ammonia yields mainly

(A) Methanamine (CH3NH2)

(B) Mixture containing all these in equal proportion

(C) N-methylmethanamine (CH3-NH-CH3)

(D) N, N-Dimethylmethanamine

Ans. : (a)Methanamine (CH3NH2)

Explanation: CH3Cl + NH3 → CH3NH2 + HCl
Ammonia molecule is a nucleophile in nature as it has unpaired electrons. This
nucleophile attacks the chloromethane CH3Cl molecule and forms methylamine or
methenamine by a nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism. The carbon atom
is partially positive in the molecule, due to the electronegativity of the halide
attached which is partially negative. The electron- rich nucleophile attacks the
positive ion, causing the halide ion to be separated from the molecule.
2. Which of the following is a disaccharide?
(A) Glucose (B) Cellulose (C) Lactose (D) Starch

Ans. : (c) Lactose

Explanation: Lactose
3. In the reaction

(A) Phenols are acidic in nature.

(B) They can donate a proton to a stronger base
(C) Cleavage of O - H bond
(D) All of these

Ans. : (d) All of these

Explanation: Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to give a colourless
solution containing sodium phenoxide. In this reaction, the hydrogen ion has been
removed by the strongly basic hydroxide ion in the sodium hydroxide solution.

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4. The fragrance of the aldehyde and ketone are used for perfume and similar
uses depend on:
(A) on its reactivity with other functional groups.
(B) size and solubility of the aldehyde and ketone molecule.
(C) only solubility of aldehydes and ketones.
(D) moisture of the air.
Ans. : (b) size and solubility of the aldehyde and ketone molecule.
Explanation: Size and solubility of aldehyde and ketone determine fragrance. For
example, aldehyde C-10 is used in floral blends like rose, jasmine, etc. While
aldehyde C-11 has a strong citrus smell and aldehyde C-16 has a strong strawberry
smell.
5. Value of Henry's constant KH:
(A) increases with decrease in temperature.
(B) remains constant.
(C) increases with increase in temperature.
(D) decreases with increase in temperature.
Ans. : (c) increases with increase in temperature.
Explanation: Value of henry constant increases with increase in temperature.
6. Match the item given in Column I with expression given in Column II
Column I Column II
(a) Osmotic Pressure p = KH ⋅ χB

(b) Relative lowering of ΔP

= χB
vapour pressure
o
P
A

(c) Henry Law ΔTb = Kb ⋅ m

(d) Elevation in boiling point p = iCRT

(A) (a) (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i).
(B) (a) (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i).
(C) (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iv).
(D) (a) (iv), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii).

Ans. : (d) (a)-(iv), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii).

Explanation: (a)-(iv), (b) - (ii), (c) - (i), (d) - (iii).
7. Isomers of the compound C4H9Br are:
(A) 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane and 2-Bromo-2- methylbutane
(B) 1- Bromobutane and 2 - Bromobutane
(C) 1 - Bromobutane, 2 - Bromobutane, 1 - bromo-2-methylpropane, and 2 - bromo-2 -
methylpropane

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 (D) 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane and 2 - Bromo-2-methylpropane

Ans. : (c) 1-Bromobutane, 2 - Bromobutane, 1- bromo-2-methylpropane, and 2-

bromo-2-methylpropane
Explanation: Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but
different structures. In the given straight-chain 4-C compounds, Br is placed at
different positions but the molecular formula is same.

In the given branched 4-C compounds, there is a branching of -CH3 at carbon 2 but
Br is placed at positions 1 and 2 respectively.

So, all of these are isomers since they have the same molecular formula but
different structures.
8. Which one among the following metals of 3d series has the lowest melting
point?
(A) Cu (B) Fe (C) Zn (D) Mn

Ans. : (c) Zn
Explanation: Zn metal of 3d series has the lowest melting point.
9. The half-life of a reaction is halved as the initial concentration of the reactant is
doubled. The order of the reaction is:
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 3

Ans. : (c) 2
Explanation: For 2nd order reaction, the half-life is inversely related to the
concentration of the reactant. t1/2 for second order reaction α
1

[R]

10. Which of the following does not give silver mirror test?
(A) CH3CH2CHO (B) HCOOH (C) CH3CHO (D) CH3COCH3

Ans. : (d) CH3COCH3

Explanation: CH3COCH3 will not give a silver mirror test (Tollens Test). Tollens test is
given by aldehydes only and HCOOH is the only acid that gives tollen's test.
Ketones do not give tollen's test.

11. When diethyl ether is heated with excess of HI, it produces :

(A) ethyl iodide (B) ethanol (C) methyl iodide (D) iodoform

Ans. : (a) ethyl iodide

Explanation: ethyl iodide
12. Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of:

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 (A) Quaternary salt (B) Primary amines
(C) Tertiary amine (D) Secondary amine

Ans. : (b) Primary amines

Explanation: In Gabriel Phthalimide reaction, the sodium or potassium salt of
phthalimide is N-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N-
alkylphthalimideis for producing primary amines. This is because of the reaction of
sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide with alkyl halide impure SN2 reaction

* a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). [4]

Choose the correct option.

13. Assertion (A): Glucose and fructose are reducing sugars.

Reason (R): Glucose and fructose contain a free aldehydic and ketonic group
adjacent to a >CHOH group respectively
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
Ans. : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Reducing sugars contain a free aldehydic or ketonic groupadjacent to
a group and reduce Tollen's reagent, Schiff's reagent or Benedict's solution.
14. Assertion (A): Rate of addition of HCN on carbonyl compounds increases in
presence of NaCN.
Reason (R): Reaction involves the addition of Cn in rate determining step.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.

Ans. : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The addition of HCN to carbonyl compounds involves the addition of
CN- in rate determining step which are supplied easily by NaCN and thus addition
becomes fast.
15. Assertion (A): Isopropyl chloride is less reactive than CH3Br in SN2 reactions.

Reason (R): SN2 reactions are always accompanied by inversion of configuration.

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.

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 (D) A is false but R is true.

Ans. : (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: As the size of the alkyl groups increases, the SN2 reactivity decreases,
further C - Cl bond is stronger and more difficult to cleave than C - Br bond. So
CH3Br is more reactive than (CH3)2CHCl.

16. Assertion (A): Aqueous solution of phenol is called as carbonic acid.

Reason (R): Increasing order of acidity of phenols is m nitrophenol >o-
nitrophenol >p-nitrophenol.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) Both A and R are false.

Ans. : (d) Both A and R are false.

Explanation:
Aqueous solution of phenol is called carbolic acid. Electron withdrawing groups
such as -NO 2, -CN, -X- increase the acidity.
The increase is more at o and p - positions than at m-position.
i.e. p-nitrophenol >o-nitrophenol >m-nitrophenol.

* Given Section consists of questions of 2 marks each. [10]

17. Write the formulae for the following coordination compounds:

i. Potassium tetrahydroxo sincate (II)
ii. Potassium trioxalatoaluminate (III)
iii. Dichloridobis cobalt III (ethane - 1, 2 diamine)
Ans. : i. K 2 [Zn(OH )4 ]

ii. K
3 [Al(C2 O4 )3 ]

iii. [CoCl 2
(en )2 ]
+

18. Why are Fe2+ compounds easily oxidises to Fe3+ as compared to Mn+2
compounds.

Ans. : Mn2+ compounds are less readily converted to its +3 oxidation state (Mn3+)
as compared to Fe2+ because Mn2+ (3d5) is more stable than Mn3+ (3d4) due to
stable half filled d-orbital electronic configuration. Whereas Fe3+ (3d5) is more
stable than Fe2+ (3d6) due to half filled d-orbitals therefore Fe2+ gets easily
converted to Fe3+
19. Answer the following:
(a) a. Write the mathematical relation between rate constant and half-life of a

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 first order reaction.
b. What is collision frequency?
(b) If the rate equation is given below:
Rate = k[A]2[B]
then what will be the unit of its rate and rate constant?
Ans. : (i)
a. t =
1/2
0.693

b. The number of collisions per second per unit volume of the reaction mixture.
−1 −1
(ii) Unit of rate = molL s

Unit of rate
Unit of rate constant (k) = 2
Unit of [ A ]× Unit of [B]

−1 −1
molL s
= 2
−1 −1
(molL ) (molL )

−2 2 −1
= mol L s

20. Calculate the temperature at which the solution containing 54 g of glucose,

C6H12O 6 in 250 g of water will freeze. (Kb for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)

Ans. : Molecular mass of glucose

−1
MB = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180gmol

Kf × wB ×1000
ΔTf =
MB × wA

1.86×54×1000
= = 2.23K
180×250

Freezing point of solution = T

0
f
− ΔT f = 273 − 2.23 = 270.77K

OR
* Define the terms Mass percentage.

Ans. : Mass percentage: The mass percentage of a component in a given solution

is defined as the mass of the component per 100g of the solution.
Mass of a component
Mass of the component in the solution
% = × 100
Total mass of the solution

21. An organic compound 'A' (molecular formula C3H6O) is resistant to oxidation

but forms a compound 'B' (
C3H8O) on reduction. 'B' reacts with HBr to form a bromide'C' which on
treatment with alcoholic KOH forms an alkene 'D' (C3H6). Deduce the structures
of A, B, C and D.
Ans. : Structure of A, B, C and D are deduced in the following manner.

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 * Given Section consists of questions of 3 marks each. [21]

22. What are fuel cells? Explain the electrode reactions involved in the working of H2
- O 2 fuel cell.

Ans. : Fuel cells: Those galvanic cells in which chemical energy of combustion of
fuels like hydrogen, methane, etc. is converted into electrical energy are called fuel
cells.
H2-O 2 fuel cell: The cell consists of three compartments separated by a porous
electrode. Hydrogen gas is introduced into one compartment and oxygen into
another compartment. These gases then diffuse slowly through the electrode and
react with an electrolyte that is in the central part of the cell. The electrodes are
made of porous carbon and electrolyte is a resin containing concentrated aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution. Hydrogen is oxidized at anode and oxygen is reduced
at the cathode.

The electrode reactions involved in the working of the H2-O2 fuel cell are as: At
cathode, O 2 (g) + 2H2 O(l) + 4e
−
⟶ 4OH
−
(aq)

At anode,
− −
2H2 (g) + 4OH (aq) ⟶ 4H2 O(l) + 4e

Overall cell reaction:2H 2 (g) + O2 (g) ⟶ 2H2 O(l)

23. In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction was measured for
different initial concentrations of A and B as given below:
A/mol L-1 0.20 0.20 0.40

B/mol L-1 0.30 0.10 0.05

ro/mol L-1s-1 5.07 x 10-5 5.07 x 10-5 1.43 x 10-4

What is the order of the reaction with respect to A and B ?

Ans. : Consider the order of the reaction with respect to A is x and with respect to
B is y .
Therefore, r 0
x
= k[A] [B]
y

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 −5 x y
5.07 × 10 = k[0.20] [0.30] … …( (i)

−5 x y
5.07 × 10 = k[0.20] [0.10] … . . ( ii)

−4 x y
1.43 × 10 = k[0.40] [0.05] … . . ( iii)

Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we obtain

x y
−5 k[0.20 ] [0.30 ]
5.07×10
−5
= x y
5.07×10 k[0.20 ] [0.10 ]

y
[0.30] 0 y
0.30 0.30
1 = y ( ) = ( )
[0.10] 0.10 0.10

y = 0

Dividing equation (iii) by (ii), we obtain

x y
−4 k[0.40 ] [0.05 ]
1.43×10
−5
= x y
5.07×10 k[0.20 ] [0.30 ]

y
−4 [0.40]
1.43×10 y y
−5
= y [ Since y = 0, [0.05] = [0.30] = 1]
5.07×10 [0.20]

x
2.821 = 2

log 2.821
log 2.821 = x log 2( Taking log on both sides )x =
log 2

= 1.496

= 1.5 (approximately)
Hence, the order of the reaction with respect to A is 1.5 and with respect to B is 0.
24. Write the reactions and conditions for the following conversions:
i. 2-Propanone into 2-methyl-2-Proponal
ii. n-Propyl alcohol into hexane
Ans. :

OR
*
i. Write the mechanism of the following reaction:
+
H

⟶
2C H3 C H2 OH −−−→ C H3 C H2 OC H2 C H3 + H2 O
413K

ii. Write the preparation of phenol from cumene.

Page 8
 Ans. : (1)

(2)

(3)

25. How would you bring about the following conversions?

i. Propanal to butanone
ii. Benzaldehyde to benzophenone
iii. Benzoyl chloride to benzonitrile
 Ans. :

26. Calculate the emf of the following cell:

2+ + −3
M g(s) ∣
∣M g (0.2M )∥Ag (1 × 10 M )∣
∣ Ag(s)

0 +
E (Ag /Ag) = 0.80V

0 2+
E (M g /M g) = −2.37V

Ans. :

applying nernst equation

2+
[M g ]
0 0.0591
Ecell = E − log
cell 2 [Ag
2+
]

0 + 0 2+ 0.0591 0.2
E (Ag /Ag) − E (M g /M g) − log 2
2 −3
(10 )

0.0591 5
= +0.80V − (−2.37V ) − log(2 × 10 )
2

0.0591 5
= +3.17V − [log 2 + log 10 ]
2

0.0591
= +3.17V − × 5.3010
2

= +3.17V − 0.1566V

= 3.0134V

27. Draw the structures of major monohalo products in each of the following
reactions:
 (1)

(2)

(3)

Ans. :

28. State Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions. How can the degree of
dissociation of acetic acid in a solution be calculated from its molar conductivity
data?
Ans. : Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions: It states that limiting
molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the
individual contributions of the anion and cation of the electrolyte. If ∘
λ Na
+
and
∘
λ Cl
−
are limiting molar conductivity for sodium chloride is given by
0 o 0 −
λm (N aCl) = λ N a + λ C l

Calculation of degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte like acetic acid. The degree
of dissociation α is given by: α =
λm

0
where λm be molar conductivity and 0
λm be the
λ
m

limiting molar conductivity.

* Given Section consists of questions of 4 marks each. [8]

29. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Observe the graph of transition metal and their melting points
 i. Why does W (tungsten) has highest melting point?
ii. Which element in 3d series has lowest enthalpy of atomisation and why?
iii. Why is mercury liquid?
OR
iii. Why are transition metals less electropositive than 's'-block elements?
Ans. : i. It is due to presence of most number of unpaired electrons and there is
more frequent metal-metal bonding in 5d series than 3d and 4d series.
ii. Zinc has lowest enthalpy of atomisation due to weak metallic bond which is due
to absence of unpaired electrons.
iii. It is due to larger size, absence of unpaired electron and weak interatomic
attraction and weaker metallic bond.
30. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and
shrivel into pickle. Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water. A carrot
that has become limp because of water loss into the atmosphere can be placed
into the water making it firm once again. Water will move into its cells through
osmosis. When placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass/volume) salt,
blood cells swell due to flow of water in them by osmosis.
i. People taking a lot of salt or salty food suffer from puffiness or edema. What
is the reason behind this?
ii. The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects
against bacterial action. How?
iii. Why the direction of osmosis gets reversed if a pressure larger than the
osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side? Write its one application.
OR
iii.What care is generally taken during intravenous injections and why?
Ans. : i. People experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces
due to osmosis.
 ii. Through the process of osmosis, a bacterium on salted meat or candid fruit
loses water, shrivels and dies.
iii. The pure solvent flows out of the solution through the semi permeable
membrane due to reverse osmosis. It is used in desalination of sea water.

* Given Section consists of questions of 5 marks each. [15]

31. Attempt any five of the following:

(a) Define native state in reference to proteins.
(b) Define the following terms:
a. Polysaccharides
b. Nucleotides
(c) Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy?
(d) What happens when D-glucose is treated with the following? Give equations
to support your answer.
a. HI
b. HNO 3
(e) Name the disaccharide which on hydrolysis gives glucose and galactose.
(f) Write the products obtained after hydrolysis of lactose.
(g) Give the reaction of glucose with hydrogen cyanide. Presence of which
group is confirmed by this reaction?
Ans. : Attempt any five of the following:
(i) Native state of protein is the sequence in which the amino acids are linked
together with the help of peptide bond.
(ii) a. Polysaccharides contain a large number of monosaccharide units joined
together by glycosidic linkages.
 b. Sugar + Phosphate + base / Nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.

32. Draw all the isomers of: (geometrical and optical)

i. [CoCl2
(en )2 ]
+

ii. [Co (N H
2+
2
3) Cl(en ) ]

iii. [Co(N H 3 )2 C l2 (en)]

+
Ans. :

Cis [CoCl (en) ] isomer-optically active (Non-superimposable mirror images) In

2 2
+

total, three isomers are possible.

ii. [Co (N H Trans-isomers are optically inactive. Cis-isomers are optically
2+
2
3) Cl(en ) ]

active.
iii. [Co(N H 3
) C l2 (en)]
2
+
 OR
* Using crystal field theory, draw energy level diagram, write the electronic
configuration of the central metal atom/ion and determine the magnetic moment
value in the following:
i. [CoF 6]
3−
, [Co(H2 O) 6 ]
2+
, [Co(CN )6 ]
3−

ii. [F eF 6]
3−
, [F e(H2 O) 6 ]
2+
, [F e(CN )6 ]
4−

Ans. : (1)
 (2)

33. (a) Give plausible explanation for each of the following:

i. Why are amines less acidic than alcohols of comparable molecular masses?
ii. Why are primary amines highest boiling than tertiary amines?
iii. Why are aliphatic amines stronger bases than aromatic amines?
(b) Complete the following reactions:
i. C H N Cl + C H OH →
6 5 2 2 5

ii. C H N H + (CH CO) O →

6 5 2 3 2

Ans. : (a). i. Loss of proton from amines give ion whereas loss of a proton from
alcohol gives an alkoxide ion.
Since O is more electronegative than N, therefore, RO - can accommodate the -ve
charge more easily than RNH-.Consequently, RO - is more stable than RNH-. Thus,
alcohols are more acidic than amines.
ii. Primary amines (RNH2) have two hydrogen atoms on the N atom and therefore,
form intermolecular hydrogen bonding.Tertiary amines (R3N) donot have hydrogen
atoms on the N atom and therefore, these donot form hydrogen bonds. As a result
of hydrogen bonding in primary amines, they have higher boiling points than
tertiary amines of comparable molecular mass.
iii. Both arylamines and alkylamines are basic in nature due to the presence of lone
pair on N-atom. But arylamines are less basic than alkylamines.
 (b).

OR
* Write the structure of A, B, C, D and E in the following reactions:

Ans. :

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