APPLIED PHYSICS PHY-124

LAB REPORT
Lab re port (02)

Hafiz Muhib Ur Rehman

Name Musa A.Qureshi
Maaz Ajmal
FA23-EEE-014
Registration
Number FA23-EEE-036
FA23-EEE-022

Class Applied Physics (Phy 124)

Instructor’sName Muhammad Moosa

Color Code Reading
Resistance of a resistor can be measured by using DMM. Keeping knob of DMM at Ω symbol and
connecting two terminals of resistor with two wires of DMM gives the digital and actual reading
of resistance. now measure the resistance of unknown resistors first using color code and then by
DMM.
Color code value DMM value

Sr no 1KΩ 0.97kΩ

01 220Ω 215 Ω

02 56Ω 55.3 Ω

03
Questions Answers
Q: Are both values same?
Ans: No,both values are different from each other.
Q: What is deviation? And have you observed it in this experiment?
Ans:
"Deviation" in the context of an experiment generally refers to a difference or divergence
between an observed or measured value and an expected or theoretical value. Deviation
can be expressed as the amount by which a result or measurement differs from the
expected or accepted value. It's often used to assess the accuracy and precision of
experimental results.
Yes we observe deviation in tis experiment that measured and color coded calculated
values are no same.
Q: What is the use of 4th band on resistor?
Ans:
The fourth band on a resistor, often called the tolerance band, provides information about
the tolerance of the resistor's nominal value. Resistors are manufactured with a certain
level of precision, and the tolerance indicates the permissible range within which the
actual resistance can deviate from the nominal (marked) resistance value.
Q: In theoretical approach which value of resistance you would use in solving a circuit?
Ans:I sue value or resistor which I had measure by DMM.
Q: In theoretical approach which value of resistance you would use in solving a circuit?
Ans: In general, the resistance of a resistor does not change significantly with the passage
of time under normal operating conditions. Resistors are passive electronic components,
and their resistance is determined by physical properties such as the material they are
made of, dimensions, and temperature. Under typical circumstances, these properties
remain relatively stable

Part-1: Verification Of Kirchhoff’s

Voltage Law
Observations
Total voltage supplied by the battery = ( 10v)
Equivalent resistance of the circuit = (1240.3 )
Total current = ( 8mA)
Current through 𝐼970 = ( 8mA)
Current through 𝐼215= ( 8mA)
Current through 𝐼55.3 = ( 8mA)
voltage through 𝑉970 = (7,76 )
voltage through 𝑉215= ( 1.72)
voltage through 𝑉55.3 = ( 0.44)
now check Kirchhoff’s law by putting values in this equation;
𝑉970 + 𝑉215 + 𝑉55.3 = → (7.76 )+(1.72 )+(0.44 ) = (9.98 )
Till here it was theoretical now to check it use DMM and check if the total voltage applied by the
battery is equal to the sum of voltage drops, so now fill the below spaces by readings taken through
DMM.
Total voltage supplied by the battery = ( 10v)
Equivalent resistance of the circuit = (1240.3 )
Total current = ( 7.8mA)
Current through 𝐼970 = ( 7.8mA)
Current through 𝐼215= ( 7,8mA)
Current through 𝐼55.3 = ( 7.8mA)
voltage through 𝑉970 = (7.26)
voltage through 𝑉215= ( 2.08)
voltage through 𝑉55.3 = (0.63)
now check Kirchhoff’s law by putting values in this equation;
𝑉970 + 𝑉215 + 𝑉55.3 = → (7.26)+(2.08 )+(0.63 ) = (9.97)
Also check current through each resistor and see whether current remains same or not.
𝐼970 = 𝐼215 = 𝐼0.63 = 𝐼( 1240.3)=( 7.8mA )=( 7.8mA )=( 7.8mA)

Questions Answers
Q: We made a series circuit to check the validity of Kirchhoff’s voltage law. Can we also check
Kirchhoff’s current law using the same circuit? Justify your answer.
Ans: Yes, you can check Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) in the same series circuit.
Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the total current entering a junction (or node) in a
circuit is equal to the total current leaving that junction. This law holds for any point in
an electrical circuit, including points in a series circuit.

In a series circuit, where components are connected end-to-end, the same current flows
through all components. Therefore, any point or junction within a series circuit can be
considered a node where KCL can be applied.

Q: Why there is a voltage drop across a resistor but current is not affected?
Ans: In a circuit with a resistor, when current flows through the resistor, there is a voltage
drop across it. This phenomenon is described by Ohm's Law, which states that the voltage
(V) across a resistor is equal to the current (I) flowing through it multiplied by the
resistance (R) of the resistor, expressed by the formula V = I * R.
Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.
The formula V = I * R indicates that the voltage drop (V) across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current (I) and the resistance (R) of the resistor.

Q: Was there any difference between theoretical and practical values of currents and voltages?
Ans: Yes, theoretical and practical values of currents and voltages are different from each other it
is because in theoretical values there is no external factor which effect on the readings but in
practical measurements many external factors effect the values of current and voltages.

Q: Is there any significance of doing theoretical work before performing it?

Ans: yes, before performing it theoretical work give much benefit to do this practically during
theoretical calculations it give and clear our concepts and ideas to understand KCL.
Q: You have used ammeter and voltmeter in this experiment, which one to connect in series and
which one in parallel to take readings?
Ans: I use both of them volt meter to measure the voltages and ammeter to measure
current. Bu volt meter is connect in parallel and ammeter I connecterd in series.
 Part 2: Verification Of
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Kirchhoff’s current law says that current which divides among all resistors is equal to the total
current being provided by the battery, that is no current is created or lost within the circuit rather
it just gets divide among different paths and in the end it is the same amount which battery was
providing, in a parallel circuit since all resistors are directly connected to the battery thus voltage
through all of them is same, but as the circuit is no single loop so current does not remains same
rather it divides into two paths firstly at point E then current divides into two paths at point D. so
to check Kirchhoff’s law we must get
𝐼970 + 𝐼215 + 𝐼0.63 = 𝐼
As we know the amount of voltage we are providing, it will be equal to the voltage across each
resistor;
𝑉970 = 𝑉215 = 𝑉0.63 = 𝑉
Observations
Total voltage supplied by the battery = (5v)
Equivalent resistance of the circuit = (0.63Ω )
Total current = ( 7.96A)
Current through 𝐼970 = ( 5.1mA)
Current through 𝐼215= ( 23.2mA)
Current through 𝐼0.63 = ( 79.3A)
voltage through 𝑉970 = (5V )
voltage through 𝑉215= (5V)
voltage through 𝑉0.63 = (5V)
now check Kirchhoff’s law by putting values in this equation;
𝐼970 + 𝐼215 + 𝐼0.63 = 𝐼 → (5.1mA )+(23.3mA )+(79.3A )= (79.3A)
Till here it was theoretical now to check it use DMM and check if
the total current applied by the battery is equal to the sum of
currents through individual resistors, so now fill the below spaces by
readings taken through DMM.
Total voltage supplied by the battery = (5v)
Equivalent resistance of the circuit = (0.63Ω )
Total current = ( 7.5A)
Current through 𝐼970 = ( 4.9mA)
Current through 𝐼215= ( 25.2mA)
Current through 𝐼0.63 = ( 78.1A)
voltage through 𝑉970 = (4.8V )
voltage through 𝑉215= (4.8V)
voltage through 𝑉0.63 = (4.8V)

Now check Kirchhoff’s law by putting values in this equation;

𝐼970 + 𝐼215 + 𝐼0.63 = 𝐼 → (4.9mA )+(25.2mA )+(78.1A )= (78.13A)

Questions Answers
Q: How will you find the voltage drop across points HB? What is its value?
Ans: By connecting the probs of voltmeter at these points we can measure the
voltage drop at these points. the value of voltages at thest point is zero .

Q: Since now we had been finding the voltage using two points. What would be the voltage at
point D?
Ans:the voltages at d is save as the voltages of source.

Q: If we connect voltmeter in parallel what would happen with the circuit?

Ans: Connecting a voltmeter in parallel with a component or across a circuit means
placing the voltmeter's terminals on either side of the component or circuit element to
measure the voltage across it. When a voltmeter is connected in parallel, it does not
significantly alter the circuit's behavior.

Q: One of the students connected an ammeter in parallel and current through the circuit
increased, does ammeter also behave as a current source?
Ans: No, an ammeter does not behave as a current source. An ammeter is designed to
measure the current flowing through a circuit, and it is meant to be connected in series
with the circuit. Connecting an ammeter in parallel, as described, is not the correct or
intended usage, and it can lead to unexpected results, potentially including an increase
in current.
When an ammeter is connected in parallel, it creates a short circuit across the points
where it's connected. This is because an ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. In
the context of a parallel connection, where voltage is the same across all components, a
zero-resistance path (short circuit) is created, and the ammeter essentially bypasses the
component it is supposed to measure.
The result is that the ammeter, behaving like a short circuit, can allow more current to
flow through the circuit than intended. This is not because the ammeter is acting as a
current source, but rather because the ammeter is disrupting the normal current path
and creating a low-resistance path for the current to follow.

Q: A student said he could prove both laws (KCL and KVL) using this circuit. Is this statement
justified?
Ans: The statement that a student can prove both Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) using a single circuit might be ambitious, as KCL and KVL
are generally applied to different aspects of a circuit, and one law does not inherently
prove the other.

While it's possible to design a circuit where both KCL and KVL are applicable, proving
one law does not necessarily prove the other. Each law addresses different principles of
circuit behavior.

However, a well-designed circuit can provide a practical demonstration or illustration of

both laws in action. For instance, a circuit with multiple nodes and loops, where currents
and voltages are measured and analyzed, can be used to observe and verify the
principles of KCL and KVL.

Q: What do you know about grounding a wire?

Ans: "Grounding a wire" typically refers to the process of connecting a conductor
(usually made of metal) to the Earth, creating an electrical connection between the wire
and the ground. Grounding serves several purposes in electrical and electronic systems

Q: How is finding voltage across CG different from others?

Ans: CG is the points at same node so it is different from other because during
finding votages at the==hese points we are finding voltages at a single point which
will always be zero.

Q: Can you find voltage across one point only? How ?

Ans: Voltage is a measure of electric potential difference between two points in a circuit.
To measure the voltage across a single point, you would typically need to establish a
reference point, and then measure the potential difference between that reference point
and the desired point.

In practice, voltage is almost always measured between two points. However, if you're
interested in the voltage of a single point with respect to a common reference (often
called ground), you can connect one lead of a voltmeter to the point of interest and the
other lead to the common reference (ground). This effectively measures the voltage of
the point with respect to the ground.

Q: Is Kirchhoff’s current law applicable for this circuit? Justify your answer
Ans : To determine if Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) is applicable to a circuit, we need to
evaluate the circuit topology. Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the total current
entering a junction in a circuit is equal to the total current leaving the junction.

Q: Is your calculated reading different from measured one? If yes, then why?
Ans: yes my calculated readings are different from measured readings
It is because some external factors effect the values or our readings.

Q: Is there any use of tolerance of resistors here?

Ans: es, the tolerance of resistors plays a significant role in practical applications,
especially when precise resistance values are crucial for the proper functioning of
electronic circuits. Tolerance refers to the permissible variation in the actual resistance of
a resistor from its specified or nominal value. It is usually expressed as a percentage.

Q: What if all resistors be 1Ω?

Ans: If all resistors in a circuit are 1 ohm, it simplifies the circuit analysis considerably. In
this case:
Equal Resistance:
All resistors have the same resistance value (1 ohm), which means that the current
flowing through each resistor in a series circuit will be the same. In a parallel circuit, the
voltage across each resistor will be the same.
Simplified Calculations:

The calculations become straightforward since the resistance values are uniform. For
example, in a series circuit, the total resistance is simply the sum of the individual
resistances. In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is determined by the reciprocal of
the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.