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 9 PHYSICS GRAVITATION SOLUTION

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Gravitation
Class 9th Physics Lakhmir Singh And Manjit Kaur Solution

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-100

1. What is the value of gravitational constant G (i) On the earth, and (ii) On the moon?…
2. Which force is responsible for the moon revolving round the earth?…
3. Does the acceleration produced in a freely falling body depend on the mass of the body?…
4. Name the scientist who explained the motion of planets on the basis of gravitational force…
5. Name the scientist who explained the motion of planets on the basis of gravitational force…
6. States the Keplers law which is represented by the relation r^3 T^2…
7. Which of the Keplers laws of planetary motion led Newton to establish the inverse-square…
8. Name the property of earth which is responsible for extremely small acceleration being…
9. What is the acceleration produced in a freely falling body of mass 10 kg? (Neglect air…
10. When an object is dropped from a height, it accelerates and falls down. Name the force…
11. Give the formula for the gravitational force F between two bodies of masses M and m kept…
12. What force is responsible for the earth revolving round the sun?
13. What name has been given to the force with which two objects lying apart attract each…
14. What type of force is involved in the formation of tides in the sea?…
15. Which force is responsible for holding the solar system together?…
16. What is the weight of a 1 kilogram mass on the earth? (g = 9.8 m/s^2).…
17. On what factor/factors does the weight of a body depend?
18. As the altitude of a body increases, do the weight and mass both vary?…
19. If the same body is taken to places having different gravitational field strength. Then…
20. If the mass of an object be 10 Kg., what is its weight? (g = 9.8 m/s^2).…
21. The weight of a body is 50 N. What is its mass? (g = 9.8 m/s^2).
22. A body has a weight of 10 kg on the surface of earth. What will be its weight when taken…
23. Write down the weight of a 50 kg mass on the earth. (g = 9.8 m/s^2).…
24. If the weight of a body on the earth is 6 N, What will it be on the moon?…
25. State whether the following statements are true or false: (a) A falling stone also…
26. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words: (a) The acceleration due to gravity on…

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-127

1. If two equal weights of unequal volumes are balanced in air, what will happen when they…
2. Two different bodies are completely immersed in water and undergo the same loss in weight.…
3. A body floats in kerosene of density 0.8 10^3 kg/m^3 up to a certain mark. If the same…
4. Giving reasons state the reading on a spring balance when it is attached to a floating…
5. If a fresh egg is put into a beaker filled with water, it sinks. On dissolving a lot of…
6. A beaker full of water is suspended from a spring balance. Will the reading of the balance…
7. When a golf ball is lowered into a measuring cylinder containing water, the water level…
8. A boy gets into a floating boat. (a) What happens to the boat? (b) What happens to the…
9. A kg sheet of tin sinks in water but if the same sheet is converted into a box or boat, it…

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-101

1. Explain what is meant by the equation: g = G Where the symbols have their usual meanings?…
2. What do you mean by the term free fall?
3. During a free fall, will heavier objects accelerate more than lighter ones?…
4. Can we apply Newtons third law to the gravitational force? Explain your answer.…
5. Give reason for the following: The force gravitation between two cricket balls is…
6. Describe how the gravitational force between two objects depends on the distance between…
7. What happens to the gravitational force between two objects when the distance between them…
8. State two applications of universal law of gravitation.
9. Explain why, if a stone held in out hand is released, it falls towards the earth.…
10. Calculate the force of gravitation between two objects of masses 50 kg and 120 kg…
11. What is the force of gravity on a body of mass 150 kg lying on the surface of the earth?…
12. The mass of sun is 2 10^30 kg and the mass of earth is 610^24 kg. If the average distance…
13. A piece of stone is thrown vertically upwards. It reaches the maximum height in 3 seconds.…
14. A stone falls from a building and reaches the ground 2.5 seconds later. How high is the…
15. A stone is dropped from a height of 20 m. (i) How long will it take to reach the ground?…
16. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m/s. How high will go before it…
17. When a cricket ball is thrown vertically upwards, it reaches a maximum height of 5 metres.…
18. Write the differences between mass and weight of an object.
19. Can a body have mass but no weight? Give reasons for your answer.…
20. A force of 20 N acts upon a body whose weight is 9.8 N. What is the mass of the body and…
 21. A stone resting on the ground has a gravitational force of 20 N acting on it. What is the…
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22. An object has mass of 20 kg on earth. What willHOME
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23. Which is more fundamental, the mass of a body or its weight? Why?…
24. How much is the weight of an object on the moon as compared to its weight on the earth?…

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-102

1. Define mass of a body. What is the SI unit of mass?
2. Define weight of a body. What is the SI unit of weight?
3. What is the relational between mass and weight of a body?
4. State the universal law of gravitation. Name the scientist who gave this law.…
5. Define gravitational constant. What are the units of gravitational constant?…
6. What do you understand by the term acceleration due to gravity of earth?…
7. What is the usual value of the acceleration due to gravity of earth?…
8. State the SI unit of acceleration due to gravity?
9. Is the acceleration due to gravity of earth g a constant? Discuss.…
10. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a satellite having a mass of…
11. State and explain Keplers laws of planetary notion. Draw diagrams to illustrate these…
12. The mass of a planet is 6 10^24 kg and its diameter is 12.8 10^3 km. If the value of…

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-102

1. An object is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity u, the greatest height h to which…
2. The mass of moon is about 0.012 times that of earth and its diameter is about 0.25 times…
3. The value of g on the surface of the moon: A. Is the same as on the Earth B. Is less than…
4. The atmosphere consisting of a large number of gases is held to the earth by: A. Winds B.…
5. The force of attraction between two unit point masses separated by a unit distance is…
6. The weight of an object at the centre of the earth of radius R is: A. Zero B. R times the…
7. Two objects of different masses falling freely near the surface of moon would: A. Have…
8. The value of acceleration due to gravity of earth: A. Is the same on equator and poles? B.…
9. The law of gravitation gives the gravitational force between: A. The earth and a point…
10. The value of quantity G in the formula for gravitational force: A. Depends on mass of the…
11. Two particles are places at some distance from each other. If, keeping the distance…
12. In the relation F = G M m/d^2 , the quantity G: A. A depends on the value of g at the…
13. The gravitational force of attraction between two objects is x, Keeping the masses of the…
14. An apple of mass 100 g. falls from a tree because of gravitational attraction between the…
15. According to one of the Keplers laws of planetary motion: A. r^2 T^3 B. r T^2 C. r^3 T^2…

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-103

1. If the distance between two masses is increased by a factor of 5, by what factor would the…
2. Universal law of gravitation states that every object exerts a gravitational force of…
3. Suppose a planet exists whose mass and radius both are half those of the earth. Calculate…
4. A coin and a piece of paper are dropped simultaneously from the same height. Which of the…
5. A stone and the earth attract each other with an equal and opposite force. Why then we see…
6. What is the actual shape of the orbit of a planet around the sun? What assumption was made…
7. The values of g at six distances A, B, C, D, E and F from the surface of the earth are…

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-123

1. Write the common unit of density.
2. What is the density of water in SI units?
3. What is the value of relative density of water?
4. Name the quantity whose one of the units is Pascal (Pa).
5. State the units in which pressure is measured.
6. State whether the following statements are true or false: (a) The buoyant force depends on…
7. In which direction does the buoyant force on an object due to a liquid act?…
8. What is the other name of buoyant force?
9. Name the force which makes heavy objects appear light when immersed in a liquid.…
10. What is upthrust?
11. Name the principle which gives the magnitude of buoyant force acting on an object immersed…
12. The relative density of mercury is 13.6. What does this statement mean?…
13. What name is given to thrust per unit area?
14. What is the scientific name of the upward force acting on an object immersed in a liquid?…
15. What is meant by the term buoyant?
16. What causes buoyant force (or upthrust) on a boat?
17. Why does ice float in water?
18. What force acting on an area of 0.5 m^2 will produce a pressure of 500 Pa?…
19. An object of weight 200 N is floating in a liquid. What is the magnitude of buoyant force…
20. Name the scientist who gave the magnitude of buoyant force acting on a solid object…
21. The density of gold is 19 g/cm^3 . Find the volume of 95 g of gold.…
22. What is the mass of 5 m^3 of cement of density 3000 kg/m^3 ?
23. What is the density of a substance of mass 100 g and volume 10 cm^3 ?…
24. Why does a block of wood held under water rise to the surface when released?…
25. The density of a body is 800 kg/m^3 . Will sink or float when dipped in a bucket of water?…
26. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: (a) Force acting on a unit area is called .. (b)…

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-124

1. Why do we feel light on our feet when standing in a swimming pool with water up to our…
2. What is the difference between the density and relative density of a substance?…
3. If the relative density of a substance is 7.1, what will be its density in SI units?…
 4. Define thrust. What is its unit?
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5. A mug full of water appears light as long as it isHOME
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6. What happens to the buoyant force as more and more volume of a solid object is immersed in…
7. Explain why, big boulders can be moved easily by flood.
8. An iron nail sinks in water but it floats in mercury. Why?
9. Explain why, a piece of glass sinks in water but it floats in mercury.…
10. Steel sinks in water but a steel boat floats. Why?
11. Explain why, school bags are provided with wide straps to carry them.…
12. Why does a sharp knife cut objects more effectively than a blunt knife?…
13. Explain, why wooden (or concrete) sleepers are kept below the railway line.…
14. Explain why, a wide steel belt is provided over the wheels of any army tank.…
15. Explain why, the tip of a sewing needle is sharp.
16. When is the pressure on the ground more- when a man is walking or when a man is standing?…
17. Explain why, snow shoes stop you from sinking into soft snow.
18. Explain why, when a person stands on a cushion, the depression is much more than when he…
19. Use your ideas about pressure to explain why it is easier to walk on soft sand if you have…
20. Explain why, a nail has a pointed tip.
21. Explain why, buildings and dams have wide foundations.
22. Why does a ship made of iron and steel float in water whereas a small piece of iron sinks…
23. Why do camels have large flat feet?
24. Name these forces: (a) The upward push of water on a submerged object. (b) The force which…
25. A pressure of 10 Pa acts on an area of 3.0 m^2 . What is the force acting on the area?…
26. A girl is wearing a pair of flat shoes. She weighs 550 N. The area of contact of one shoe…
27. Calculate the density of an object of volume 3 m^3 and mass 9 kg. State whether this…
28. An object weighs 500 grams in air. This object is then fully immersed in water. State…
29. Write down an equation that defines density.
30. 5 kg of material A occupy 20 cm^3 whereas 20 kg of material B occupy 90 cm^3 . Which has…

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-125

1. Define buoyant force. Name two factors on which buoyant force depends.…
2. What is the cause of buoyant force?
3. When a boat is partially immersed in water, it displaces 600 kg of water. How much is the…
4. State the principle of flotation.
5. A floating boat displaces water weighing 6000 Newton. (i) What is the buoyant force on the…
6. Define density. What is the SI unit of density?
7. Define relative density. What is the SI unit of relative density?…
8. The density of turpentine is 840 kg/m^3 . What will be its relative density? (Density of…
9. Define Pressure.
10. What is the relation between pressure, force and area?
11. Calculate the pressure when a force of 200 N is exerted on an area of: (i) 10 m^2 (ii) 5…
12. What are fluids? Name two common fluids.
13. State Archimedes principle.
14. When does an object float or sink when placed on the surface of a liquid?…
15. How does a boat float in water?
16. A piece of steel has a volume of 12 cm^3 , and a mass of 96 g. What is its density: (i) In…
17. An elephant weighing 40,000 N stands on one foot of area 000 cm^2 whereas a girl weighing…

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-126

1. An object weighs 10 N in air. When immersed fully in a liquid, it weighs only 8 N. The…
2. A rectangular wooden block has length, breadth and height of 50 cm, 25 cm and 10 cm,…
3. An object is put in three liquids having different densities, one by one. The object…
4. A metal in which even iron can float is: A. Sodium B. Magnesium C. Mercury D. Manganese…
5. For balls, A, B, C and D displace 10 mL, 24 mL, 15 mL and 12 mL of a liquid respectively,…
6. The relative densities of four liquids P, Q, R and S are 1.26, 1.0, 0.84 and 13.6…
7. A solid of density 900 kg/m^3 floats in oil as shown in the given diagram. The oil floats…
8. The density of water is 1000 kg/m^3 and the density of copper is 8900 kg/m^3 . Which of…
9. The diagram represents four measuring cylinders containing liquids. The mass and volume of…
10. Consider the following information in respect of four objects A, B, C and D: Object…

Very Short Answer Type Questions-pg-100

Question 1.
What is the value of gravitational constant G

(i) On the earth, and

(ii) On the moon?

Answer:
The gravitational constant (also known as "universal gravitational constant", or as "Newton's constant"), denoted by the letter G, is an
empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in
Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.

(i)The value of gravitational constant G on the earth is

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6.67×10-11Nm2/kg2

(ii) The value of gravitational constant G on the moon?

6.67×10-11 Nm2/kg2

Question 2.
Which force is responsible for the moon revolving round the earth?

Answer:
Gravitational force is the force which causes a centripetal force and causes moon to revolve around the earth.

Question 3.
Does the acceleration produced in a freely falling body depend on the mass of the body?

Answer:
The acceleration of a freely falling body is equal to g, which is known as acceleration due to gravity.

The expression for acceleration due to gravity is

g = G M / R2,

Where,

'G' is universal gravitational constant,

'M' is mass of the earth,

And 'R' is radius of the Earth

From the above expression, it is clear that the acceleration of a freely falling body doesn't dependent of mass of the body, but depends
on mass of the planet.

Question 4.
Name the scientist who explained the motion of planets on the basis of gravitational force between the sum and planets.

Answer:
The motion of planets on the basis of gravitational force between the planets and the sun is explained by Kepler's law which is
discovered by the scientist Kepler.

Question 5.
Name the scientist who explained the motion of planets on the basis of gravitational force between the sun and planets.

Answer:
The motion of planets on the basis of gravitional force between the planets and the sun is explained by Kepler's law which is
discovered by the scientist Kepler. Kepler's three laws of planetary motion can be stated as follows:

(1) All planets move about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci.

(2) A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time.

(3) The squares of the sidereal periods (of revolution) of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of their mean distances
from the Sun.

Question 6.
States the Kepler’s law which is represented by the relation r3∝ T2
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Answer:
The third law of Kepler states that:

The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its orbit. This is one of Kepler's laws .This
law arises from the law of gravitation. Newton first formulated the law of gravitation from Kepler's 3rd law.

Question 7.
Which of the Kepler’s laws of planetary motion led Newton to establish the inverse-square rule for gravitational force between two
bodies?

Answer:
Kepler’s third law of planetary motion (i.e., r3∝T2) led Newton to establish inverse square rule. It was coined from the law of
gravitation.

Question 8.
Name the property of earth which is responsible for extremely small acceleration being produced in it as a result of attraction by other
small objects.

Answer:
The property of earth which is responsible for extremely small acceleration being produced in it as a result of attraction by other small
objects is due to extremely large mass of the earth.

Question 9.
What is the acceleration produced in a freely falling body of mass 10 kg? (Neglect air resistance)

Answer:
Acceleration that will be exerted on the 10 kg body will be equal to 9.8 m/s2 as acceleration do not depends on the mass of the object,

Question 10.
When an object is dropped from a height, it accelerates and falls down. Name the force which accelerates the object.

Answer:
While we drop an object it falls down with a constant acceleration, the force that accelerates the object is the gravitational force of the
earth. The acceleration due to gravity is generally 10 m/s2 or 9.8 m/s2 on the earth.

Question 11.
Give the formula for the gravitational force F between two bodies of masses M and m kept at a distance d from each other.

Answer:
The gravitational force F between two bodies of masses M and m kept at a distance d from each other is:

F = G * m * M/ d2

Here gravitational constant, G = 6.67 * 10-11 Nm2kg-2

Question 12.
What force is responsible for the earth revolving round the sun?

Answer:
The reason for earth revolving around the sun is the gravitational force present.

Question 13.
What name has been given to the force with which two objects lying apart attract each other?

Answer:
When two object lies at a certain distance from each other the possess a force of attraction towards each other. This happens due to
the gravitational force present in them.
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Question 14.
What type of force is involved in the formation of tides in the sea?

Answer:
The force involved in the formation of tides in the sea is the gravitational force exerted mainly by the moon and to some extent by the
sun.

Question 15.
Which force is responsible for holding the solar system together?

Answer:
The force which is responsible for the holding the complete solar system together is the gravitational force of the earth. Due to the
extremely huge mass sun attracts the planets and make them revolve around it.

Question 16.
What is the weight of a 1 kilogram mass on the earth? (g = 9.8 m/s2).

Answer:
Mass, m = 1 kg

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2

Weight, w = m * g

= 1 * 9.8 = 9.8 N

Question 17.
On what factor/factors does the weight of a body depend?

Answer:
The weight of the body depends on the following factors:

(i) It is directly proportional to its mass.

(ii) It also depends on the acceleration due to gravity which varies from place to place.

Question 18.
As the altitude of a body increases, do the weight and mass both vary?

Answer:
Weight of the body varies with altitude whereas mass of an object is constant.

Question 19.
If the same body is taken to places having different gravitational field strength. Then what will vary: its weight or mass?

Answer:
If the same body is taken to places having different gravitational field strength, then the weight of the mass would vary but the mass
of the object would remain constant.

Question 20.
If the mass of an object be 10 Kg., what is its weight? (g = 9.8 m/s2).

Answer:
Mass, m = 10 kg

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2

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We know,

Weight, W = m * g

= 10 * 9.8 = 98 N

Question 21.
The weight of a body is 50 N. What is its mass? (g = 9.8 m/s2).

Answer:
Let the mass be m,

Weight, W = 50 N

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2

We know, W = m * g

m= = = 5. 102 kg

Question 22.
A body has a weight of 10 kg on the surface of earth. What will be its weight when taken to the centre of the earth?

Answer:
When the body is taking to the centre of the earth, its weight will be reduced to zero as the value of the g is zero at the centre of the
earth.

Question 23.
Write down the weight of a 50 kg mass on the earth. (g = 9.8 m/s2).

Answer:
Mass, m = 50 kg

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2

We know,

Weight, W = m * g

= 50 * 9.8 = 490 N

Question 24.
If the weight of a body on the earth is 6 N, What will it be on the moon?

Answer:
Weight of the body on the surface of moon will be 1N approx. as the value of g on the surface of moon is one-sixth that of the earth.

Question 25.
State whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) A falling stone also attracts the earth.

(b) The force of gravitation between two objects depends on the nature of medium between them.

(c) The value of G on the moon is about one-sixth of the value of G on the earth.

(d) The acceleration due to gravity acting on a freely falling body is directly proportional to the mass of the body.
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(e) The weight of an object on the earth is about one-sixth of itsREFERENCE
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Answer:
(a) True (Since, it exerts acceleration due to gravity)

(b) False (Since, the force between the two objects depends only on their masses and the distance between them)

(c) False (Since, the gravitational constant does not vary on the location)

(d) False (Since, g does not depends on the mass of the object)

(e) False (Since, the weight of the object on the earth is six times the weight of the object on the moon)

Question 26.
Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about ……..of that one the earth.

(b) In order that the force of gravitational between two bodies may become noticeable and cause motion, one of the bodies must have
an extremely large ………..

(c) The weight of an object on the earth is about …………..of its weight on the moon.

(d) The weight of an object on the moon is about ………….of its weight on the earth.

(e) The value of g on the earth is about ………of that on the moon.

(f) If the weight of a body is 6 N on the moon, it will be about …………… on the earth.

Answer:
(a) One-sixth

(b) Mass

(c) Six times

(d) One-sixth

(e) Six times

(f) 36N

Questions Based On High Order Thinking Skills (hots)-pg-127

Question 1.
If two equal weights of unequal volumes are balanced in air, what will happen when they are completely dipped in water? Why?

Answer:
The two equal weights of unequal volumes which are balanced in air, will get imbalanced when they are completely dipped in water
because due to their unequal volumes, they will displace unequal volumes of water and hence suffer unequal loss in weight.

Question 2.
Two different bodies are completely immersed in water and undergo the same loss in weight. Is it necessary that their weights in air
should also be the same? Explain.

Answer:
No, it is not necessary that their weights in air should also be the same. This is because the two bodies have undergone the same loss
in weight on completely immersing in water due to their equal volumes and not because of their equal weights, so they may have
different weights in air.
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Question 3.
A body floats in kerosene of density 0.8 ×103 kg/m3 up to a certain mark. If the same body is placed in water of density 1.0×103
kg/m3, will it sink more or less? Give reason for your answer.

Answer:
The body will sink less in water. This is because the density of water is more than that of kerosene due to which water will exert a
greater upward buoyant force on the body.

Question 4.
Giving reasons state the reading on a spring balance when it is attached to a floating block of wood which weighs 50 g in air.

Answer:
The reading on spring balance will be zero. This is because the weight of floating block of wood is fully supported by the liquid in
which it is floating and hence it does not exert any force on the spring balance.

Question 5.
If a fresh egg is put into a beaker filled with water, it sinks. On dissolving a lot of salt in the water, the egg begins to rise and then
floats. Why?

Answer:
When a lot of salt is dissolved in water, then the density of salt solution becomes much more than pure water. Due to its much higher
density, the salt solution exerts a greater upward buoyant force on the egg making it rise and then float.

Question 6.
A beaker full of water is suspended from a spring balance. Will the reading of the balance change:

(a) If a cork is placed in water?

(b) If a piece of heavy metal is placed in it?

Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:
(a) The reading of spring balance will not change if a cork is placed in water because cork, being lighter than water, floats in water.

(b)The reading of spring balance will change if a piece of heavy metal is placed in water because heavy metal being denser than water
sinks in water.

Question 7.
When a golf ball is lowered into a measuring cylinder containing water, the water level rises by 30 cm3 when the ball is completely
submerged. If the mass of ball in air is 33 g, find its density.

Answer:
Volume of golf ball = rise in water level = 30 cm3

Density of ball = = = 1.1 g/ cm3

Question 8.
A boy gets into a floating boat.

(a) What happens to the boat?

(b) What happens to the weight of water displaced?

(c) What happens to the buoyant force on the boat?

Answer:
(a) The boat sinks a little more in water, that is, the boat floats lower in water.

(b) The weight of water displaced (by the submerged part of the boat) increases.
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Question 9.
A kg sheet of tin sinks in water but if the same sheet is converted into a box or boat, it floats. Why?

Answer:
The sheet of tin sinks in water because the density of tin is higher than that of water. When the same sheet of tin is converted into a
box or a boat, then due to the trapping of lot of ‘light’ air in the box or boat, the average density of the box or boat made of tin sheet
becomes lower than that of water and hence it floats in water.

Short Answer Type Questions-pg-101

Question 1.
Explain what is meant by the equation:

g=G×

Where the symbols have their usual meanings?

Answer:
This is the acceleration produced by the earth. It is also called acceleration due to gravity.

g=G×

Where, G = Gravitational constant

M = mass of the object on the earth

R = radius of the earth

Question 2.
What do you mean by the term ‘free fall’?

Answer:
The falling of a body from a height towards the earth under the gravitational force of the earth (with no other forces acting on it) is
called free fall.

Question 3.
During a free fall, will heavier objects accelerate more than lighter ones?

Answer:
No, acceleration is independent of the mass of the body during free fall.

Question 4.
Can we apply Newton’s third law to the gravitational force? Explain your answer.

Answer:
Yes, Newton’s third law of motion holds good for the force of gravitation. This means that when earth exerts a force of attraction on
an object, then the object also exerts an equal force on the earth, in the opposite direction.

Question 5.
Give reason for the following:

The force gravitation between two cricket balls is extremely small but that between a cricket ball and the earth is extremely large.
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Answer:
The force of gravitation between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their masses.

Fα m * M

Since the mass of cricket balls is very small as compared to that of the earth, so the force of gravitation between two cricket balls is
extremely small while that between a ball and the earth is extremely large.

Question 6.
Describe how the gravitational force between two objects depends on the distance between them.

Answer:
The gravitational force F between two bodies of masses M and m kept at a distance d from each other is:

F = G * m * M / d2

The force between two bodies is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. That is, F α 1/d2

Therefore, if we double the distance between two bodies, the gravitational force becomes one-fourth and if we halve the distance
between two bodies, then the gravitational force becomes four times.

Question 7.
What happens to the gravitational force between two objects when the distance between them is: (i) Doubled (ii) Halved

Answer:
(i) If we double the distance between two bodies, the gravitational force becomes one-fourth.

(ii)If we halve the distance between two bodies, then the gravitational force becomes four times.

Question 8.
State two applications of universal law of gravitation.

Answer:
The two applications of universal law of gravitation are:

(i) Universal law of gravitation is used to determine the masses of the sun, the earth and the moon accurately.

(ii) Universal law of gravitation helps in discovering new stars and planets.

Question 9.
Explain why, if a stone held in out hand is released, it falls towards the earth.

Answer:
When the stone held in our hand is released it falls down because the earth exerts a force of attraction which is also known as gravity,
on the stone and pulls it down.

Question 10.
Calculate the force of gravitation between two objects of masses 50 kg and

120 kg respectively kept at a distance of 10 m from one another. (Gravitational constant, G = 6.7 × 10-11 Nm2 Kg-2)

Answer:
Given,

Mass of first object, m = 50 kg

Mass of second object, M = 120 kg

Distance, d = 10m
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Gravitation constant, G = 6.7 * 10-11 Nm2kg-2

We know, F = G * m * M/d2

= 6.67 * 10-11 *

= 6.67 * 60 * 10-11

= 4.02 * 10-9 N

Question 11.
What is the force of gravity on a body of mass 150 kg lying on the surface of the earth? (Mass of earth = 6×1024 kg; Radius of earth =
6.4× 106 m; G = 6.7×10-11 Nm2/kg2)

Answer:
Force due to gravity, F = G * m * M/d2

= 6.67 * 10-11 * 6 * 1024 * 150/ (6.4 * 106)2

F = 1472 N

Question 12.
The mass of sun is 2 × 1030 kg and the mass of earth is 6×1024 kg. If the average distance between the sun and the earth be 1.5×108
km, calculate the force of gravitation between them.

Answer:
Distance d=1.5 x 108km = 1.5 x 1011 m

Mass of the sun, m=2× 1030 kg

Mass of the earth, M = 6 * 1024 kg

Force of gravitation, F = G * m * M/d2

= 6.67 * 10-11 * 2 * 1030 * 6 * 1024/ (1.5 * 1011)2

= 6.7 * 12* 1021/ 1.5 * 1.5

F = 3.57 * 1022 N

Question 13.
A piece of stone is thrown vertically upwards. It reaches the maximum height in 3 seconds. If the acceleration of the stone be 9.8
m/s2 directed towards the ground, calculate the initial velocity of the stone with which it is thrown upwards.

Answer:
Initial velocity of the stone, u=?

Final velocity of stone, v=0

Acceleration due to gravity, g= -9.8m/s2

Time, t=3 sec

Using relation, v=u + gt

0 = u - 9.8 x 3
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u = 29.4m/s

Question 14.
A stone falls from a building and reaches the ground 2.5 seconds later. How high is the building? (g = 9.8 m/s2)

Answer:
Initial velocity, u=0m/s

Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.8m/s2

Time taken to reach the ground, t=2.5 sec

Height, h =?

Using relation, s = ut + gt2

s = 0 * 2.5 + * 9.8 * 2.5 * 2.5

s = 0 + 4.9 * 2.5 * 2.5

s = 30.625m

Question 15.
A stone is dropped from a height of 20 m.

(i) How long will it take to reach the ground?

(ii) What will be its speed when it hits the ground? (g = 10 m/s2)

Answer:
Height, s=20m

Initial velocity, u=0

Acceleration due to gravity, g=10m/s2

Final velocity, v=?

Time taken, t=?

(i) Using relation,

s = ut + gt2

20 = 0 * t + * 10 * t2

20 = 0 + 5t2

t2 = =4

t = 2s

(ii) For a freely falling body:

v2 = u2 + 2gh
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= (0)2 + 2 * (10) * (20)

= 400

v = 20m/s

Thus, the speed of the stone when it hits the ground is 20m/s.

Question 16.
A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m/s. How high will go before it begins to fall? (g = 9.8 m/s2)

Answer:
Initial velocity, u = 20m/s

Final velocity, v = 0

Acceleration due to gravity, g = - 9.8m/s2

Height, h=?

Using relation, for a freely falling body:

v2 = u2 + 2gh

(0)2 = (20)2 + 2 x (-9.8) x h

0-400 = -19.6 h

h= 400/19.6 = 20.4 m

Question 17.
When a cricket ball is thrown vertically upwards, it reaches a maximum height of 5 metres.

(a) What was the initial speed of the ball?

(b) How much time is taken by the ball to reach the highest point? (g = 10 m/s2)

Answer:
Initial velocity, u =?

Final velocity, v = 0

Acceleration due to gravity, g = - 10m/s2

Height, h=5 m

(a) For a freely falling body:

v2 = u2 + 2gh

(0)2 = u2+ 2 x (-10) x 5

0= u2 – 100

u2 = 100

So, u = 10m/s
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(b) Using relation, v=u + gt

0 = 10 + (-10) t

-10 = -10 t

t = 1sec

Question 18.
Write the differences between mass and weight of an object.

Answer:
Mass:

(i) The mass of an object is the quantity of the matter contained in it.

(ii) The SI unit of mass id kilo-gram (kg).

(iii) The mass of an object is constant.

(iv) The mass of an object can never be zero.

Weight:

(i) The weight of an object is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the earth.

(ii) The SI unit of weight is Newton (N).

(iii) The weight of an object is variable. It changes with the change in acceleration due to gravity.

(iv) The weight of an object can be zero.

Question 19.
Can a body have mass but no weight? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer:
Yes, weight of a body is not constant, it varies with the value of acceleration due to gravity, g. Weight of a body is zero, when it is taken
to the centre of the earth or in the interplanetary space, where g=0.

Question 20.
A force of 20 N acts upon a body whose weight is 9.8 N. What is the mass of the body and how much is its acceleration? (g = 9.8
m/s2).

Answer:
Weight= 9.8N

W= m x g

9.8 = m x 9.8

m = 1kg

Force, F = mass x acceleration

20 N = 1kg x a

Acceleration, a = 20m/s2
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Question 21.
A stone resting on the ground has a gravitational force of 20 N acting on it. What is the weight of the stone? What is its mass? (g = 10
m/s2).

Answer:
Weight of the stone = Gravitational force acting on it = 20 N

Weight, W = m x g

20 = m x 10

m = 2 kg

Question 22.
An object has mass of 20 kg on earth. What will be its (i) mass and (ii) weight, on the moon? (g on moon = 1.6 m/s2).

Answer:
(i) Its mass will be 20 kg as mass is a constant quantity.

(ii)Weight, W = m x g

= 20 x 1.6

= 32N

Question 23.
Which is more fundamental, the mass of a body or its weight? Why?

Answer:
The mass of a body is more fundamental because mass of a body is constant and does not change from place to place.

Question 24.
How much is the weight of an object on the moon as compared to its weight on the earth? Give reason of your answer.

Answer:
The weight of an object on the moon is about one-sixth of its weight on the earth. This is because the value of acceleration due to
gravity on the moon is about one-sixth of that on the earth.

Long Answer Type Questions-pg-102

Question 1.
Define mass of a body. What is the SI unit of mass?

Answer:
The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). Mass remains constant and it can
never be zero.

Question 2.
Define weight of a body. What is the SI unit of weight?

Answer:
The weight of a body is the force with which it is attracted towards the centre of the earth. The SI unit of weight is newton (N). Weight
varies according to the acceleration due to gravity and it can be zero at times.
Question 3.
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What is the relational between mass and weight of a body?

Answer:
Weight, W = m x g

i.e., the weight of a body is directly proportional to its mass.

Question 4.
State the universal law of gravitation. Name the scientist who gave this law.

Answer:
According to universal law of gravitation: Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force (F) which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses (m and M) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d) between them.

F = G * m * M/ d2

Sir Issac Newton gave this law.

Question 5.
Define gravitational constant. What are the units of gravitational constant?

Answer:
The gravitational constant G is numerically equal to the force of gravitation which exists between two bodies of unit masses kept at a
unit distance from each other.

G = F * d2/ m * M

Unit of gravitational constant = Nm2 kg-2

Question 6.
What do you understand by the term ‘acceleration due to gravity of earth’?

Answer:
The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to the gravitational force of the earth is called acceleration due to
gravity of earth. Its value on the earth is generally 9.8m/s2 or 10m/s2.

Question 7.
What is the usual value of the acceleration due to gravity of earth?

Answer:
Usual value of acceleration due to gravity, g=9.8 m/s2.

Question 8.
State the SI unit of acceleration due to gravity?

Answer:
SI unit of acceleration due to gravity is m/s2.

Question 9.
Is the acceleration due to gravity of earth ‘g’ a constant? Discuss.

Answer:
No, the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) is not constant at all the places on the surface of the earth. Since the radius of the
earth is minimum at the poles and maximum at the equator, the value of g is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator. As
we go up from the surface of the earth, the distance from the centre of the earth increases and hence the value of g decreases. The
value of g also decreases as we go down inside the earth.
Question 10.
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Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a satellite having a mass of 7.4×1022 kg and a radius of 1.74×106 m (G =
6.7×10-11 Nm2/kg2). Which satellite do you think it could be?

Answer:
Acceleration due to gravity, g = G * M/R2

Mass, M = 7.4 * 1022 kg

Radius, R = 1.74 * 106m

Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 * 10-11 Nm2 kg-2

g = 6.67 * 10-11 * 7.4 * 1022/ (1.74 * 106)2

g= = 1.637 m/s2

As the value of g = 1.637 m/s2, which is one-sixth the value of g on earth, the satellite could be moon.

Question 11.
State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary notion. Draw diagrams to illustrate these laws.

Answer:
Kepler’s first law: The planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun, with the sun at one of the two foci of the elliptical orbit. This law
means that the orbit of a planet around the sun is an ellipse and not an exact circle. An elliptical path has two foci, and the sun is at
one of the two foci of the elliptical path.

Kepler’s Second law states that: Each planet revolves around the sun in such a way that the line joining the planet to the sun sweeps
over equal areas in equal intervals of time. This means that a planet does not move with constant speed around the sun. The speed is
greater when the planet is nearer the sun, and less when the planet is farther away from the sun.

Kepler’s Third Law states that: The cube of the mean distance of a planet from the sun is directly proportional to the square of time it
takes to move around the sun.

r3 α T2

Question 12.
The mass of a planet is 6 × 1024 kg and its diameter is 12.8 ×103 km. If the value of gravitational constant be 6.7×10-11 Nm2/kg2,
calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the planet. What planet could this be?

Answer:
Acceleration due to gravity, g = G * M/ R2

Mass of the planet, M = 6 * 1024 kg

Diameter = 12.8 * 103 km = 12.8 * 106 m

Radius, R = (12.8 * 106)/2 = 6.4 * 106 m

Gravitational constant, G = 6.67 * 1011 Nm2 kg-2

g = 6.67 * 1011 * 6 * 1024/ (6.4 * 106)2

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g=

g = 9.8 m/s2

As the value of g = 9.8 m/s2, the planet could be earth.

Multiple Choice Questions (mcqs)-pg-102

Question 1.
An object is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity u, the greatest height h to which it will rise before falling back is given by:

A. u/g B. u2/2g

C. u2/g D. u/2g

Answer:
Since, The maximum height will be reached by the object when its v will be equal to zero.

We know:

v2 = u2 - 2gh

(0)2 = u2 - 2gh

u2 = 2gh

h = u2/ 2g

Question 2.
The mass of moon is about 0.012 times that of earth and its diameter is about 0.25 times that of earth. The value of G on the moon
will be:

A. Less than that on the earth

B. More than that on the earth

C. Same as that on the earth

D. About one-sixth of that on the earth

Answer:
Since, the value of G remains constant (i.e. does not vary according to the location)

Question 3.
The value of g on the surface of the moon:

A. Is the same as on the Earth

B. Is less than that on the Earth

C. Is more than that on the Earth

D. Keeps changing day by day

Answer:
Since, the mass of the moon is very less than that of the earth. So, the gravitational force on the moon will be less.

Question 4.
The atmosphere consisting of a large number of gases is held to the earth by:

A. Winds
B. Clouds
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C. Earth’s magnetic field

D. Gravity

Answer:
Since, the gravity of the earth attracts every particle and object towards it.

Question 5.
The force of attraction between two unit point masses separated by a unit distance is called:

A. Gravitational potential

B. Acceleration due to gravity

C. Gravitational field strength

D. Universal gravitational constant

Answer:
The gravitational constant is a universal constant. It remains constant independent of the location.

Question 6.
The weight of an object at the centre of the earth of radius R is:

A. Zero

B. R times the weight at the surface of the earth.

C. Infinite

D. 1/R2 times the weight at the surface of the earth

Answer:
Since, the weight of any object at the centre of the earth is always zero.

Question 7.
Two objects of different masses falling freely near the surface of moon would:

A. Have same velocities at any instant

B. Have different accelerations

C. Experience forces of same magnitude

D. Undergo a change in their inertia

Answer:
Because, the force of gravity acting on them will be equal.

Question 8.
The value of acceleration due to gravity of earth:

A. Is the same on equator and poles?

B. Is the least on poles?

C. Is the least on equator?

D. Increases from pole to equator

Answer:
As, the distance of the equator from the centre of the earth is farthest.

Question 9.
The law of gravitation gives the gravitational force between:

A. The earth and a point mass only