Ec/N0 = Carrier-to-noise Ratio

eb/nt

Nt probably stands for thermal noise, that is Noise thermal (in subscript).

ec/i0 Ec/I0 => In CDMA refers to the portion of the RF signal which is usable. It's the difference between the signal strength and the noise floor. Ec/N0 = Carrier-to-noise Ratio
Eb/N0=> Bit Energy-to-Noise Density Bit Energy-to-Noise Density(Eb/N0) is the ratio of bit energy to noise density. This value is used to specify the lower limit of operation in most digital communications systems and is also used to measure radio channel performance.

eb/nt

Nt probably stands for thermal noise, that is Noise thermal (in subscript).

CDMA Drive Test in 5 important parameters worth to see

1)TXPOWER 2)RXPOWER 3)Ec/Io 4)TXADJ 5)FER. 1.EcIo

2 TXPOWER

3RXPOWER

4TXADJ

5 FER

CDMA Drive Test in 5 important parameters worth to see

1)TXPOWER 2)RXPOWER 3)Ec/Io 4)TXADJ 5)FER. 1.EcIo EcIo reflects the handset in the current received pilot signal level. This is an integrated pilot signal. Why, because mobile phones are a multi-channel soft switching, which translates into mobile phones often lies in more than one pilot overlapping coverage area, the level of the phone, EcIo reflects the phone at this point that a multi-channel pilot signal level of the overall coverage. We know that the Ec is a mobile phone available pilot signal strength, and Io is the mobile phone receives all the strength of the signal. Therefore, EcIo reflects the available signal strength in occupies all signals. The higher the value, the greater the proportion of a useful signal, on the other hand also reversed. At some point EcIo big, there are two possibilities. First, the Ec is very large, dominant level here, Ec, Io is very small, that is to say here is from another base station's messy little pilot signal, EcIo also larger. In the latter case is weak, because the Ec small, Io is also small, so small, so RSSI also there may be dropped. At some point EcIo also small, there are two possible, first, the Ec is also small small RSSI, this is the weak coverage area. The Ec is not small, RSSI, this illustrates the Io is the overall intensity of the signal is not bad. This situation is often a BSC switch data configuration, 2 TXPOWER TXPOWER is the phone's transmitter power. We know that power control is guaranteed call quality and address the CDMA community interference tolerance and one of the key means of mobile phone from the base station near, uplink quality good, the mobile phone transmitting power is smaller, because at the base station is able to guarantee the reception of the signal to launch mobile phone and fer also small and mobile phones transmitting power is smaller to other mobile phones in the community is also a small interference. So mobile phones transmit power level, reflecting the handset's current uplink loss and interference. Uplink loss of large, or there is serious interference with the phone's transmitter power will be greatly missed mobile phone transmitting power is smaller. Roadtest, in normal circumstances, the more closer to the base station or Repeater, the mobile phone transmitting power is reduced, away from the base station and Repeater, the mobile phone transmitting power increases. If the base station and Repeater nearby mobile phone transmitting power, obviously it is not normal. Perhaps there is interference, the uplink can be a base station and Repeater itself. Such as community antenna wrong receive carrier frequency 3RXPOWER RXPOWER is a mobile phone to receive power. In CDMA, according to my personal understanding, there are three parameters is very close by, you can almost equivalent to the use of parameters. Namely RXPOWER, RSSI, Io. RXPOWER is a mobile phone to receive power, Io is mobile phones currently receives all signal strength, RSSI is receives downlink band of total power, as currently I have access to information, the title explains, but understanding is very similar, is the phone receives a total of signal strength. RXPOWER and reflects the current signal receiving phone, RXPOWER small area, the weak positive fall within the coverage area, RXPOWER places belong to the covered area. But the high places, RXPOWER and does not necessarily signal quality is good, 4TXADJ

TXADJ reflects the up and down-link a balance. Note that this value is calculated from the measurement, instead. 800M CDMA system is Tx_adjust = 73dB + Tx_power + Rx_power, 1900M CDMA is Tx_adjust = 76dB + Tx_power + Rx_power. TXADJ reflects the current location of the mobile uplink and downlink of a more mass. We know that under normal circumstances, the cell phone away from the base station close to the phone's transmitter power will decrease, and received power will become larger and far away from the cell phone, mobile phone base station transmitter power will increase while receiving power gets smaller. Normally, the transmitter power and receiver power plus a constant fixed values, the result should be a small interval (for example,-10 to + 10). If TXADJ great, it means that the phone's transmitter power, receive the power, then it is obvious that mobile current downlink of good quality (receiving power), and the poor quality of the uplink (transmitter power), this time forward link is better than a reverse link. On the contrary, TXADJ is very small, explains this reverse link well to the forward link. We know that the base station coverage depends on the reverse link loss level. Therefore, in General, we require the following 5 FER FER is a forward-fer. Forward fer with EcIo also is a comprehensive quality of forward link. Because when the phone is in the multi-channel soft switching, fer actually multi-channel forward an integrated signal quality. FER, description of the mobile phone of the forward link better, received signal is good, this time EcIo also should be better. The larger the Description cell phone FER the received signal strength is poor, EcIo should also at this time. FER is large, it may also be due to a neighboring community switch parameter configuration error. If you switch between adjacent community with leakage, single and mobile to mobile, adjacent to the pilot was not recognized, and the pilot does not recognize, it will become interference signal, resulting in increased FER. In reality, often manifested in mobile, mobile phones, FER a rapid rise in sharp decline, EcIo, and finally dropped.Above that is closely followed by EcIo FER. FER reflects the call quality is good or bad, reflects the RoadTest regional coverage quality level, rather than the signal coverage strength level. In some areas although belonging to the weak signal coverage area, but relatively clean (messy signals, noise), as well as be good FER.Note the above parameters, EcIo, RXPOWER is the phone in standby or call have parameters, TXPOWER, TXADJ, FER is only a phone call and from the only

GSM
A Mobile User calling a Land Line Subscriber. 1. MS after dialing a number & pressing SEND key, sends Channel Request(Chan_Req) message on RACH to ask for a signaling channel (Radio Resources). [RACH - Random Access Channel] 2. The BSC allocates a Traffic Channel(TCH) using AGCH. TCH allocation assigns a specific Frequency & a Timeslot on that frequency. [AGCH - Access Grant Channel] 3. The MS sends a call setup request through SDCCH, to the MSC/VLR. [SDCCH slow dedicated control channel]. Over SDCCH, all signaling takes place. This includes: marking the MS status as active in the VLR 4. Then comes Authentication Procedure which includes Ciphering (The channel is ciphered so as to protect the call), Equipment Identification, etc. 5. The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC to allocate an Idle TCH (this message contains the dialed digits and other information needed for call establishment). The BTS and MS are told to tune to the TCH. 6. The MSC allocates a voice circuit on one the digital trunks between the MSC and the BSS. 7. MSC informs the BSS about the allocated voice circuit. The call is also switched from signaling to voice. 8. The BSS notifies the Mobile about the changeover to voice mode. 9. The MSC routes the call and sends the call towards the called subscriber. 10. The PSTN indicates to the MSC that it has received all the digits and the called subscriber is being rung. 11. The MSC informs the mobile that the called subscriber is being alerted via a ring. 12. The called subscriber answers the call.

6. Assignment Compl

13. Assignment Comp 14. Set Up - It is used

17. Connect Acknowl

(GSM) Mobile to Mobile Call Flow, Within Same MSC/BSC

Here I tried to explain very basic call flow from mobile to mobile.

To make it simple following assumptions have been taken. A) Call is in same MSC and BSC. B) No Authentication, C)No Ciphering , D) Messages on Ater and Air interface are not consider, etc.

Call Flow Mesage Details:-

1. CM Service Request Message contains Global Cell Identity, Kind of Service required by subscriber e.g Voice, SMS, Fax, USSD. Mobile Identity e.g TMSI/IMSI. 2. CM Service Accept Message is in reponse of CM Service Request. 3. Set Up - Message contains dailed number from Mobile A (i.e Mob B number) and speech Codec. 4. Send Routing Info-Request (SRI) - After analysis of dialed numbers received from A in set up message, MSC recognises its own MSISDN series and send SRI to HLR to get the Mobile station roaming number(MSRN). This messge contains B MSISDN, Interrogation type e.g Basic Call etc. 5. Assignment Request - Message is to seize a channel for voice call for Mob A between MSC and BSC. Message contains Circuit Identification Code(CIC). 6. Assignment Complete - Acceptance from BSC end that same CIC has been seized. 7. Provide Roaming Number Request - HLR checks in its database to which VLR, Mob B is registered & ask for roaming number from that VLR. Message contains IMSI, MSISDN, VLR ID of Mob B. 8. Provide Roaming Number Response - Message is response of roaming no. request and contains roaming number of Mob B. This message is for HLR. In this VLR checks its database & allocate one free MSRN from its MSRN pool for B number. 9. Send Routing Info-Response - In this HLR forward same roaming number which it receives in above message to MSC.

10. Paging Request - In this VLR checks the MSRN recieved from HLR & search which MSISDN is against that MSRN, now MSC checks the VLR database of that MSISDN to get the LAC & TMSI/IMSI of that MSISDN (Mob B) & initiates the paging request message to that particular LAC on the basis of TMSI/IMSI in that BSC. BSC now page to that LAC on the basis of IMSI/TMSI of Mob B. Message contains LAC, IMSI/TMSI, DPC of BSC. 11. Paging Response - Mob B response to that paging with GCI (Global Cell Identity) to BSC that inturn forwarded to MSC. 12. Assignment Request - Message is to seize a channel for voice call for Mob B between MSC and BSC. Message contains Circuit Identification Code(CIC). 13. Assignment Complete - Acceptance from BSC end that same CIC has been seized. 14. Set Up - It is used to display Mob A number on Mob B handset. 15. Alert - This message indicates Mob A that Mob B is connected & its ringing. The Ring Back Tone is send from MSC to Mob A. 16. Connect - Mob B answers the call & connect message from Mob B is send to MSC, inturn MSC sends connect message to Mob A indiacting that phone has been answered & connects those 2 voice channels which were seized during the assignment complete message. 17. Connect Acknowledge - To acknowledge the connection.

3G Channels
Here is the list of different channels used in 3G network for transporting information at much faster speed. These are divided into Logical, Transport & Physical. UTRA Channels UTRA FDD radio interface has logical channels, which are mapped to transport channels, which are again mapped to physical channels. Logical to Transport channel conversion happens in Medium Access Control (MAC) layer, which is a lower sublayer in Data Link Layer (Layer 2). Logical Channels: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Downlink (DL). Paging Control Channel (PCCH), DL Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), UL/DL Common Control Channel (CCCH), UL/DL Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), UL/DL Common Traffic Channel (CTCH), Unidirectional (one to many) Transport Channels:

Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH), UL/DL, mapped to DCCH and DTCH Broadcast Channel (BCH), DL, mapped to BCCH Forward Access Channel (FACH), DL, mapped to BCCH, CCCH, CTCH, DCCH and DTCH Paging Channel (PCH), DL, mapped to PCCH Random Access Channel (RACH), UL, mapped to CCCH, DCCH and DTCH Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH), UL, mapped to DCCH and DTCH Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH), DL, mapped to DCCH and DTCH Physical Channels: Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH), mapped to BCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH), mapped to FACH, PCH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), mapped to RACH

Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH), mapped to DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH), mapped to DCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), mapped to DSCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH), mapped to CPCH Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Paging Indication Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSICH) Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indication Channel (CD/CA-ICH)

What is Ec/Io (and Eb/No)?

If someone asks you "Which Signal Level for good call quality: -80 dbm or -90 dBm?"

So, let's see a little about it?

Eb and No

Simply put: Eb: Bit Energy. It represents the amount of energy per bit. No: Noise Spectral Density. Unit: Watts/Hz (or mWatts/Hz) Which brings us to the classic definition of Eb/No: Eb/No: Bit Energy on the Spectral Noise Density. Unit: dB It did not help much, does it?

But okay, let's walk a little further.

Okay, so how is Eb/No measured?

To understand how this ratio can be measured, let's imagine a simple digital communication system.

The ratio Eb/No is measured at the receiver, and serves to indicate how strong the signal is. Depending on the modulation technique used (BPSK, QPSK, etc.) we have different curves for Bit Error Rate x Eb/No.

In other words, we can theoretically determine how the performance would be for the digital link.

Let's try to define in a generic way, and only the main.

No: Spectral Density of Noise; Noise generated by the RF components of the system, the air, among others. Io: Interference is the Broadband; Interfering co-channel, including yourself setor. E: is the signal (average) energy - do not confuse it with the sinal (average) power.

Hence it comes Eb, Ec and Es, respectively relating to Bit Chip and Symbol in different times.

So let's keep today in ratios most common: Eb/No and Ec/Io.

And now we can begin to define Ec/Io, one of the most important systems in CDMA and UMTS.

Okay, let's stop with the issues and concepts, and talk a little about the values of these indicators and their use in pra

Eb/No Positive and Ec/Io Negative?

In terms of values, and talking logarithmicly, if any ratio is less than 1, then the value is negative. If greater than 1, p

Why should we use Ec/Io?

The answer is simple: the measured signal level corresponds to the Total RF power - All cells that the mobile sees. So we need another quick and simple measure that allows us to evaluate the contribution of each sector individually.

UMTS and CDMA systems, we have a pilot channel, some other control channels such as paging, and traffic channels. The Ec/Io varies with several factors, such as the Traffic Load and and RF Scenario.

Change in Ec/Io according to the Sector Traffic Load

Thus we have:

Ec = 2 W Io = 0 + 2 + 2 = 4 W Ec/Io = (2/4) = 0.5 = -3 dB

Ec = 2 W

Io = 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 W Ec/Io = (2/10) = 0.2 = -7 dB Conclusion: As the traffic load in the sector increases, the Ec/Io worsens.

Change in Ec/Io according to the scenario RF

Ec/Io = (2/8) = 0.25 = -6 dB

Thus: Ec/Io = -96 - (-83) = -13 dB

Conclusion: As many more sectors serves the mobile, the Ec/Io worsens.

Okay, and what are typical values?

And now also understand the measure Ec/Io as the ratio of 'good' energy over 'bad' energy, or 'cleaness' of signal. But what are the practical values?

A composite Ec/Io > - 10 db is a reasonable value to consider as good.

And the Signal to Noise Ratio for other technologies?

Anyway, this is a topic for another tutorial, we saw today Ec/Io.

Conclusion

What is Ec/Io (and Eb/No)?

If someone asks you "Which Signal Level for good call quality: -80 dbm or -90 dBm?" Beware, if you respond quickly, you might end up missing. This is because the correct answer is ... it depends! The Signal Strength is a very important and essential measure for any technology (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, etc.). However, it is not the only one: let's talk a little today about another magnitude, equally important: the Signal Noise Ratio.Although this ratio is of fundamental importance to any cellular system, is not well understood by many professionals. On the opposite side, professionals with a good understanding of this ratio are able for example, to correctly assess the RF links, and also to perform more extensive optimizations, obtaining the best possible performance of the system. So, let's see a little about it?

Eb and No
To begin, we define the basic concepts of Eb and No. They are basic for any digital communication system, and generally we talk about it when we deal with Bit Error Rate and also Modulation techniques. Simply put: Eb: Bit Energy. It represents the amount of energy per bit. No: Noise Spectral Density. Unit: Watts/Hz (or mWatts/Hz) Which brings us to the classic definition of Eb/No: Eb/No: Bit Energy on the Spectral Noise Density. Unit: dB It did not help much, does it? Do not worry. Indeed, only with the theoretical definition is still very difficult to see how this ratio is used, or how it can be measured. But okay, let's walk a little further.

Okay, so how is Eb/No measured?

To understand how this ratio can be measured, let's imagine a simple digital communication system.

The ratio Eb/No is measured at the receiver, and serves to indicate how strong the signal is. Depending on the modulation technique used (BPSK, QPSK, etc.) we have different curves for Bit Error Rate x Eb/No.

These curves are used as follows: for a certain RF signal, which is the bit errors rate that I have? Is this bit error rate acceptable for my system? Whereas the gain that digital has, then we can set a minimum criterion of signal to noise ratio, in order to have each service (Voice/Data) operating acceptably.

In other words, we can theoretically determine how the performance would be for the digital link.

Note: it is worth remembering here that this is a very complex subject. As always, we try to introduce to you the most simplified possible through the use of examples and simple concepts. Okay? Concepts like this, and other even more complex, can be studied, if you wish. But now, let's continue with our signal to noise ratio. The concept of Eb/No applies to any digital communication system. But today we are talking specifically to Ec/Io, which is a measure of evaluation and decisions of CDMA and UMTS. As we are speaking of codes, it becomes easier to understand the concepts by observing a simplified diagram of Spread Spectrum Modulation. In red, in transmitter have a narrowband signal with data or voice modulated. This signal is spread and transmitted. And spreads through the middle (air). In the receiver, the signal is despread - using the same sequence that was spread - and thus recovering the base narrowband signal.

Let's try to define in a generic way, and only the main.

To proceed, we must know some more definitions. However, this point is quite delicate, as we enter a conceptual area where we have differences between authors, differences in translations/countries, where differences in technologies are applied, etc..
No: Spectral Density of Noise; Noise generated by the RF components of the system, the air, among others. Io: Interference is the Broadband; Interfering co-channel, including yourself setor. E: is the signal (average) energy - do not confuse it with the sinal (average) power.

b, c, s. ..: Energy are the power points in time, therefore related to the measure or 'length' of the time (the average power is independent of time ). Hence it comes Eb, Ec and Es, respectively relating to Bit Chip and Symbol in different times. Note: With these concepts, several formulas can be derived with different numerators and denominators. For example, Es = Eb * k, where k = number of bits per symbol. In QPSK modulation, where k = 2, Es = 2 * Eb. And the derivations of formulas can reach far more complex equations, such as the definitions of capacity of an AWGN channel, and further deductions for equivalences (Ec/No, Eb/Nt, etc. ...). Again, it is not our purpose here today. We only mention a few concepts, related. Then come back to the practical level - noting that theoretical approaches can be done more easily later, after the basics are understood. So let's keep today in ratios most common: Eb/No and Ec/Io. As we defined Eb/No is the Average Energy of a bit signal, on the Spectral Density of Noise. It is primarily a parameter related to the manufacturer for different bearers (based on the channel model). But it can also vary with the environment (urban, rural, suburban), speed, diversity, use of power control, application type, etc.. And now we can begin to define Ec/Io, one of the most important systems in CDMA and UMTS. Note: An important observation is that often when we refer to Ec/Io, we are actually referring to Ec/(Io + No). What happens is that for practical purposes, we only have Ec/Io, because the interference is much stronger and the noise can be neglected. Otherwise: for CDMA interference is like a noise, then both can be considered the same thing. Okay, let's stop with the issues and concepts, and talk a little about the values of these indicators and their use in practice.

Eb/No Positive and Ec/Io Negative?

In terms of values, and talking logarithmicly, if any ratio is less than 1, then the value is negative. If greater than 1, positive. We have Ec/Io in the air, which is spread across the spectrum: then we have negative value to the ratio of energy on the total noise (the energy is lower than the Total Interference). It is measured at the input of receiver (NodeB, UE, etc). Regarding Eb/No, it is in the baseband after despreading and decoded only for one user - then we have a positive amount of energy over the total noise. It is measured at the output of receiver (NodeB, UE, etc).

Why should we use Ec/Io?

A more natural question would be: why we can not simply use the Signal Strength measured by the mobile as a guide for operations such as handover? The answer is simple: the measured signal level corresponds to the Total RF power - All cells that the mobile sees. So we need another quick and simple measure that allows us to evaluate the contribution of each sector individually. We used to measure the pilot channel signal of each sector to assess the quality: if the level of the pilot is good, then also are good levels for the traffic channels for our call in this sector. Likewise, if the pilot channel is degraded, so will the other channels (including traffic) be, and it is best to avoid using the traffic channels in this sector. UMTS and CDMA systems, we have a pilot channel, some other control channels such as paging, and traffic channels. The Ec/Io varies with several factors, such as the Traffic Load and and RF Scenario. Of course, the Ec/Io is the final composition of all these factors simultaneously (Composite Ec/Io), but it's easier to understand talking about each one separately.

Change in Ec/Io according to the Sector Traffic Load

Each sector transmits a certain power. Suppose in our example we have a pilot channel power setting of 2 W, and a power of other control channels also fixed at 2 W. To make it easier to understand, we calculate the Ec/Io (pilot channel power to total power) of this sector in a situation where we have no busy traffic channel (0 W).

Thus we have:

Ec = 2 W Io = 0 + 2 + 2 = 4 W Ec/Io = (2/4) = 0.5 = -3 dB Now assume that several traffic channels are busy (eg use 6 W for traffic channels). This is a situation of traffic load, we'll see how is Ec/Io.

Ec = 2 W

Io = 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 W Ec/Io = (2/10) = 0.2 = -7 dB Conclusion: As the traffic load in the sector increases, the Ec/Io worsens.

Change in Ec/Io according to the scenario RF

According to the RF scenario - a single server sector, some or many servers sectors - we can also take various measures to Ec/Io. Considering first a situation without external interference, with only one server sector (dominant), the ratio Ec/Io is about the same initially transmitted.

Ec/Io = (2/8) = 0.25 = -6 dB

Whereas a signal coming from this sector in the mobile at level of -90 dBm (Io = -90 dBm), we have Ec = -90 dBm + (- 6 db) = 96 dBm. Let us now consider another situation. Instead of one, we have five sectors signal arriving at the mobile (for simplicity, all with the same level of -90 dBm).

Now have Io = -83 dBm (which is the sum of five signals of -90 dBm). And the power of our pilot channel remains the same (Ec = -96 dBm).

Thus: Ec/Io = -96 - (-83) = -13 dB

Conclusion: As many more sectors serves the mobile, the Ec/Io worsens. This situation where we have many overlapping sectors, and with the same level of signal is known as Pilot Pollution - the mobile sees them all at once - each acting as interferer to each other. The solution in such cases is to eliminate unwanted signals, by setting power parameters or physical adjustments (tilt, azimuth), leaving just dominant signals which should exist at this problematic place.

Okay, and what are typical values?

We have seen that for CDMA and UMTS systems, the measurement of Ec/Io which is very important in the analysis, especially in handover decisions. And now also understand the measure Ec/Io as the ratio of 'good' energy over 'bad' energy, or 'cleaness' of signal. But what are the practical values? The value of Ec/Io fluctuates (varies), as well as any wireless signal. If the value starts to get too low, you start to have dropped calls, or can not connect. But what then is a good range of Ec/Io for a sign? In practical terms, values of Ec/Io for a good evaluation of the network (in terms of this indicator) are shown in the diagram below.

A composite Ec/Io > - 10 db is a reasonable value to consider as good. Note: See we are talking about negative values, and considering them 'good'. In other words, we are saying that energy is below the Noise (and still have a good situation). This is a characteristic of the system itself, and Ec/Io 'most negative' or 'less negative' is going to allow assessment of the communication. In situations where Ec/Io is very low (high negative number), and the signal level too (also high negative number), first we need to worry in enhancing the weak signal. Another typical situation: if the measured Ec/Io is very low, even if you have a good signal level, you can not connect, or the call will drop constantly. I hope you've managed to understand how the Ec/Io is important for CDMA and UMTS. Note, however, that this matter is very complex, and supplementary reading - books and internet - can further help you become an expert on the subject. Anyway, the content displayed serves as an excellent reference, especially if you're not familiar with the concept of signal over noise for CDMA and UMTS.

And the Signal to Noise Ratio for other technologies?

The ratio Ec/Io is the most commonly used to assess the condition of energy over interference, but applies only in technologies that use codes (Ec). But the concepts understood here to CDMA and UMTS are very similar - apply - for any technology, eg GSM, where we use the C/I. Anyway, this is a topic for another tutorial, we saw today Ec/Io.

Conclusion
Today we had a brief introduction on the Ec/Io ratio, a measurement for decisions in CDMA and UMTS, and used togheter with the measured Signal Strength. We have seen that it represents the ratio of signal energy within the duration of a chip of the pilot channel, on the Spectral Density of Noise + Interference. This is a very important measure, which somehow ignores the overall strength of the signal, and focuses on how best to evaluate the pilot channel signal is desired, in relation to noise that interferes with it. Returning to our original question: A strong signal level does not necessarily indicate an strong Ec/Io: it depends on the level of interference.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Basics

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Basics

The EV-DO, IS-856 standard has undergone several revisions since it was first launched: EV-DO Release 0 (Rel. 0): EV-DO Revision A (Rev. A): This was the first release of the EV-DO standard. This revision of the standard introduced a significant increase in data rates.

Data rates for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

EV-DO tabular summary

CDMA2000 1XEV-DO RELEASE / REVISION

Rev. B

DO Rev. B

DO Advanced

As with all other CDMA2000 systems, CDMA technology forms the basis of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO.

Note on CDMA:

EV-DO forward link

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO reverse link

Forward link EVDO channels

Control Channel:

This channel carries the signalling and overhead messages.

EV-DO reverse Link

Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel:

This indicates the data rate of the Reverse Data Channel.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Basics

- basics of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO - EV-DO or EVDO for data only or data optimised cellular telecommunications standard as defined in IS-856 (TIA-856).
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO cell phone system is a standard that has evolved from the CDMA2000 mobile phone system and it is now firmly established in many areas of the world. The letters EV-DO sometimes referred to as EVDO stand for Evolution Data Only or Data Optimised. From the 1xEV-DO title it can be seen that it is a data only mobile telecommunications standard that can be run on CDMA2000 networks. The concept of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is that is a packet data only carrier - voice can be carried either by using Voice over IP, VoIP, or by using a fall-back to a CDMA2000 1X carrier. The fall-back mode is the one that tends to be used more widely as most operators have a CDMA2000 1X system in place.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Basics

The CDMA2000 1x EV-DO cell phone system is defined under IS-856 (TIA-856) rather than IS-2000 (TIA-2000) that defines the other CDMA2000 standards. The EV-DO, IS-856 standard has undergone several revisions since it was first launched: EV-DO Release 0 (Rel. 0): EV-DO Revision A (Rev. A): This was the first release of the EV-DO standard. This revision of the standard introduced a significant increase in data rates.

EV-DO Revision B (Rev. B): The EV-DO Rev. B version of the standard introduced a number of updates including multicarrier operation as a software upgrade and higher order modulation with the introduction of new hardware. These two upgrades can be undertaken separately. EV-DO Advanced: This software only upgrade introduced a number of smart features into the EV-DO standard. EV-DO Revision C (Rev.C): This is the Ultra-Mobile Broadband standard. This is not now being pursued as the evolution from EV-DO is now to LTE for 4G services. It can be seen that the data rates have risen considerable with successive releases and revisions of the EV-DO standard. Data rates for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO forward channel forms a dedicated variable-rate, packet data channel with signalling and control time multiplexed into it. The channel is itself time-divided and allocated to each user on a demand and opportunity driven basis. A data only format was adopted to enable the standard to be optimised for data applications. If voice is required then a dual mode phone using separate 1X channel for the voice call is needed. In fact the "phones" used for data only applications are referred to as Access Terminals or ATs.

EV-DO tabular summary

The table below gives an overview of the capabilities of the different releases and revisions of the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO standard.

CDMA2000 1XEV-DO RELEASE / REVISION Rel. 0

Rev. A

Rev. B

DO Rev. B

DO Advanced

While many of the upgrades are implemented by software upgrades at the base station, new handsets, or Access Terminals, ATs are required to be able to utilise the features and data rates available. However ATs are normally replaced relatively frequently and as a result the new features are steadily taken up over time. The CDMA2000 1x EV-DO air interface obviously has many similarities with other systems in the CDMA2000 family. However CDMA2000 1x EV-DO has been optimised for data transmission. It utilises the spectrum more efficiently and also allows high speed data to be transmitted, making it fully competitive with other 3G cellular systems. The EV-DO RF transmission is very similar to that of a CDMA2000 1X transmission. It has the same final spread rate of 1.228 Mcps and it has the same modulation bandwidth because the same digital filter is used. Although 1xEV-DO has many similarities with 1X transmissions, it cannot occupy the same channels simultaneously, and therefore requires dedicated paired channels for its operation. Accordingly new bands, often in the new 3G allocations are being dedicated for EV-DO in some areas. As with all other CDMA2000 systems, CDMA technology forms the basis of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO.

Note on CDMA:
CDMA, Code Division Multiple Access, is a multiple access scheme used by many 3G cellular technologies, and other forms of wireless technology. It uses a process called Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum where spreading codes are used to spread a signal out over a given bandwidth and then reconstituting the data in the receiver by using the same spreading code. By supplying different spreading codes to different users, several users are able to utilises the same frequency without mutual

The forward link possesses many features that are specific to EV-DO, having been optimised for data transmission, particularly in the downlink direction. Average continuous rates of 600 kbps per sector are possible. This is a six fold increase over CDMA2000 1X and is provided largely by the ability of 1xEV-DO to negotiate increased data rates for individual ATs because only one user is served at a time. The forward link is always transmitted at full power and uses a data rate control scheme rather than the power control scheme used with 1X, and the data is time division multiplexed so that only one AT is served at a time. In order to be able to receive data, each EV-DO AT measures signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) on the forward link pilot every slot, i.e. 1.667 ms. Based on the information this provides the AT sends a data rate request to the base station. The AN receives requests from a variety of ATs, and decisions have to be made regarding which ATs are to be served next. The AN endeavours to achieve the best data transfer, and this is done by serving those ATs offering a good signal to noise ratio. This is achieved at the expense of users at some distance from the AN's Accurate time synchronisation is required between the EV-DO Access Nodes. To achieve this time information is taken from the Global Positioning System as this is able to provide an exceedingly accurate time signal.

EV-DO forward link

The reverse link for 1xEV-DO has a structure similar to that for CDMA2000. In EV-DO all signalling is performed on the data channel and this means that there is no Dedicated Control Channel. The data channel can support 5 data rates which are separated in powers of 2 from 9.6 to 153.6 kbps. These rates are achieved by varying the repeat factor. The highest rate uses a Turbo coder with lower gain The channel structure within CDMA2000 1xEV-DO has been optimised to allow high speed data transmission. Accordingly the EVDO channel structure is different to that of other CDMA2000 systems.

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO reverse link

A number of EVDO channels are transmitted in the forward direction to enable signalling, data and other capabilities to be handled. These channels include the Traffic channel, MAC channel, Control channel and Pilot. These are time division multiplexed. Traffic Channel: This channels uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation for data rates up to 1.2288 Mbps. For higher data rates, higher order modulation techniques are used in the form of 8PSK with 3 bits per symbol or 16QAM with 4 bits per symbol. The levels of the I and Q symbols are chosen so that the average The Incoming data to be used as the modulation comes from the from the turbo coder and is scrambled by mixing it with a Pseudo Random Number (PN) sequence. The initial state of the PN is derived from known parameters, and is unique for each user. Every packet starts at the same initial value of the PN sequence. At the beginning of the transmission to each user, there is a preamble that contains the user ID for the data. Its repeat rate is determined by the data rate because lower data rates require higher repeat values. However even at its largest, the preamble will fill no more than half the first slot. Control Channel: This channel carries the signalling and overhead messages. Pilot: The differentiator between the cell and the sector is still the PN offset of the pilot channel and the pilot signal is only gated on for 192 chips per slot. Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel: This channel carries a number of controls including the Reverse Power Control (RPC), the Data Rate Control (DRC) Lock, and the reverse activity (RA) channels.

Forward link EVDO channels

EV-DO reverse Link

The EVDO channels for the reverse link have a structure similar to that for CDMA2000. The following channels are transmitted in addition to those used with 1X: Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel: This indicates the data rate of the Reverse Data Channel. Acknowledgement (Ack) Channel: This channel is transmitted after the AT detects a frame with the preamble detailing it to be the recipient of the data. Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel: This channel contains a four bit word in each slot to allow the choice of 12 different transmission rates.

MAX DOWNLINK DATA MAX UPLINK DATA RATE RATE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE THROUGHPUT) THROUGHPUT) 2.4 Mbps 153.4 kbps

COMMENTS

The first release of CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. 1.25 MHz FDD channels.

(300-600 kbps)

(70-90 kbps)

3.1 Mbps

1.8 Mbps

Backwards compatible with EV-DO Rel. 0. 1.25 MHz FDD channels. These figures are for operation in a 5 MHz FDD channel and for the EV-DO Rev. B software upgrade. The software upgrade provides the multi-carrier facility. Figures are for the software upgrade only. These figures are for operation in a 5 MHz FDD channel and for the EV-DO Rev. B hardware upgrade as well as the software upgrade. The hardware upgrade allows higher order modulation (up to 64QAM) to be used. Figures for 4 x 1.25 MHz FDD channels

9.3 Mbps

5.4 Mbps

14.7 Mbps

5.4 Mbps

19.6 Mbps

7.2 Mbps

Name Emp ID DEPT Date of Travel Date of Return COUNTRY

SHOBAN SRINIVAS PRATHA TES Wednesday, January 04, 2012 Friday, January 06, 2012 BAHRAIN

TRINATH BABU INAPARTHY 1865 TES TES #################### Wednesday, January 04, 2012 Friday, January 06, 2012 Friday, January 06, 2012 BAHRAIN BAHRAIN

KRIS M NANDAKUMAR

HARIKRISHNA REDDY MUCHALA 1045 TES Wednesday, January 04, 2012 Friday, January 06, 2012 BAHRAIN

Circle

Customer
Ericsson

End Customer
Ericsson Ericsson Reliance

Technology
GSM GSM(3G & 2G) EVDO

INDIA

Ericsson ALC-LUC

Nature of Job
RF,LOS & Civil Site Survey ,Resource provisioning Drive Testing & Resource Provisioning Turnkey Optimization