CH- Heredity

Q.1 Multiple choice questions.

1. Exchange of genetic material takes place in
(a) vegetative reproduction (b) asexual reproduction
(c) sexual reproduction (d) budding
2. Two pink coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white flower progeny. The nature of
the cross will be
(a) double fertilization (b) self pollination
(c) cross fertilization (d) no fertilisation
3. A cross between a tall plant (TT) and short pea plant (tt) resulted in progeny that were all tall plants because
(a) tallness is the dominant trait (b) shortness is the dominant trait
(c) tallness is the recessive trait (d) height of pea plant is not governed by gene ‘T’ or ‘t’
4. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) For every hormone there is a gene. (b) For every protein there is a gene.
(c) For production of every enzyme there is a gene. (d) For every molecule of fat there is a gene
5. If a round, green seeded pea plant (RR yy) is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant, (rr YY) the
seeds produced in F1 generation are
(a) round and yellow (b) round and green
(c) wrinkled and green (d) wrinkled and yellow
6. In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome
is/are
(i) large chromosome (ii) small chromosome (iii) Y-chromosome (iv) X-chromosome
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) only (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)
7. The maleness of a child is determined by
(a) the X chromosome in the zygote (b) the Y chromosome in zygote
(c) the cytoplasm of germ cell which determines the sex (d) sex is determined by chance
8. A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a
(a) boy (b) girl
(c) X- chromosome does not determine the sex of a child (d) either boy or girl
9. New species may be formed if
(i) DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells (ii) chromosome number changes in the gamete
(iii) there is no change in the genetic material (iv) mating does not take place
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
10. Two pea plants one with round green seeds (RRyy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds produce
F1 progeny that have round, yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F1 plants are selfed, the F2 progeny will have new
combination of characters. Choose the new combination from the following
(i) Round, yellow (ii) Round, green (iii) Wrinkled, yellow (iv) Wrinkled, green
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iv) (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iii)
11. A trait in an organism is influenced by
(a) paternal DNA only (b) maternal DNA only
(c) both maternal and paternal DNA (d) neither by paternal nor by maternal DNA
12. From the list given below, select the character which can be acquired but not inherited
(a) colour of eye (b) colour of skin
(c) size of body (d) nature of hair
13. The two versions of a trait (character) which are brought in by the male and female gametes are situated
on
(a) copies of the same chromosome (b) two different chromosomes
(c) sex chromosomes (d) any chromosome
14. Select the statements that describe characteristics of genes
(i) genes are specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule
(ii) a gene does not code for proteins
(iii) in individuals of a given species, a specific gene is located on a particular chromosome
(iv) each chromosome has only one gene
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)
15. In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to short plants in
F2 is
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 2 : 1
16. The number of pair (s) of sex chromosomes in the zygote of humans is
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four
Q.2 Very short answer type questions.
1. Why acquired traits are not inherited?
2. Give the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in plant and mention which one is recessive
and which is dominant?
(a) yellow seed (b) round seed
3. What is gene? Where are genes located?
4. What is phenotypic ratio obtained by Mendel by monohybrid cross? Answer with the help of diagram.
5. How is the chromosome number restored in zygote?
6. What will be the sex of the embryo if an egg is fertilized by the sperm having
(a) 22+x and (b) 22+y composition
7. What is monohybrid and dihybrid cross? Give one example of each.
8. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experimentation?
9. What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population?
10. Why are traits acquired during the life-time of an individual not inherited?
11. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to
belong to the same species?
12. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive?
Q.3 Short answer questions.
1. How is the sex of a new born determined in humans?
2. Do genetic combination of mothers play a significant role in determining the sex of a new born?
3. Why do all the gametes formed in human females have an X chromosome?
4. In human beings, the statistical probability of getting either a male or female child is 50 : 50. Give a suitable
explanation.
5. Give the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in pea plant and mention which is dominant
and recessive (i) yellow seed (ii) round seed
6. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments?
7. A woman has only daughters. Analyse the situation genetically and provide a suitable explanation.
8. If the tail of a mouse is cut for twenty one generations, will the tail occur in twenty second generation of
that mouse? Give reason to support your answer.
Q.4 Long answer questions.
1. Differentiate between inherited and acquired characters. Give one example for each type.
2. Give reasons why acquired characters are not inherited.
3. In the following crosses write the characteristics of the progeny
Cross Progeny
(a) RR YY x RR YY ...........................
Round, yellow x Round, yellow ...........................
(b) Rr Yy x Rr Yy ...........................
Round, yellow x Round, yellow ...........................
(c) rr yy x rr yy ...........................
wrinkled, green x wrinkled, green ...........................
(d) RR YY x rr yy ...........................
Round, yellow x wrinkled green ...........................
(e) rr yy x RR YY ...........................
Wrinkled green x round yellow ...........................
4. Study the following cross and showing self pollination in F1 , fill in the blank and answer the question that
follows
Parents RRYY x rryy
Round, yellow wrinkled, green
F1 — Rr Yy x ?
Round, yellow
(i) In question 44, what are the combinations of character in the F2 progeny? What are their ratios?
(ii) Give the basic features of the mechanism of inheritance.
(iii) Give reasons for the appearance of new combinations of characters in the F2 progeny.
5. Describe briefly Mendel’s experiment.
Q.5 Case based questions
1. Study the given data and answer the questions following the data:

Parental plants cross fertilised FI First Generation offsprings F2 Offsprings of self pollination
and seeds collected of FI

Male parents always bare red 330 seeds sown and observed. Out of 44 seeds 33 seeds gave
flowers. Female parent always All 330 gave red flowers. plants with red flowers and 11
had white flowers. seeds gave plants with white
flowers.

2. The gene type of green stemmed tomato plants is denoted as GG and that of purple stemmed tomato
plants as GG when these two are crossed.
i. What colour of stem would you expect in F1 progeny?
ii. Give the percentage of purple stemmed plants if F1 are self pollinated.
iii. In what ratio would you find the gene types CG and Gg in the F2 progeny?
3. Pure bred pea plant with smooth seeds (dominant characteristic) were crossed with pure bred pea plant
with wrinkled seeds (recessive characteristic) . The F1 generation was self pollinated to give rise to the F2
generation.
(a) What is the expected observation of the F1 generation of plants ?
(b) What is the expected observation of the F2 generation of plants ?
(c) What will be the genotypic ration of F2 offspring , also mention whether it will be homozygous or
heterozygous ?
4. The rules for inheritance of such traits in human beings are related to the fact that both the father and the
mother contribute practically equal amounts of genetic material to the child. This means that each trait can be
influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA. Thus, for each trait there will be two versions in each child.
What will, then, the trait seen in the child be?
i) What were the contrasting traits used by mendel?
ii) What was the phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross?
iii) What was the genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross?
 iv) How does the traits get expressed?
v) Write the monohybrid cross between tall and dwarf plants?
5. The two sexes participating in sexual reproduction must be somewhat different from each other for a
number of reasons. How is the sex of a newborn individual determined? Different species use very different
strategies for this. Some rely entirely on environmental cues. Thus, in some animals like a few reptiles, the
temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines whether the animals developing in the eggs will be
male or female. In other animals, such as snails, individuals can change sex, indicating that sex is not
genetically determined. However, in human beings, the sex of the individual is largely genetically determined.
In other words, the genes inherited from our parents decide whether we will be boys or girls.
i) How many chromosomes are there in human beings?
ii) What are the pair of sex chromosome present in both male and female?
iii) How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
iv) Give a cross between male and female for sex determination in human beings.
6. Preeti is very fond of gardening. She has different flowering plants in her garden. One day a few naughty
children entered her garden and plucked many leaves of Bryophyllum plant and threw them here and there in
the garden. After few days, Preeti observed that new Bryophyllum plants were coming out from the leaves
which fell on the ground.
i. What does the incident sited in the paragraph indicate?
(a). Bryophyllum leaves have special buds that germinate to give rise to new plant.
(b). Bryophyllum can propagate vegetatively through leaves.
(c). Bryophyllum is a flowering plant that reproduces only asexually
(d). Both (a) and (b).
ii. Which of the following plants can propagate vegetatively through leaves like Bryophyllum?
(a)Guava (b)Begonia (c)Ginger (d) Mint
iii. Do you think any other vegetative part of Bryophyllum can help in propagation? If yes, then which part?
(a)Roots (b) Stems (c) Flowers (d)Fruits
iv. Which of the following plant is artificially propagated (vegetatively) by stem cuttings in horticultural
practices?
(a) Potato (b) Snakeplant (c) Rose (d) Water hyacinth

CH- Our Environment

Q.1 MCQ
1.Which of the following is a non-biodegradable thing?
a) banana peel b)tin can c)cotton d)leather
2. Which of the following components of sunlight is responsible for the formation of ozone in the
stratosphere?
a) infra red rays b)UV Rays c)Visible light d)red light
3. Garbage can be disposed more environment friendly by
a) incineration b)Land filling c)Recycling d)composting.
4. Which of the following is an alternative name for primary consumers?
a)Carnivore b)herbivore c)saprophyte d)Omnivore
5. Which of the following statements remain true with regard to the flow of energy in the ecosystem?
a) Energy remain steady b) Go on increasing from lower to higher trophic levels
c) Converted from one form to another. d) No energy reaches at higher trophic levels
6. Decomposition is mainly carried out by
a)Worms b) bacteria c)virus d) flies.
7. Which of the following may be a conclusion of the excessive exposure of humans to sun’s ultraviolet rays?
i. Peptic ulcers
ii. Eye disease like cataract
iii. Damage to lungs
iv. Skin cancer
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) Only (iv)
8. If 100 J energy is available at the producer level in a food chain then the energy
available to the secondary consumer will be:
(a) 10 J (b) 0.1 J (c) 1 J (d) 0.01 J
9. What will happen if deer is missing in the food chain given below?
Grass → Deer → Tiger
(a) The population of tiger increases
(b) The population of grass decreases
(c) Tiger will start eating grass
(d) The population of tiger decreases and the population of grass increases
10. Which of the following substances will not be converted to compost when added in a composting pit?
(a) Waste paper (b) Fruit and vegetable peels
(c) Human and animal excreta (d) Plastic bags
11. The gas released by CFC when it comes in contact with UV rays is
a) hydrogen b) nitrogen c) ozone d) chlorine.
12. Which of the following statements about a producer is right?
a) They do not take up carbon dioxide b) Do not release Oxygen
c) Absorb energy from sun. d) Depend other organisms for food?
13. Every food chain in the ecosystem begins with………. which are the original source of food.
a) Saprophytes b) Parasites c) Producers d) consumers
14.We should reduce the use of the plastic bags, bottles etc. because:
a) They are not durable b) They are non-biodegradable
c) They are made of toxic materials d) They react with the atmospheric gases
15. Among the following choose the correct option which contains only biodegradable items?
i. Wood, paper, PVC
ii. Paper, seeds, detergent,
iii. Paper, animal excreta, wood
iv. Wool, leaves, paper
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
16. Which among the following statements is incorrect in view of the plants?
(a) They convert the solar energy into mechanical energy
(b) They prepare their food from organic compounds
(c) They are also called producers
(d) They are the initial source of energy in a food chain
17. In a food chain the second trophic level is occupied by:
(a) Carnivores (b) Autotrophs (c) Herbivores (d) Producers
18. Green plants utilize ……… percent of sun’s energy to prepare their food by the process of photosynthesis?
(a) 1 percent (b) 10 percent (c) 20 percent (d) 99 percent
19. The process of accumulation of harmful chemical substances like pesticides, in the body of living organisms
at each trophic level of a food chain is known as:
(a) Biological magnification (b) Biological accumulation
(c) Chemical magnification (d) Chemical accumulation
20. . Which of the following may be a conclusion of the excessive exposure of humans to sun’s ultraviolet rays?
i. Peptic ulcers
ii. Eye disease like cataract
iii. Damage to lungs
iv. Skin cancer
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) Only (iv)
21. Which among the following is a correct full form for DDT?
(a) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (b) Dichlorodiphenyltetrachloroethane
(c) Dichlorodecaphenyltrichloroethane (d) Dichlorodiethyltrichloroethane
22. What will happen if deer is missing in the food chain given below?
Grass → Deer → Tiger
(a) The population of tiger increases
(b) The population of grass decreases
(c) Tiger will start eating grass
(d) The population of tiger decreases and the population of grass increases
23. Global warming is a phenomenon related to:
(a) Evaporation (b) Ecological balance (c) Greenhouse effect (d) Desertification
Q.2 Very short answer questions.
1. Which are the major groups of organisms acting as decomposers?
2. What is the mode of nutrition of fungi?
3. Mention any one way non -biodegradable waste affect our health.
4. Name the chemicals mainly depleting ozone layer.
5. Give any two examples for man- made ecosystem.
6. What amount of energy is passed from one trophic level to the successive
trophic levels of a food chain?
7. Name another group of organisms that can produce their food other than
plants.
8. Which group of biotic components of an ecosystem plays a significant role in
the recycling of nutrients.?
9. How much percent of sunlight falling on leaf surface can be used by plants for
photosynthesis?
10.What is ozone hole?
11. Name the law which governs the flow of energy through food chain.
12. Write any one way the complete removal of decomposers affect the life of
producers.
13. Write the basic reason for the formation of food web.
14. Write any two examples for biodegradable garbage.
15. What are trophic levels?.
16. Which gas is released by CFC , when it comes in contact with UV rays?
17. How does ozone layer beneficial for organisms?
18. In which way incineration useful for the disposal of garbage?
19. What are biodegradable waste?
20. Write any two measures you may adapt in your life to reduce the problems
due to garbage.
Q.3 Short answer questions
1.How is ozone formed in the upper atmosphere? Why is the damage of ozone layer a cause of concern to us?
State a cause of this damage.
2. Construct an aquatic food chain showing four trophic levels.
3. Explain ‘biological magnification’ with the help of an example.
4. Describe how decomposers facilitate recycling of matter in order to maintain balance in the ecosystem.
5. “Damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern.” Justify this statement. Suggest any two steps to limit
this damage. ‘
6. Why did United Nations act to control the production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerators?
7. What is the important function of presence of ozone in earth’s atmosphere?
8. Give an example to illustrate that indiscriminate use of pesticides may result-in the degradation of the
environment.
9. Differentiate between natural and artificial ecosystem.
10. Why are pesticides considered as pollutants despite being useful to the farmers?
11.What is an ecosystem? Mention its components
12. Differentiate between natural and artificial ecosystem.
13. What is the role of consumers in the food chain?
14. Write the long term environmental impact of landfills.
15. list the ill effects of depletion of ozone layer on our health.
Q.4 Long answer questions
1. Explain the phenomenon of “biological magnification” How does it affect organisms belonging to different
trophic levels particularly the tertiary consumers?
2. a) What are biodegradable and non- biodegradable substances? Select two biodegradable pollutants from
the following: Agricultural waste, glass, plastic, sewage, DDT.
b) Consider the following food chain which occurs in a forest: Grass -> Deer ->Lion. If 10000 J of solar energy is
available to the grass, how much energy would be available to the deer to transfer it to the lion?
3.Indicate the flow of energy in an ecosystem. Why is it unidirectional? Justify.
4. a) What are decomposers? What will be the consequence of their absence in an ecosystem?
b) Name the wastes which are generated in your house daily. What measures would you take for their
disposal?
5. Explain some harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment.
6. Explain the phenomenon of “biological magnification” How does it affect organisms belonging to different
trophic levels particularly the tertiary consumers?
7.“Damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern.” Justify this statement. Suggest any two steps to limit this
damage.
8. Explain the effect of human activities on our environment.
9. a) Decomposers are very much essential for the sustenance of ecosystems. Explain
b) Explain 10% law of energy transfer through food chain with a suitable example
10. a) Why food chains cannot prolong indefinitely?
b) Which are the different levels of consumers in a food chain, On what basis they are categorized
Q.5 Case-based questions
1. A village pond is found fully covered with algae and scum. The people in the village use the water from this
pond for their house hold purposes. It is also found that many children in that village is suffering from diarrhea
and muscle cramps. As a precaution the doctor advice them not to drink water from the pond, and if at all
they use it ,it should be boiled and cooled.
Q1. As a science student tell the reason for the over growth of algae in the pond.
Q2. What change will come to the quality of water when it is boiled and cooled?
Q3. What are the common causes of diarrhea?
2. Our experience says that the forest cover in India is declining day by day and also there is disappearance of
more number of wild species of plants and animals. As a part of the country’s development many multi-
purpose dams are also found to come up in various parts of the country. Correspondingly we are experiencing
change in rain fall pattern and unexpected cyclones and floods.
Q1. What is the required forest cover in the hilly region and plain area in india?
Q2. What are the various uses of multipurpose dams.
Q3. Do you found any relation between the decline in forest cover and change in rainfall pattern, if so write
the effect
3. Presently there is legal ban on running of hazardous industries in residential areas and near schools. The
running of such industries in these areas are found causing a lot of sound pollution, air pollution and water
pollution . Due to such pollutions the general health of residents are affected by the development of nervous
disorders, psychological problems, respiratory diseases etc. The impact of the running of industries are not
only limited to human life, but also found have it’s impact on Natural ecosystems also. We can read that many
important species of plants and animals are disappeared in the recent past due to habitat destructuction ,
fragmentation and even due to bio magnification. We know that many industries releases hot water to natural
water bodies which lead to alteration of the temperature of water, killing many aquatic life specially fishes.
Q 1. Why do you think that the change in temperature of water bodies affect fish life?
Q 2. Write few air pollutants released from industries.
4. Over recent decades one of the commonest characteristics manifest in the developing nations has been the
disparity between rapid urban population growth and sanitation infrastructure provision. This disparity is
being worsened by the challenges of poor waste management practices impacting on the deteriorating
ecosystems of the rapidly transforming cities in these countries. The product of this mismatch, described as
‘urbanisation without health’, is the catalogue of overcrowding, growth in illegal settlements, uncollected
household waste, and the absence of water, sanitation and other basic facilities which are typical of many
urban centres in Africa, Asia and South America.As a result many millions of the urban poor live in neighbor
hoods typically hazardous to their everyday health and general well-being
Q1. According to the content what worsened the disparity between rapid urban Population growth and
sanitation infra structure provision?
Q2. Which of the following is the product of mismatch between rapid Urbanization and sanitation
infrastructure provision.
a) Urbanization without health b) Health without sanitation
c) Health without nutrition d) Health without infrastructure.