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Fall 24-25 dm_1b_PropositionalLogic

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abhasan7710
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Propositional Logic

Course Code: CSC 1204 Course Title: Discrete Mathematics

Dept. of Computer Science


Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecturer No: 1b Week No: 1 Semester: Fall 24-25


Lecturer: Dr. Md Mehedi Hasan; [email protected]
Lecture Outline

1.1 Propositional Logic


• Logic
• Propositional Logic
• Propositions
• Propositional Variables
• Compound Propositions
• Logical Operators
• Truth Value & Truth Table
• Truth Tables of Compound Propositions (next class)
• Conditional Statements (next class)
• Logic and Bit Operations (next class)
Objectives and Outcomes

• Objectives: To understand the importance of logic in


mathematical reasoning, to understand proposition and
propositional logic, symbol and usage of different types of
logical operators.
• Outcomes: Students are expected to be able to apply logical
operators and analyze logical propositions via truth tables, be
able to construct a truth table for a given compound
proposition.
Key Terms

• Logic: Logic is the discipline that deals with the


methods of reasoning.
• Logic is the basis of all mathematical reasoning
• The rules of logic specify the meaning of mathematical statements

• Propositional Logic: The area of logic that deals


with propositions is called the propositional logic.
Key Terms

▪ Proposition: A proposition is a declarative statement


that’s either TRUE or FALSE, but not both.

▪ Statements that are not propositions include


• Questions
• Commands
Key Terms
▪ Propositional variable: A variable that represents a proposition.
The conventional letters used for propositional variables are p,
q, r, s, t,..
▪ Compound proposition: A proposition constructed by combining
two or more propositions using logical operators (AKA : logical
connectives)
▪ Logical Operators: Operators used to combine propositions
▪ Truth Value: The truth value of a proposition is true, denoted by
T, if it is a true statement and false, denoted by F, if it is a false
statement. Truth Value ==> Either True or False
▪ Truth Table: A table displaying the truth values of propositions.
Proposition: Examples

Proposition Not Proposition

3 + 2 = 32 Bring me coffee!

3+2=5 3+2

CSC 1204 is Katrina’s favorite CSC 1204 is her favorite class


class
Every cow has four legs Do you like Cake?
Logical Operators

• Logical Operators ==> unary, binary


• Unary:
• Negation
• Binary
• Conjunction
• Disjunction
• Exclusive OR
• Conditional/Implication
• Biconditional
Logical Operators: Symbols & Usage

Operator Symbol Usage


Negation  NOT
Conjunction  AND
Disjunction  OR
Exclusive or  XOR
Conditional → if, then
Biconditional  iff
Propositional Logic : Negation

• Let p be a proposition. The negation of p, denoted


by p (orp), is the statement “It is not the case
that p.”
• The proposition p is read “not p”
• The truth value of the negation of p, p, is the
opposite of the truth value of p.
Truth table for Negation of a Proposition
Propositional Logic : Negation

• Negation just turns a false proposition to true and


the opposite for a true proposition.

• Example1: P: I am going to town


 P: I am not going to town; or,
It is not the case that I am going to town
• Example2: p : “23 = 15 +7”
p happens to be false, so  p is true.
Conjunction

• Let p and q be propositions. The conjunction of p and


q, denoted by p  q, is the proposition “p and q.”
• The conjunction p  q is true when both p and q are
true and is false otherwise.
• Conjunction corresponds to English “AND”.

• Example: Liana is curious AND clever.


Truth Table for Conjunction
Conjunction: Example

• Example: p : ‘I am going to town’


q : ‘It is going to rain’

p  q: ‘I am going to town, and it is going to rain.’

• Note: Both p and q must be true to p  q be true


Disjunction

• Let p and q be propositions.


• The disjunction of p and q, denoted by p  q, is the
proposition “p or q.”
• The disjunction p  q is false when both p and q are
false and is true otherwise.
• Disjunction is true when at least one of the
components is true.
• Disjunction corresponds to English “OR”.
• Example: Abdullah is brave OR intelligent.
Truth Table for Disjunction
Examples of Conjunction &
Disjunction
Let,
p:5<9
q : 9 < 7.
Construct the propositions p  q and p  q.

Solution:
▪ The conjunction of the propositions p and q is the proposition
p  q : 5 < 9 and 9 < 7
▪ The disjunction of the propositions p and q is the proposition
p  q : 5 < 9 or 9 < 7

Question: What are the truth values of p  q and p  q?


Exclusive Or

• Let p and q be propositions.


• The exclusive or of p and q, denoted by p  q, is the
proposition that is true when exactly one of p and q is
true and is false otherwise.
Truth Table of Exclusive Or
Books

• Discrete Mathematics and its applications with combinatorics


and graph theory (7th edition) by Kenneth H. Rosen [Indian
Adaptation by KAMALA KRITHIVASAN], published by
McGraw-Hill
References

1. Discrete Mathematics, Richard Johnsonbaugh, Pearson education, Inc.


2. Discrete Mathematical Structures, Bernard Kolman, Robert C. Busby,
Sharon Ross, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
3. SCHAUM’S outlines Discrete Mathematics(2nd edition), by Seymour
Lipschutz, Marc Lipson

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