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laws of motion -class 9 notes

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laws of motion -class 9 notes

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Sofia Gupta
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Laws of motion (class 9)

FORCE

Force is the physical cause which changes or try to change the position of an object. In other
words, we can say that push or pull acting on the body to accelerate it is called force. We can’t
see the force but can feel it. Force is vector quantity as it has both magnitude as well as
direction. Opening and closing the door by push or pull is the example of application of force

Effect of force: Force can make a stationary body to move. It can stop a moving body. By
applying force we can change the direction of moving body. Speed of a body can be changed
by action of force. The shape, size of a body can be changed by action of force. Examples: A
ball at rest when kicked acquires motion, brake applied in moving vehicle stops it.

Balanced force: When all the applied forces in different directions, nullify each other then it is
said to be balanced forces. Body at rest remains at rest and moving object keeps moving.
Shape or size may change. As in a rope game, the rope remains at rest as the magnitude of
force applied on each ends are equal

unbalanced force: If the resultant of all the applied force becomes greater than zero then it is
said to be unbalanced forces. Stationary object can be brought into motion. A moving object can
acquire more speed on applying unbalanced force. It can decrease the speed of moving object.
It can stop a moving object. Unbalanced forces change the shape and size of an object.

Type of forces

There are many forces which exist in nature: Gravitational forces, Muscular force, Frictional
force, Air resistance.

What is motion?

The change in position of an object with respect to time is said to be motion. Flying of bird,
movement of train, running of child etc. are some examples of motion.

Laws of motion:

Galileo’s observation on motion: Galileo mainly observed motion in inclined plane. The velocity
of an object when rolled in an inclined plane its velocity increases. He first said that if an object
is moving on a frictionless surface then it will continue to move forever at the same speed.
There is no unbalanced force acting on any object. Practically, to attain the condition of zero
unbalanced force acting on any object is impossible. There are many force (air resistance,
Atmospheric pressure and many other small forces) that exist in nature and acts upon object.

Newton’s law of motion: Newton after observing Galelio’s studies and the research and
expanding it, he proposed three laws of motion. These laws of motion resulted in the foundation
of classical mechanics. These laws explains the relationship between body and the force acting
upon it.
What are the three laws of motion?

Newton gave us three laws of motion. They are as follows:

Newton’s first law of motion (law of inertia):

According to Newton’s first law of motion, an object will either remain at rest or move in uniform
motion on a straight line unless acted upon by an external force which can change its state of
rest or motion. Every object in this universe resists the change in its state.

Some practical examples-

When a bus starts moving the person in the bus falls backward. This condition arises because
when bus starts moving the legs also move with it but the rest part of the body has tendency to
remain at rest. When driver of a bus applies brake suddenly then person standing in it falls in
forward direction. This condition arises because the person standing in the moving bus is also in
motion along the bus, but when brake is applied suddenly the legs in contact with the bus stops
with the bus but rest part of the body has the tendency to be in motion.

On a carom board if we hit the pile of coin, then only the pile present at bottom moves leaving
rest of the coin of pile at its place. This happens because when striker hits the bottom coin,
induce motion in it but rest of the coin of pile has tendency to remain at rest.

Wet clothes when jerked before putting in sunlight makes it easy to dry. This happens because
the droplets present in the cloth pores has tendency to remain at rest but when jerked the cloth
acquires motion. This makes water droplets to move out of it so clothes easily dry out.

Inertia and Mass:

Inertia: The tendency of an object to oppose the induced change in state of rest or motion is
said to be inertia. We measure inertia of any object by its mass. Inertia is directly proportional to
its mass. The inertia of heavy object is always more than the lighter one. Heavier objects show
more resistance to the applied force.

Newton’s Second law of motion: According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of
change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the
direction of the force.

(write the proof ie f=ma from your class room notes )

EXAMPLE-A cricketer when catches a ball moves his hand backwards in the direction of ball to
decrease the velocity of the ball. If he would catch the ball without moving his hand it will require
a greater force, This leads to drop of catches.

Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. It is a vector quantity and
has direction same as the velocity of the object. Momentum is denoted by ‘p’. It’s SI unit is Kg
metre/second. Thus equation of Momentum is “p = mv”, where m is mass of the object and v is
associated velocity. Stationary body has zero momentum.
1 N force: When acceleration of 1m/s2 is produced on 1kg object then it is said that 1 N force is
applied.

Newton’s third law of Motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In
other words, when a body exerts a force on another body, the second body instantly exerts a
force of equal magnitude to the applied force back onto the first body. These forces are always
opposite in direction and act on two different objects always. Force has same magnitude acting
on each other but may or may not have equal acceleration.

As, when a bullet is fired from a gun, Bullet moves with high speed but the gun moves a little
back. This occurs due to a large difference in mass of the bullet as well as the gun.

Applications of Newton’s Third law:

Helps in walking.

Helps skydivers

law of conservation of momentum

According to the law of conservation of momentum, the sum of momenta of two objects before
and after collision remains same given that no external unbalanced force acts upon them.
Simply we can say that collision conserves the overall momentum of the objects.

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