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Vsec Assignment

Uploaded by

anjumjamal8174
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURE OF ATOM(Additional topic)

Atom consists of three sub-units, that are:-

1. Electron - Electrons are negatively charged particles present in an atom. Sir J.J. Thomson
discovered electrons. Symbol= (𝑒 − )
Charge-: -1.6x10−19 C
Mass-: 9.1x 10−28 gm

2. Protons - Protons are positively charged particles present in an atom. The German
scientist Goldstein discovered protons. Symbol= (𝑝 + )
Charge-: 1.6x10−19 C
Mass-: 1.6x 10−24 gm

3. Neutrons - Neutrons are the neutral particle present inside an atom. James Chadwick
discovered neutrons. Symbol= (𝑛0 )
Charge-: 0
Mass-: 1.6x 10−24 gm

BOHR AND BURRY SCHEME

Rule 1- The maximum no. of electrons in each shell is determined by the formula 2(𝑛)2 where n
is the no. of shell.

In K-Shell In L-Shell In M-Shell

n=1 n=2 n=3

no. of 𝑒 − = 2(1)2 no. of 𝑒 − = 2(2)2 no. of 𝑒 − = 2(3)2

=2 =8 = 18

Rule 2- Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell unless the inner shells are filled. However, the
outermost orbit of an electrically neutral atom cannot have more than eight electrons.

NOTATION OF AN ATOM

In the notation of an atom, atomic no., mass no. and the symbol of an element are written as:-

where

A stands for mass no.,

Z stands for atomic number and

X is the symbol of the element.


14 16
for eg:- 7𝑁 , 8𝑂

Z= 𝑝 + = 𝑒 −

A= 𝑝 + + 𝑛0

After the discovery of neutrons the following atomic model was proposed:-

1) The central part of an atom contains protons and neutrons is called nucleus. It is positively charged.

2) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed path called orbit and each orbit has fixed amount of
energy.

Numerical
12𝐶
1) 6

A=12 A=p+n

Z=6 12=6+n

Z= 𝑝 + = 𝑒 − 12-6=n

p=6 6=n

e=6

Electronic configuration

= 2,4
Valency in terms of electrons

The atom that donates electrons has electro-positive valency.

The atom that accepts electrons has electro-negative valency.

Electro Positive Valency-

All metals and hydrogen have electrons varying between one and three in their valenced shell.

During chemical combination, they donate electrons and become electro-positive. The no. of electrons
donated is the valency of that element. For eg. Gold has valency +1, Aluminum has +3 etc.

Electro Negative Valency-

All non-metals have electro-negative valency. They have five, six, seven electrons in their valanced shell.
The no. of electrons gained is the valency of that element. For eg. :- Chlorine has -1, Nitrogen has -3.

Isotopes

In some elements atoms have different mass number but same atomic number. These are called isotopes.
1𝐻 2𝐻 3𝐻
1 1 1

Protium Deutrium Tritium

𝑒 − =1 𝑒 − =1 𝑒 − =1

𝑝 + =1 𝑝 + =1 𝑝 + =1

𝑛0 =0 𝑛0 =1 𝑛0 =2

Isobars

There are atoms of different elements having different atomic number but same mass number.
40 40
For eg. - Calcium = 𝐶𝑎20 Argon= 𝐴𝑟18

Chemical Bond

There are two types of chemical bond 1. Electrovalent Bond 2. Covalent Bond

1. Electrovalent Bond- The chemical bond formed due to complete transfer of electrons from an
electro positive element to an electro negative element is called an electrovalent bond.
2. The positively charged ions are called cations and the negatively charged ions are called anions.
3. For eg. Calcium Oxide, Magnesium Chloride, Potassium Oxide etc.

a) Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Na= Z =11 Cl= Z=17

E.C.= 2,8,1 E.C.= 2,8,7

COVALENT BOND - When the atoms of different non-metals combine, they share their electrons to
acquire stability. They neither donate nor take electrons, hence, no ions are formed. Such a bond is called
covalent bond. For eg. Water (𝐻2 𝑂), 𝐶𝑙2 , 𝑂2 , C𝑂2 etc.

Oxygen molecule (𝑂2 )

O O

Z=8 Z=8

E.C.=2,6 E.C.=2,6

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