INTRODUCTION

The power generation and energy is back bone of every country to

survice in this world. Electricity generation is the process of
generating electrical power from other sources of primary energy. The
fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered
during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael
Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electricity is generated
by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the
poles of a magnet. Mankind has been generating electricity on an
industrial scale since 1881. The first power plants used hydroelectric
power and coal power.

NOTE: ALTERNATOR MEANS GENERATOR 'S ROTOR

DRIVE & MOVE: - BY (I.E. ENGINE, HYDRO, STEAM, WIND
& GAS TURBINE, ETC)
An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating
current. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a
stationary armature but occasionally, a rotating armature is used with
a stationary magnetic field; or a linear alternator is used. The main
aim is to move and drive the rotor by any method and techniques to
produce power.
Alternators generate
electricity using the
same principle as DC
generators, namely,
when the magnetic field
around a conductor
changes, a current is
induced in the
conductor. Typically, a
rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a stationary set of
conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field
cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF (electromotive
force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn. The rotating
magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Often
there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the
rotating magnetic field produces a three phase current, displaced by
one-third of a period with respect to each other.
FUEL AND INPUT FOR POWER GENERATION
• Petrol & Diseal
• Uranium
• Coal
• Air
• Earth Heat
• Water
• Solar & Sunlight • Natural Gas
• Biogas, etc.

KEY POINT TO SELECT A RIGHT METHOD OF POWER

GENERATION.
You have to select that method of power generation, when fuel and
input will be local and not imported. That method will be cheap and
excellence but based on your requirement of power and quality of
power for industrial and domestic utilization. Solar power and wind
power is not suitable for heavy load equipment and machinery. All
methods have their own characteristics', quality, and quantity, merits
& Demerits, fuel reliability & continuous availability, economical and
utilization. The coal method is used maximum in the world for
producing electricity in this time.

MOST IMPORT AND RELIABLY METHODS

These are very important, quality, high quantity, economical,
industrial power insensitivity for heavy load and suitable methods of
power generation i.e. Hydro-power, Coal Power, Nuclear, Thermal
Power which are depend upon of the characteristic , economy and
natural resources of every country. Hydro- and Coal power is very
suitable, reliable and economical for Pakistan, China, India etc but
worse for Saudi Arabia and Middle East etc. Whenever thermal power
method is very economical, suitable and reliable for Saudi Arabia,
Iran and Middle East etc but worse for Pakistan, India, and China etc.
WORLD POWER GENERATION MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT BRAND:
FG Wilson, AKSA- Turkey, Listterpetter-uk, CumminsUK, VISA
Italy, Ottomotor- Mexico, GE-USA, GE-Jenbacher-Gas –Austria,
Siemens- Germany, Caterpillar, Waukesha, Wartsila, Weichai & Sida,
Dongfong-China. Mitsubishi-Japan, Jinko Solar, Hitachi, Toshiba,
Man & Duetz-Germany, Toshiba-Japan etc.

• I.C.Engine:-
Weichai,Cummins,John Deere,Perkins,Volvo,
Listerpitter, Chinese, Yuchai & Sida , MAN, Duetz etc
• Alternator:-
Stamford, Leroy Somer, MECC, Sincro etc.
• Factors Consider: -
Economically, Quantity & quality, fuel-365, application,
Capital investment etc.
POPULAR WORLD POWER GENERATION
METHODS & FUEL METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF
POWER GENERATION
There are different methods and techniques to generate the power and
Electricity in the world with help of machinery and equipment as
below.

1. SOLAR POWER GENERATION

Solar power is produced by
collecting sunlight and converting it
into electricity. This is done by using
solar panels, which are large flat
panels made up of many individual
solar cells. It is most often used in
remote locations, although it is
becoming more popular in urban
areas as well.
2. COAL POWER GENERATION
Steam coal, also known as thermal coal, is used in power
stations to
generate
electricity.
Coal is first
milled to a
fine powder,
which
increases the
surface area and allows it to burn more quickly. In these
pulverized coal combustion (PCC) systems, the powdered
coal is blown into the combustion chamber of a boiler where
it is burnt at high temperature (see diagram below). The hot
gases and heat energy produced converts water – in tubes
lining the boiler – into steam.
Coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide.
Coal-fired power plants currently fuel 41% of global
electricity. In some countries, coal fuels a higher percentage of
electricity.
3. HYDRO-POWER GENERATION
Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to
extract energy from moving water. Historically people used
the power of rivers for agriculture and wheat grinding. Today,
rivers and streams are re-directed through hydro generators to
produce energy, although there are pros and cons as far as
local ecosystems are concerned and diagram as below.

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the

Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling
District, Yichang, Hubeiprovince, China. The Three Gorges
Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed
capacity (22,500 MW). In 2012, the amount of electricity the
dam generated was similar to the amount generated by the
Itaipu Dam.

4. BATTERY POWER GENERATION

Batteries store electricity in a chemical form, inside a
closedenergy system. They can be re-charged and re-used as a
power source in small appliances, machinery and remote
locations. Advances in battery technology may one day help to
solve our energy crisis. The submarine and car are using
battery power for operational this type. A submarine consists
and use 24 cell for their operation in the sea and these cell are
chargeable through diesel generator.
5. WIND POWER GENERATION
Wind power is produced by using wind generators to harness
the kinetic energy of wind. It is gaining worldwide popularity
as a large scale energy source, although it still only provides
less than one percent of global energy consumption.

Wind turbines are used to generate electricity from the kinetic

power of the wind. Historical they were more frequently used
as a mechanical device to turn machinery. There are two main
kinds of wind generators, those with avertical axis, and those
with a horizontal axis. Wind turbines can be used to generate
large amounts of electricity in wind farms both onshore and
offshore. The articles on this page are about wind turbines.

ECONOMICS
OF POWER
GENERATION AND PRODUCTION OF
ELECTRICITY.
The world energy economy has the largest influence
on the decisions that people and governments make.
Current global consumption rates are depleting the
planets ability to sustain our way of life. Increased
demand means increased prices in every sector of the
world economy. The selection of electricity production
modes and their economic viability varies in accordance
with demand and region. Hydroelectric plants, nuclear
power plants, thermal power plants and renewable
sources have their own pros and cons, and selection is
based upon the local power requirement and the
fluctuations in demand. Nuclear, coal, oil and gas plants
can supply base load, with the lowcarbon option being
nuclear. Thermal energy is economical in areas of high
industrial density, as the high demand cannot be met by
renewable sources. Nuclear power plants can produce a
huge amount of power from a single unit. However,
recent disasters in Japan have raised concerns over the
safety of nuclear power, and the capital cost of nuclear
plants is very high. Hydroelectric power plants are
located in areas where the potential energy from
flowing water can be harnessed for moving turbines and
the generation of power. It is not an economically viable
source of production where the load varies too much
during the annual production cycle and the ability to
stop the flow of water is limited. Renewable sources
other than hydroelectricity (solar power, wind energy,
tidal power, etc.) due to advancements in technology,
and with mass production, their cost of production has
come down and the energy is now in many cases
costcomparative with fossil fuels. There are some very
important example and point to study for producing the
cheap and high torque bearable electricity for industrial
and general consumption in a country. The cost, quality
and capacity of electricity depend upon the country and
its nature resource along with economy. The power
generation methods should be adopted and selected on
the base of free nature fuel, 365 days per year's
available, quality and quantity of requirement,
characteristics, country economy, Environmental
impact, reliability, capital and operational cost etc.
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS:
The quality and usage of solar power, Waves power and
battery power is not suitable for industrial and hard load as
compare to Hydro, Nuclear, and Thermal electricity etc.

1. The thermal power is produced very expensive electricity

in Pakistan but very cheap in Saudi Arabia and middle east.

2. The hydro-electricity will be very expensive in Saudi

Arabia and Middle East but very cheap in Pakistan, India,
China, Bangladesh etc. The water is not available whole years
and face shortage in winter. China have world largest
HydroDam Three Gorges which can produce 22,500 MW
power. 3. Pakistan has only one cheap and best method of
electricity which is hydro-power. Pakistan can product
thousand MW from the river and canal systems. The Hydro-
power plant 22 MW is best example of HEAD RASOOL
hydro-power in 1946.

4. The very method of electricity production has their own

cost, quality; production capacity, equipment and machinery
depend upon the every country economy and its natural
resources which play a vital role for selection of feasible and
suitable method in term of cost, capacity and quality of
electricity.
5. The coal & HFO power generation is also very important
and cheap method as compare to others method but if a
country has good quantity and quality as input.
6. The machinery and equipment is also very important to
produce cheap and electricity and its application.

7. All method should be adopt according to depend upon the

application and area of country for taking best solution method.

8. Coal and thermal power generation method should be

adopted and selected when country have it local available fuels.
Otherwise it will be very expensive and failure of economy likes
Pakistan energy crises. A doctor mistake kills a single person but
an engineer mistake kill whole nation.

9. Pakistan should be adopted and selected only Hydro on river

and canal, Gas-Turbine, Nuclear, Coal, solar and wind power on
specific area for specific purpose. These are suitable and best
economical method except thermal oil based. This is greatest
blunder of Pakistan who gave the preference to thermal power as
compare to others most economical methods. Saudi Arabia and
Middle East made the Hydro Dam and take the water from others
to fill the dam.

10. The Hydro-Power method should be adopted those country

which have river and canal systems. Pakistan should be designed
the Hydro dam on river and canal which is best example of Head
Rasool on Jehlum-link canal in 1946 and still working Two
turbine 11MW each black smith –UK and prepared facility for
third turbine but Pakistan became into. The Hindu narrow minded
thinking did not send into Pakistan from Delhi-India. Pakistan did
not improve and enhance this project still. This is s level of
Pakistan leaders planning and vision.
TOP 5 WORLD LARGEST POWER PRODUCING
FACILITIES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 'The Institution of Engineering & Technology: Michael
Faraday' In 1881,under the leadership of Jacob
Schoellkopf, the first hydroelectricgenerating station was
built on Niagara Falls.
2. .DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (April 2007).
"L’Electricité en Franceen 2006 : une analyse
statistique."
3. Reuters News Service (2005-12-30). "Mohave Power
Plant in Nevada toClose as Expected". Planet Ark.
Retrieved 2007-07-16.
4. New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology
(press release,2006- 12-05), U.S. Department of Energy
5. http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/ International
Energy Agency,"2008 Energy Balance for World", 2011.