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CH- 2- Reference Notes

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CH- 2- Reference Notes

Uploaded by

bigbossbader00
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter-2- (Reference material)

Cell is the smallest unit of life.


It is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
All typical cells have:
• CELL MEMBRANE –partially permeable to allow certain substances to enter and leave the cell.
• CYTOPLASM-Where chemical reactions take place
• NUCLEUS-Contains DNA and controls the cell
Cell Organelles Each cell has special minute structures which perform specialized functions called
cell organelles. Eg – ribosome, chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus etc

Cytoplasm
i) A jelly like material that fills the cell.
ii) Cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
iii) Many metabolic activities take place in cytoplasm.
iv) Cytoplasm in plant cells has a large vacuole and starch granules present in it
v) Cytoplasm in animal cells has vesicles and glycogen in it.

Nucleus
i) Nucleus controls the activities of a cell.
ii) Nucleus has a nuclear membrane and genetic material.
iii) The genetic material present in nucleus is made up of DNA.
iv) DNA contains the functional units called genes.
v) In a dividing cell DNA appears as chromosomes.

Vacuole
i) Empty space in a cell bound by a cell membrane.
ii) Contains solution of nutrients , salts and water called call sap.
iii) In a plant cell vacuole absorbs water and makes plant cell turgid and full.

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iv) Plant cell has one large vacuole which occupies central space.
v) Small vacuoles found only temporarily in animal cell, called vesicles.

Mitochondria
i) It is the power house of the cell It is a double membrane and can only be seen by an electron
microscope
ii) It is the site of aerobic respiration It produces energy in the form of ATP
iii) More active cells such as muscle cells have more mitochondria than normal cells.

Ribosome
i) Small granules in cytoplasm Present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ii) Site of protein synthesis.
iii) Some ribosome are seen attached to endoplasmic reticulum, they are called rough endoplasmic
reticulum.

i) Large central vacuole- stores cell sap (a fluid that is made up of water and dissolved materials).
When it is full with fluids (turgid), the central vacuole exerts (puts) a pressure on the cell wall
which helps to maintain the shape of the plant cell.

ii) Chloroplast- Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll which trap light energy for
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts also store starch produced by photosynthesis.

iii) Cell wall- The cell wall is a rigid structure made up of cellulose.

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LEVELS OF ORGANISATION:
❖ ORGENELLE: a specialized part of a cell that has its own function. Eg:the nucleus.
❖ CELL: the smallest part of living structure that can operate as an independent unit .eg-RBC
❖ TISSUE: a group of cells with similar structures working together to perform a shared function
eg- epithelial tissue, muscle tissue.
❖ ORGAN: a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific
functions eg-heart, in plants, the leaf is an organ because it is made up of different tissues (palisade,
spongy and epidermis).
❖ ORGAN SYSTEM : group of organs with related functions working together to perform body
functions eg- respiratory system.

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Magnification-
Describes how many times a drawing is bigger than the actual size of its specimen.
Magnification is calculated by triangle formula

Biological Drawings-
Rules for drawing
1. use a sharp pencil and good quality eraser to rub out the lines completely
2. Your drawing must have clear outline.
3. Do not use any form of shading.
4. Pay attention to the details of structures.
5. Maintain the same relative proportions as the given drawing.
6. Draw what you observe (not what you think it should be).
7. Make the drawing as large as the space that have been provided.

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