CIVINCO: SET 1

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ALGEBRA
INTRODUCTION

Laws of Exponents Properties of Radicals Properties of Logarithms

1. 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛 1. 𝑎
1Τ
𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑎 1. If log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦, then 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
2. 𝑎𝑛 𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚 𝑛
𝑚Τ
2. 𝑎 𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎𝑚 = 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 2. log 𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
3. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
3. 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 =𝑎 𝑥
𝑎𝑚
3. log 𝑏 𝑦
= log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
4. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 𝑛
4. 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏 4. log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 log 𝑏 𝑥
1
5. 𝑎−𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 5. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
6. 𝑎×𝑏 𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏𝑚 5. 𝑛
𝑏
=
𝑏
6. log 𝑏 1 = 0
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
7. 𝑏
=
𝑏𝑚
QUADRATIC EQUATION

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 Properties of Roots:
Quadratic Formula: • Sum of roots:
−𝐵 ± 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝐵
𝑥= 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −
2𝐴 𝐴

Roots of Quadratic Equation • Product of roots:

𝐶
−𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑥1 𝑥2 =
𝑥1 = 𝐴
2𝐴
−𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥2 =
2𝐴
Algebra 1. If 8𝑥 = 𝑦, then what is 25𝑥 −3 equal to in terms of 𝑦?

CONCEPT: 25𝑥−3 =?
𝒂𝒎 𝒎−𝒏 2 5𝑥
= 𝒂 25𝑥−3 = 3
𝒂𝒏 2
𝒂𝒏 𝒎 = 𝒂𝒎 𝒏
5𝑥−3
2𝑥 5
2 =
8
1ൗ 5
𝑥 𝑦 3
8 =𝑦
25𝑥−3 =
23 𝑥 = 𝑦 23
2𝑥 3 = 𝑦 𝟓ൗ
𝒚 𝟑
2𝑥 = 𝑦
1ൗ
3 𝟐𝟓𝒙−𝟑 =
𝟖
Algebra 2. The logarithm of the product of two numbers is 1.62324929, while the logarithm of
their quotient -0.066946789. Determine the first number.

CONCEPT: 𝑥
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒚 log = −0.066946789
𝑦
𝒙 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = −0.066946789 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒚
𝒚 Eq. 1 + Eq. 2
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = 1.62324929
log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = −0.066946789
log 𝑥𝑦 = 1.62324929
2 log 𝑥 = 1.556302501
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = 1.62324929 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1

log 𝑥 = 0.778151251
𝒙=𝟔
Algebra 3. If the product of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 is equal to
3𝑎 + 6, find the sum of its roots.

𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝐵
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −
A=1 𝐴
2𝑎2
B = 2a2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −
1
C=a 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = −2 −3 2
𝐶
𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 =
𝐴 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏𝟖
𝑎
3𝑎 + 6 =
1
𝑎 = −3
Algebra 3. If the product of the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 is equal to
3𝑎 + 6, find the sum of its roots.

Sum of roots derivation: Product of roots derivation:

−𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝑥1 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 =
2𝐴 2𝐴 2𝐴
−𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
𝑥2 = 2
2𝐴 −𝐵 2 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
−𝐵 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 −𝐵 − 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 2
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = + 2𝐴
2𝐴 2𝐴 𝐵2 − 𝐵2 + 4𝐴𝐶
−𝐵 −𝐵 𝑥1 𝑥2 =
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = + 4𝐴2
2𝐴 2𝐴 4𝐴𝐶 𝐶
−2𝐵 −𝐵 𝑥1 𝑥2 = 2
=
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = = 4𝐴 𝐴
2𝐴 𝐴
AGE-RELATED PROBLEMS

If x = present age of a person

x – 3 = age of the person 3 years ago
x + 5 = age of the person 5 years hence

NOTE: The age difference between two persons is constant at any time.
Algebra 4. Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A and B was 45. Six years from now, twice B’s
age will be 28 years more than A’s age by then. How old is A now?

Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A Eq. 1 + Eq.2

and B was 45: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 53
𝐴 − 4 + 𝐵 − 4 = 45 −𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 22
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 53 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝐵 = 25 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑

𝐴 + 𝐵 = 53 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
Six years from now, twice B’s age will be 28
𝐴 + 25 = 53
years more than A’s age by then:
Therefore,
2 𝐵 + 6 = 𝐴 + 6 + 28
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅
−𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 22 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
Algebra 5. At present, the sum of the parent’s ages is twice the sum of the children’s ages. Five
years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages was 4 times the sum of the children’s ages.
Fifteen years from now, the sum of the parent’s ages will be equal to the sum of the
children’s ages. How many children are there?

Let: Five years ago, the sum of the parent’s ages

was 4 times the sum of the children’s ages:
• P = the sum of the parent’s ages
𝑃 − 10 = 4 𝐶 − 5𝑥
• C = the sum of the children’s ages 20𝑥 + 𝑃 − 4𝐶 = 10 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
• x = number of children
Fifteen years from now, the sum of the of
the parent’s ages will be equal to the sum of
At present, the sum of the parent’s ages is
the children’s ages:
twice the sum of the children’s ages:
𝑃 + 30 = 𝐶 + 15𝑥
𝑃 = 2𝐶
−15𝑥 + 𝑃 − 𝐶 = −30 ← 𝐸𝑞. 3
0𝑥 + 𝑃 − 2𝐶 = 0 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝒙=𝟓
 𝑛
BINOMIAL THEOREM: EXPANSION OF 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛−2 2 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 𝑛−3 3
𝑥+𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦1 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑥 1 𝑦 𝑛−1 + 𝑦 𝑛
2! 3!
NOTE:
• It starts with 𝑥 𝑛 and ends with 𝑦 𝑛 .
• The power of 𝑥 decreases by 1 while the power of 𝑦 increases by 1.
• The sum of the powers of 𝑥 & 𝑦 in any term is always 𝑛.
• There will be 𝑛 + 1 terms in the expansion.
• If the coefficient of a term is multiplied by the power of 𝑥 in that term and then the product
divided by the power of 𝑦 increased by 1, the resulting number is the coefficient of the next term.
𝑟 𝑡ℎ TERM OF BINOMIAL EXPANSION

𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑛, 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛−𝑚 𝑦 𝑚

where:
𝑚 =𝑟 −1
𝑛!
𝐶 𝑛, 𝑚 =
𝑛−𝑚 !𝑚!
Algebra 6. Find the 6th term in the expansion of 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑦 11
.

𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

a = 2x3
6𝑡ℎ term = 11𝐶5 2𝑥 3 11−5 9𝑦 5
b = 9y
6𝑡ℎ term = 462 2 6 9 5 𝑥 18 𝑦 5
n = 11
r=6
𝟔𝒕𝒉 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟒𝟓, 𝟗𝟔𝟎, 𝟖𝟑𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟖 𝒚𝟓
m=r–1=5
 15
Algebra 7. Find the constant term in the expansion of 𝑥 +
3
𝑥 − Τ2 .

𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term in 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

a=x
15𝐶𝑚 𝑥 15−𝑚 𝑥 −1.5 𝑚
b= x-1.5
15𝐶𝑚 𝑥 15−2.5𝑚
n = 15
For constant term:
r=? 15 − 2.5𝑚 = 0
m=r–1 𝑚=6 →𝑟=7
r=m+1 Therefore,
7𝑡ℎ term = (15𝐶6)𝑥 0
𝟕𝒕𝒉 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟓
Algebra 8. Find the sum of the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of 4𝑥 − 7𝑦 4 .

𝑺𝟏 𝑎 − 𝑏 4 = 𝑎4 − 4𝑎3 𝑏 + 6𝑎2 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑏 3 + 𝑏 4

4𝑥 − 7𝑦 4 = 4𝑥 4 − 4 4𝑥 3 7𝑦 + 6 4𝑥 2 7𝑦 2 − 4 4𝑥 7𝑦 3 + 7𝑦 4

𝑆𝑐 = 44 − 4 43 7 + 6 42 72 − 4 4 73 + 74
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟖𝟏

𝑺2
Set 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 1,
4𝑥 − 7𝑦 4
4 1 − 7(1) 4

4−7 4
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟖𝟏
MOTION-RELATED PROBLEMS

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

1. Motion in water current or air current
• If:
𝑥 = velocity of (boat/airplane) in still (water/air)
𝑦 = velocity of the (water/air)
Therefore,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = velocity when going (downstream/with the wind)
𝑥 − 𝑦 = velocity when going (upstream/against the wind)
MOTION-RELATED PROBLEMS

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

2. Motion in a circle or any closed conduits
• Starting at the same time from the same point
a) Going in the same direction:
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
b) Going in opposite directions:
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
Algebra 9. A train, an hour after starting, had to stop due to some engine trouble. After one
hour, it proceeded at 60% of its former rate and arrived 3 hours after the time. Had
the incident happened 50 km farther from the line, it would have arrived 1.5 hours
sooner. Find the length of the journey.
𝑑 v *(1 hr) 50
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 → 𝑡 =
𝑣
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 d

Engine trouble happened 1 hour after Had the incident happened 50km farther:
starting: 𝑡𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑡𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 1.5
𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑣(1) 50 50 3
+3 = 1+1+
𝑣 0.6𝑣 − =
𝑑 5𝑑 5 0.60𝑣 𝑣 2
+3= 2+ − 200
𝑣 3𝑣 3 𝑣= 𝑘𝑝ℎ
2𝑑 8 9
= 𝑑 = 4𝑣 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
3𝑣 3
𝑑 = 4𝑣 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝒅 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒎
Algebra 10. A policeman is pursuing a snatcher who is ahead by 72 of his own leaps. The
snatcher takes 6 leaps while the cop takes 5 leaps, but 4 leaps of the snatcher are as
long as 3 leaps of the cop. How many leaps will the cop make before he catches the
snatcher?

𝑠 𝑝 Distance = Number of leaps x Length of a leap

=
6 5
𝑠 = 1.2𝑝 𝐿 𝐿
𝑝 = 72 + 𝑠
4
3
𝑝 72 + 1.2𝑝
=
4 leaps of snatcher = 3 leaps of police = L 3 4
𝒑 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐩𝐬
𝐿
1 leap of snatcher =
4
𝐿
1 leap of police =
3
WORK-RELATED PROBLEMS

Accomplishment = Number of People × Rate × Time

A = nRT
A
R=
nT
Combined Rates = Rate 1 ± Rate 2
If accomplishment is not mentioned, use A = 1.
Algebra 11. An elevated concrete tank is filled through its inlet pipe and then is emptied through
its outlet pipe in a total time of 9 hours. If water enters through the inlet pipe and is
simultaneously allowed to leave through the outlet pipe, the tank is filled in 20
hours. How long will it take to fill the tank if the outlet is closed?

𝐴
Rate =
𝑛𝑇
1
Rate of inlet pipe =
𝑥

1
Rate of outlet pipe =
9−𝑥
A = nRT
1 1
1= − 20
𝑥 9−𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
Algebra 12. A job can be done by 20 laborers in 30 days. To finish the job earlier, 25 men were
hired. However, after working for 20 days, 10 men quitted and were not replaced.
Find the total number of days to finish the job.

A = nRT
1 = 20 R 30 𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝟐𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
1 𝟑
𝑅=
600
To finish the job:
1 1
1 = 25 20 +15 𝑇
600 600
𝟐
𝑻 = 𝟔 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝑾𝑹𝑶𝑵𝑮‼!
𝟑
CLOCK-RELATED PROBLEMS

If the minute hand of the clock will

𝒙
describe an arc 𝑥 minute spaces long, then
during the same time span, the hour hand
𝑥
will also describe an arc minute spaces
12
long. In short, to identify the corresponding 𝒙
𝟏𝟐
movement of the hour hand, always divide
the movement of the minute hand by 12.
Algebra 13. What time between 2 and 3 o’clock will the angle between the hands of the clock
be bisected by the line connecting the center of the clock and the 3 o’clock mark?
a. 2: 17: 31 c. 2: 12: 52
b. 2: 15: 28 d. 2: 20: 15
𝑥
𝑥 − 15 = 5 − 12
𝑥 = 18.46 minutes 𝒙
𝒙
𝑥 = 18 minutes and 27.69 seconds 𝟏𝟐

𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = 𝟐: 𝟏𝟖: 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟗 𝒚

𝒚
Algebra 14. At what time between three and four o’clock is the minute hand the same distance
from VIII as the hour hand is from XII?

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 40 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 𝒚 𝒙
𝑥
𝑦− = 15 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
12
𝑥 = 23.08 minutes

𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 = 𝟑: 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 𝒙
𝟏𝟐

𝒚
Algebra 15. (Mixture Problem): How much water must be evaporated from a 15-liter 12% dye
solution to obtain a solution that is 20% dye? Assume that the total amount of dye is
not affected by the process of evaporation.

15𝐿 𝑥 15 − 𝑥

12% dye 0% dye 20% dye

88% water 100% water 80% water

Using the water relationship

88 15 − 100𝑥 = 80(15 − 𝑥)
𝒙 = 𝟔 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬
Algebra 16. (Mixture Problem): A given alloy contains 20% copper and 5% tin. How many pounds
of copper and of tin must be melted with 100 lb of the given alloy to produce to
produce another alloy analyzing 30% copper and 10% tin? All percentages are by
weight.

C lbs T lbs 100 lbs 𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100

100% C = 20% C = 30%

100%
T = 5% T = 10%
Copper: Tin:
100𝐶 + 20 100 = 30(𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100) 100𝑇 + 5 100 = 10(𝐶 + 𝑇 + 100)
70𝐶 − 30𝑇 = 1000 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1 −10𝐶 + 90𝑇 = 500 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2

𝐂 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐬
𝐓 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐥𝐛𝐬
Algebra 17. (Proportion Problem): Albert, Bryan, and Carl are partners who share profit in the
ratio of their capital. Albert’s capital is Php 5M and Bryan’s is Php 25M. In 2018, the
profit was Php 3.5 M, in which Carl’s share was Php 1.5M. Find Carl’s capital.

5 + 25 + 𝐶 3.5
=
𝐶 1.5
45 + 1.5𝐶 = 3.5𝐶
45 = 2𝐶

𝐂 = 𝐏𝐡𝐩 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝐌
VARIATION PROBLEMS

• 𝑥 varies directly as 𝑦,
→ 𝑥 ∝ 𝑦 or 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦
• 𝑥 varies inversely as 𝑦,
1 1
→𝑥 ∝ or 𝑥 = 𝑘
𝑦 𝑦
• 𝑥 varies jointly as 𝑦 and 𝑧,
→ 𝑥 ∝ 𝑦𝑧 or 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦𝑧
Algebra 18. The electrical resistance of a cable varies directly as its length and inversely as the
square of its diameter. If a cable 600 m long and 10 mm in diameter has a resistance
of 0.1 ohm, find the length of a cable 20 mm in diameter with a resistance of 0.15
ohm.

𝐿
𝑅∝ 2
𝑑
𝐿
𝑅=𝑘 2
𝑑
𝑅𝑑 2
𝑘=
𝐿
𝑘1 = 𝑘2
0.1 10 2 0.15 20 2
=
600 𝐿2
𝑳𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐦
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

A sequence of numbers is in arithmetic progression if any number after the first is obtained
by adding a fixed number to the one immediately preceding it. The fixed number that is
added is called the common difference, 𝒅.

Formulas for arithmetic progression: where: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑡ℎ term usually the last term
𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 − 𝑎3 = ⋯ 𝑎𝑚 = a term after 𝑎1 but before 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚 𝑑
𝑛 𝑛 𝑆𝑛 = sum of 𝑛 terms
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑑 𝑛 − 1
2 1 2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

A sequence of numbers is in geometric progression if any number after the first is obtained
by multiplying a fixed number to the one immediately preceding it. The fixed number
that is multiplied is called the common ratio, 𝒓.
Formulas for geometric progression: Product of the first 𝑛 terms of geometric progression:
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑛
𝑑= = = = ⋯ 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑎1 × 𝑟 2
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑟 𝑛−𝑚
Infinite Geometric Progression in which −1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤
𝑎1 1 − 𝑟 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 1, 𝑟 ≠ 0, and 𝑛 = ∞.
1−𝑟
𝑎1
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
HARMONIC PROGRESSION

A sequence of numbers are in harmonic progression if their reciprocals form an arithmetic

progression.
1 1 1 1 1 1
e. g. , , , , ,
2 5 8 11 14 17

Relationship between arithmetic mean, harmonic mean, and geometric mean of two
numbers:
𝐺𝑀2 = 𝐴𝑀 × 𝐻𝑀
Algebra 19. How many three-digit numbers are not divisible by three?

The three-digit numbers are as follows: The values forms an arithmetic progression
100, 101, 102, 103, … , 999 having a common difference, 𝑑 = 3.

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
Number of three-digit numbers
999 = 102 + 𝑛 − 1 (3)
𝑁 = 900
𝑛 = 300
Therefore, the number of three-digit
The three-digit numbers that are divisible numbers that are not divisible by 3,
by 3 are: 𝑁 − 𝑛 = 900 − 300
102, 105, 108, 111, … , 999 𝐀𝐧𝐬. 𝟔𝟎𝟎
Algebra 20. A contractor who does not meet the deadline on the construction of a building is
fined Php 40,000 per day for each of the first ten days of extra time, and for each
additional day thereafter the fine is increased by Php 8000. If the contractor is fined
Php 1,008,000, by how many extra days was the construction delayed?

First 10 days penalty: 40,000 × 10 = 400,000

𝑛
11th day penalty = Php 48,000 𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑑 𝑛 − 1
2
12th day penalty = Php 56,000 𝑛
608000 = 2(48000) + 8000 𝑛 − 1
2
13th day penalty = Php 64,000
𝑛=8
𝑁 = 10 + 8
400,000 + (S) = Php 1,008,000
S = Php 608,000 – Sum of the arithmetic 𝐀𝐧𝐬. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐬
progression 𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟖 𝐝𝐚𝐲𝐬
Algebra 21. The numbers 28, 𝑥 + 2, 112 are the first three terms in a geometric progression.
What is the 31st term?

𝑎2 𝑎3
𝑟= =
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑥+2 112 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
=
28 𝑥+2 𝑎31 = 28(2)31−1
(𝑥 + 2)2 = 3136
𝑎31 = 28(2)30
𝑥 + 2 = 56
𝒂𝟑𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟔𝟒, 𝟕𝟕𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟎

Therefore,
56
𝑟= =2
28
Algebra 22. From a tank filled with 240 gallons of alcohol, 60 gallons are drawn off and the tank
is filled up with water. Then 60 gallons of the mixture are removed and replaced
with water, and so on. How many gallons of alcohol remain in the tank after 5
drawings of 60 gallons each are made?

𝑎1 = 180
Alcohol in the tank (gallons) 240 − 60
Draw 𝑟= = 0.75
Before the draw After the draw 240
1 240 240 − 60 = 180
2 180 180(0.75) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
3 180(0.75) 180(0.752 ) 𝑎5 = 180(0.75)5−1
𝑎5 = 180(0.75)4
4 180(0.752 ) 180(0.753 )
𝒂𝟓 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟓 𝐠𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐬
5 180(0.753 ) 180(0.754 )
PROBABILITY

Fundamental Principle of Counting

If there exists an item that can be done in m different ways and if there also exists a second item
that can be done in n different ways, then, the number of ways both items can be done is m x n.

Example: There exists 4 choices of main entrée and 3 choices of desserts, the total choices of 1
main and 1 dessert is 4 x 3 = 12.
PROBABILITY

Permutation – is an arrangement of objects where the order of selection is important:

Theorem 1: The number of permutations on n different objects taken r at a time is:
𝒏!
𝑷 𝒏, 𝒓 = 𝒏𝑷𝒓 =
𝒏−𝒓 !

Theorem 2: The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time in which n1 of the
objects are alike, n2 are alike, n3 are alike, and so on, is:
𝒏!
𝑷=
𝒏𝟏 ! 𝒏𝟐 ! 𝒏𝟑 ! …
PROBABILITY

Combination – is an arrangement of objects where the order of selection is not important:

Theorem 1: The number of combinations on n objects taken r at a time is:
𝒏!
𝑪 𝒏, 𝒓 = 𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
𝒓! 𝒏 − 𝒓 !

Theorem 2: The number of combinations of n objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a time,

and so on until n at a time is:
𝑵 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
Probability 23. In how many ways can 5 different trees be planted…
a. in a row?
b. in a circle? 1

𝑎. 𝑁 = __
5 x __4 x __
3 x __
2 x __
1
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝑛!
5 𝑁= 2
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 5! 𝑛
𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑃5. 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 …
𝑁=
𝑛
𝑁 = 𝑛−1 !
𝑏. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑁 = 𝑛 − 1 !
𝑁 = 5 − 1 ! = 𝟐𝟒 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔
4 3
Probability 24. How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
a. if each digit can be used only once?
b. if the digits are greater than 330?

𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝟎
𝑎. 𝑁 = __
6 x __
6 x __
5
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎

(4, 5, 6) 3 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
3 x __
𝑏. 𝑁 = __ 6 x __ 1 x __
5 + __ 3 x __
5
𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 (4, 5, 6)
Probability 25. How many different permutations can be made from the letters in the word
MISSISSIPPI?

𝑀 = 1, 𝐼 = 4, 𝑆 = 4, 𝑃 = 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 11
𝑛!
𝑃=
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! …
11!
𝑃=
4! 4! 2!
𝑷 = 𝟑𝟒, 𝟔𝟓𝟎
Probability 26. How many ways can 7 people be assigned to 1 triple and two double rooms?

1 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 3
1 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2
1 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 7
𝑛!
𝑃=
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! …
7!
𝑃=
3! 2! 2!
𝑷 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎
Probability 27. The HR of DLSU will hire two out of ten recent DLSU top notchers to teach
CIVINCO. How many ways can the HR manager choose?

𝑁 = 10𝐶2 = 𝟒𝟓
Probability 28. How many ways can you color a painting if there are 5 different colors available?

Theorem 2: The number of combinations of

n objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a
time, and so on until n at a time is:
𝑁 = 2𝑛 − 1
𝑁 = 25 − 1
𝑁 = 31
Or this is the same as:
𝑁 = 5𝐶1 + 5𝐶2 + 5𝐶3 + 5𝐶4 + 5𝐶5
𝑁 = 31
PROBABILITY

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑝=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Mutually Exclusive Events – this happens when it is impossible for more than one of the events
can happen in a single trial e.g. getting a head and tails when tossing a coin.
Independent Events – this happens if one event does not affect the probability of the other e.g.
tossing a coin and tossing a die.
Dependent Events – this happens when one event does affect the probability of the other e.g.
probability of drawing a king of spade if 5 cards were already drawn.
PROBABILITY

The Addition Rule – the probability that events A or B will occur, P(A or B), is given by:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 − 𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then, the rule can be simplified to:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵

Conditional Probability – the probability of an event occurring given that another event has
already occurred. The conditional probability of event B occurring, given that event A has
occurred is denoted by P(B/A).
PROBABILITY

The Multiplication Rule – the probability that events A and B will occur in sequence is:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑥 𝑃 𝐵/𝐴
If events A and B are independent, then, the rule can be simplified to:
𝑃 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 𝑥 𝑃 𝐵

At Least One Condition – the probability that an event will occur at least once in n trials is:
P=1 −Q
Where Q is the probability of the event to totally fail.
Probability 29. A coin is tossed twice.What is the probability that at least one head occurs?

𝐻 𝑃 =1−𝑄
𝐻
𝑇 1
𝑃 =1−
4
𝐻 3
𝑇 𝑃=
𝑇 4

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
3
𝑃=
4
Probability 30. Suppose you toss a coin and then roll a die. What is the probability of obtaining a tail
and then rolling a 1?

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑥 𝑃1
1 1
𝑃= 𝑥
2 6

1
𝑃=
12
Probability 31. A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an
odd number. Find the probability that if this die is rolled, a number less than 3
occurs.

In simple terms, the possible outcomes are as follows:

𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟐, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6 ← 9 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

3 1
𝑃= =
9 3
Probability 32. What is the probability of drawing a Queen or a diamond from a standard deck of
cards?

𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠: 𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ = 𝑃 𝑄 + 𝑃 ◆ − P(Q and ◆)

− 𝟏𝟑 4 13 1
− 𝟏𝟑 𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ = + −
52 52 52
− 𝟏𝟑 4
𝑃 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 ◆ =
− 𝟏𝟑 13
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 − 𝟓𝟐 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔
Probability 33. In a room of 23 people, what is the probability that at least 2 people have the same
birthday? Assume that birthdays are uniformly distributed across the year and there
is no leap year complication.

𝑃 =1−𝑄
365 364 363 343
𝑃 =1− 𝑥 𝑥 …
365 365 365 365
365𝑃23
𝑃 =1−
36523
𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟕
 34. To encourage Elmer’s promising tennis career, his father offers him a prize if he wins
Probability
(at least) two tennis sets in a row in a three-set series to be played with his father
and the club champion alternately.The series can either be A or B as shown below:
Series A: Father-Champion-Father or Series B: Champion-Father-Champion

The champion is a better player than Elmer’s father. Which series should he choose?
a. 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐴 c. Either A or 𝐵

b. 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐵 d. Neither A nor 𝐵

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟

𝑐 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 > 𝑐
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐴: 𝐹 − 𝐶 − 𝐹 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐵: 𝐶 − 𝐹 − 𝐶 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
✓−✓− 𝑓𝑐(1 − 𝑓) ✓−✓− 𝑐𝑓(1 − 𝑐)
−✓−✓ (1 − 𝑓)𝑐𝑓 −✓−✓ (1 − 𝑐)𝑓𝑐
✓−✓−✓ 𝑓𝑐𝑓 ✓−✓−✓ 𝑐𝑓𝑐
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑓𝑐 1 − 𝑓 + 1 − 𝑓 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑓𝑐𝑓 = 𝑓𝑐(2 − 𝑓) 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑐𝑓 1 − 𝑐 + 1 − 𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑐𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐 2 − 𝑐
∴ 𝑃𝐵 > 𝑃𝐴
TRIGONOMETRY
ANGLES

1. 𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜 Angles of Measurements:

2. 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 90𝑜 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 360𝑜 = 400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
= 400 𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
3. 𝑂𝑏𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜
4. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 180𝑜
5. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90𝑜
Relationship between 2 angles:
A. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 90𝑜
B. 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 180𝑜
C. 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑠 360𝑜
Trigo 1. The supplement of a certain angle is seven times its complement. Determine the
explement of the angle.

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒: 𝑥
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 180 − 𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 90 − 𝑥

180 − 𝑥 = 7(90 − 𝑥)
𝒙 = 𝟕𝟓𝒐

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 360 − 𝑥
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 285𝑜
Trigo 2. The sum of two angles is 1600 mils and their difference is 40 grads. Find the value of
the bigger angle in degrees.

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

360𝑜
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1600 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑥
𝑜
6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 90 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1

360𝑜
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 40 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑥
400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑜
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 36 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2
𝑥 = 63𝑜
𝑦 = 27𝑜
TRIGONOMETRY IDENTITIES

Pythagorean Relations: Sum and Difference of Two Angles:

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 cos 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝐴 tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 ± 𝐵 =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Co-Function Identities:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 Squares:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
sin2 𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 =
tan 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 2 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
tan2 𝐴 =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
TRIGONOMETRY IDENTITIES

Double Angle: No need to memorize. Sum and Difference of Two Angles:

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 cos 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
2 tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝐴 = tan 𝐴 ± 𝐵 =
1 − tan2 𝐴
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Half-Angle:
Squares:
𝐴 1−cos 𝐴 𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
sin = ± cos = ± 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
2 2 2 2 sin2 𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 =
2 2

𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ± tan2 𝐴 = 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴
2 1 + cos 𝐴
 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 −cos 𝐴
Trigo 3. Evaluate:
1 −sin 𝐴+sin2 𝐴−cos2 𝐴

a. sin 𝐴 c. cos 𝐴
b. tan 𝐴 d. cot 𝐴
S1 S2
Substitute any value for A:
cos 𝐴 (2 sin 𝐴 − 1)
= 2 sin 1.18 cos 1.18 − cos 1.18
1 − cos 2 𝐴 + sin2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 =
sin2 𝐴 1 − sin 1.18 + sin2 1.18 − cos 2 1.18

cos 𝐴 (2 sin 𝐴 − 1)
= = 48.54888 …
2sin2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
cos 𝐴 (2 sin 𝐴 − 1) a. sin 1.18 = 0.020593 … c. cos 1.18 = 0.9998 …
=
sin 𝐴 (2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 1) b. tan 1.18 = 0.020597 … d. cot 1.18 = 48.5488 …

= cot 𝐴
Trigo 4. What is x + 2y equal to if sin 3x = cos 6y?

S1 Co-Function Identities: S2 Substitute any value for x:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 sin 3(1.01) = cos 6y
𝑐𝑜𝑠 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
Solve for the value of y:
tan 90𝑜 − 𝐴 = cot 𝐴
y = 14.495

sin 3x = cos 6y
x + 2y =?
sin 3x = sin 90𝑜 − 6𝑦
1.01 + 2 14.495 =?
3x = 90 − 6y
1.01 + 2 14.495 = 30
3x + 6y = 90 → 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 3
x + 2y = 30
RIGHT AND OBLIQUE TRIANGLE FORMULA

Right Triangle Formula: Oblique Triangle Formula:

𝑩 𝑪

𝒄 𝒃 𝒂
𝒂

𝑪 𝑨 𝑨 𝑩
𝒃 𝒄
𝑎 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑎
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤: = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 =
𝑏 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2
Trigo 5. A pole cast a shadow 15 m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 63𝑜 . If the
pole leans 15𝑜 from the vertical towards the sun, determine the length of the pole.

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑤: = =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
15𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑥 15
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 sin 63𝑜 sin 12𝑜
63𝑜
15 𝑚
𝑥 = 64.28 𝑚
12𝑜

105𝑜 63𝑜
15 𝑚