CIVINCO: SET 2

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PLANE GEOMETRY
POLYGON

Plane geometry – it deals with the properties of plane figures or geometrical shapes of
two dimensions, such as angles, triangles, square, polygons, conic sections, etc.

Polygon – a plane figure with three or more angles. The sides of the polygon are straight
lines.
Sum of Interior Angles: 𝑆𝑖 = 180° 𝑛 − 2
Sum of Exterior Angles: 𝑆𝑒 = 360°
𝑛
Number of Diagonals: 𝐷 = 𝑛−3
2
POLYGON

Regular Polygon – a polygon whose angles are equal and all of whose sides are equal.

Similar Polygon – two polygons are similar if their corresponding angles are equal, and
their corresponding sides are proportional.

Convex Polygon – polygon having each interior angle less than 180°.

Concave Polygon – polygon having an interior angle greater than 180°.

TRIANGLE

Triangles – a polygon with three sides that are contained in a plane.

The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles or 180°.
The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side, and their difference is
less than the third side.
Pythagorean Theorem – in any Right Triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
TRIANGLE

a) Given the base and altitude Area of Triangle

1 B
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
b) Given two sides and included angle c a
1 1 1 h
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵
2 2 2
A C
c) Given three angles and one side b
𝑎2 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 𝑏2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐶 d) Given three sides (Heron’s Formula)
𝐴= ;𝐵 =
2 sin 𝐴 2 sin 𝐵 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
No need to 𝑐 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
memorize. 𝐶 = 2 sin 𝐶
𝑠=
2
 TRIANGLE

Medians of Triangle – the median of a triangle B

is the line drawn from one vertex to the midpoint
of its opposite side. The medians of a triangle
intersect at a common point called the centroid
of the triangle. a
c
1
𝑚𝑎 = 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
2
1
𝑚𝑏 = 2𝑎2 + 2𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 centroid
2
No need to
𝑚𝑐 =
1
2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 A b C
memorize. 2
TRIANGLE

Altitudes of a Triangle – the altitude of a B

triangle is the line drawn from one vertex
perpendicular to its opposite side. The altitudes of a
a triangle intersect at a point called the c
orthocenter of the triangle.
2𝐴 𝑇 orthocenter
ℎ𝑎 =
𝑎
No need to 2𝐴 𝑇
ℎ𝑏 =
memorize. 𝑏
2𝐴 𝑇 A b C
ℎ𝑐 =
𝑐
 TRIANGLE

Angle Bisectors of a Triangle – the angle

bisector of a triangle is a line drawn from one B
vertex to the opposite side bisecting the included
𝐵 𝐵
angle between the other two sides. The angle
bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called 2 2
the incenter of the triangle. a
2 c
𝑏𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎) incenter
𝑏+𝑐
2 𝐴Τ2 𝐶 Τ2
𝑏𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑏)
𝑎+𝑐 𝐴Τ2 𝐶 Τ2
No need to
2 A C
memorize. 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑐) b
𝑎+𝑏
QUADRILATERALS

Quadrilaterals – a portion of a plane bounded by four straight lines. It is also known as a

quadrangle or tetragon.

Rectangle – a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.

Area = 𝐿𝑊
W
Perimeter = 2 𝐿 + 𝑊

L
QUADRILATERALS

Square – a rectangle with equal sides.

Area = 𝑎2
a
Perimeter = 4𝑎

a
Parallelogram (Rhomboid) – a quadrilateral
whose opposite sides are parallel. d2

Area =
1
𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃 d1 θ b
2

a
 QUADRILATERALS

d2
Rhombus – a parallelogram with four equal sides.
1 d1 b
Area = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2

a
Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with two and only two b1
of whose sides are parallel
ℎ m L
Area = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 h
2
n
No need to
𝑚 𝑏1 2 +𝑛 𝑏2 2
memorize. 𝐿 = 𝑚+𝑛 b2
CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS

Cyclic Quadrilaterals – is a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on the circumference of a

circle.

Ptolemy’s Theorem – “For any cyclic quadrilateral, the product of the diagonals is equals
the sum of the product of the opposite side.”
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
GENERAL QUADRILATERAL

Circle Circumscribed about a Quadrilateral

(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)

𝑅=
4𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = (𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
Circle Inscribed about a Quadrilateral
𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑠 or 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑
CIRCLE

Circle – a plane curve that is the locus of tangent

all points in the plane is equidistant from a chord
secant
given point called center.

diameter
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2
Circumference = 2𝜋𝑟

arc
radius
CIRCLE

Two chords rule – if two chords

intersect in a circle, the product of the
lengths of the segments of one chord is a
equal the product of the segments of the c
other.
b
𝑎 ×𝑏 =𝑐 ×𝑑
d
CIRCLE

Two secants rule – if two secant

segments are drawn to a circle from the
C
same external point, the product of the B
length of one secant segment and its
external part is equal to the product of A
the length of the other secant segment D
and its external part.
E
𝐴𝐶 × 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐸 × 𝐴𝐷
CIRCLE

Secant–Tangent rule – if a secant and a B A

tangent segment are drawn to a circle
from the same external point, the product
of the length of the secant segment and its
external part is equals the square of the C
length of the tangent segment.

(𝐴𝐵)2 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐶
D
CIRCLE

Circle Inscribed in a Triangle

Incenter – it is the point of intersection
𝛼 𝛼
of the angle bisectors. It is also the center
of the circle.
In-circle – it is the largest circle that can b c
r r
fit inside the triangle and touch all three
sides. Its center is always inside the
triangle. r
𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑟𝑠 𝜃 𝛽
𝜃 𝛽
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2 a
CIRCLE

Circle Circumscribing a Triangle

Circumcenter – it is the point of
intersection of the perpendicular bisectors
of the triangle. It is also the center of the
R c
b
circumscribed circle.
Circum-circle – it is the circle that
passes through all the vertices of the R
R
triangle. Its center can be inside or outside
the triangle. a
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴𝑇 =
4𝑅
CIRCLE

Escribed Circle
𝐴𝑇 = 𝑟 𝑠 − 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
where:
c a r
r = radius of the circle
a = side where the escribed circle is
tangent
b
Plane 1. A triangular piece of land has one side measuring 12 km. The land is to be divided
Geometry into two equal areas by a dividing line parallel to the given side. What is the length of
the dividing line?

𝐴1 𝑥 2
=
𝐴𝑇 12
A1 A1
NOTE:
A1 x x 𝐴 𝑇 = 2𝐴1

12 km Therefore:
𝐴1 𝑥 2
=
2𝐴1 12
AT 𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝐤𝐦

12 km
Plane 2. The sum of the interior angles is six times the sum of its exterior angles. How many
Geometry diagonals does this polygon have?

Sum of Interior Angles: 𝑆𝑖 = 180° 𝑛 − 2 𝑛

Number of Diagonals: 𝐷 = 𝑛−3
Sum of Exterior Angles: 𝑆𝑒 = 360° 2

14
Therefore, 𝐷= 14 − 3
2
180° 𝑛 − 2 = 6(360°) 𝑫 = 𝟕𝟕 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬
180° 𝑛 − 360° = 2160°
𝑛 = 14 sides
Plane 3. What is the radius of the circle circumscribing an isosceles right triangle having an
Geometry area of 162 sq. cm.?

A • Inscribed angle – an angle whose vertex is a point on the

r circle and whose sides are chords.
• An inscribed angle is measured by ½ the intercepted arc.
x
r 1 1 1
෽
∠A = 𝐵𝐶 ෽
∠B = 𝐴𝐶 ෽
∠C = 𝐴𝐵
2 2 2

C x Using Pythagorean Theorem:

B
(𝐴𝐵)2 = (𝐴𝐶)2 +(𝐵𝐶)2
(2𝑟)2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
1 1
𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏ℎ → 162 = 𝑥 𝑥 4𝑟 2 = (18)2 + (18)2
2 2
𝑥 = 18 cm. 𝒓 = 𝟗 𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝐜𝐦.
Plane 4. A circle whose area is 452 cm2 is cut into two segments by a chord whose distance
Geometry from the center of the circle is 6 cm. Find the area of the larger segment.

Asegment = Asector − Atri

12 12 𝜋(12)2 120° 1
Asegment = − (12)2 sin 120°
360° 2
𝜃ൗ
452 = 𝜋𝑟 2 2 Asegment = 88.44 cm2
θ 6
𝑟 = 12 cm 6
𝜃 6 Alarger = Acircle − Asegment
cos =
12 2 12 Alarger = 452 cm2 − 88.44 cm2
𝜃 = 120°
𝐀𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝐜𝐦𝟐
Plane 5. A triangle ABC has sides a = 6 cm, b = 8 cm, and c = 9 cm. Find the length of the
Geometry median drawn from the vertex A to side BC.

For ∆ABC: Use Cosine Law, B

82 = 92 + 62 − 2 9 6 cos 𝐵
92 + 62 − 82
𝐵= cos −1
2 9 (6)
3 a=6
c=9 D
𝐵 = 60.61°
For ∆ABD: Use Cosine Law
𝑚𝐴 2 = 32 + 92 − 2 3 9 cos(60.61°) mA 3
𝒎𝑨 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟕 𝐜𝐦
A b=8 C
Plane 6. In the previous problem, how far from the vertex B will the bisector of angle A
Geometry intersect BC?

For ∆ABC: Use Cosine Law, B

62 = 92 + 82 − 2 9 8 cos 𝐴
𝐴
𝐴 = 40.80° →
2
= 20.40 60.61° a=6
For ∆ABE, c=9
𝐸 = 180° − 60.61° − 20.40° = 98.99°
E

Use Sine Law,

9 𝐵𝐸 𝐴 Τ2
sin 98.99°
=
sin 20.40°
𝐴 Τ2
𝑩𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝐜𝐦. A b=8 C
Plane 7. A triangle has an area of 9.92 cm2, and its perimeter is 15 cm. Find the distance from
Geometry the point of intersection of its angle bisectors to one side.

A
1 1 1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏𝑟 + 𝑐𝑟
2 2 2
1 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝛼 𝛼
𝐴= 𝑟 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 ; 𝑠 =
2 2
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠 b
r r c

𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
15 cm r
2
9.92 cm = 𝑟 𝜃 𝛽
2 𝜃 𝛽
𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝐜𝐦 B
C a
SOLID GEOMETRY
POLYHEDRONS

Polyhedrons – solids whose faces are plane

polygons (3D equivalent of polygon)

Regular Polygons – are those solids with all

its faces identical regular polygons. There are
only five known regular polyhedrons:
tetrahedron, hexahedron (cube), octahedron,
dodecahedron, and icosahedron.
PRISM

Prism – a polyhedron with two faces (bases)

parallel and congruent and whose remaining
faces (lateral faces) are parallelograms. Every
section parallel to the base has the same area as
the base.
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
Right prism – a prism which has its lateral
faces, thus its axis, perpendicular to the base.
Oblique prism – a prism in which the lateral
faces are not perpendicular to the base.
CYLINDER

Cylinder – can be thought of as a prism with

two circular bases.

Volume of cylinder:
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ h
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Surface area of cylinder:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

AB
PYRAMID

Pyramid – a polyhedron that contains

triangular lateral faces with a common vertex
and polygonal base.

Volume of pyramid:
1
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ
3
Surface area of pyramid:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
CONE

Cone – formed by a set of line segments

connecting the apex, to all the points on the
circumference of the circular base that is in a
plane that does not contain the apex.

Volume of cone:
1 1 2
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3 3
Surface area of cone:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
SPHERE

Sphere – a round solid figure with every point

on its surface equidistant from its center (3D
equivalent of circle)

Volume of sphere:
4 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟
3
Surface area of sphere:
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
SPHERICAL COMPONENTS

Spherical segment – the solid defined by

cutting a sphere or a ball with a pair of parallel
planes.

Volume of spherical segment of one base:

𝜋ℎ3
𝑉= (3𝑅 − ℎ)
3
Volume of spherical segment of two bases:
𝜋ℎ
𝑉= (3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + ℎ2 )
6
SPHERICAL COMPONENTS

Spherical zone – a portion of the surface of a

sphere included between two parallel planes. It
may be thought of as the lateral area of a
spherical segment.

Area of a spherical zone:

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑅ℎ
SPHERICAL COMPONENTS

Spherical cone – a solid generated by rotating

a sector of a circle about an axis which passes
through the center of the circle, but which
contains no points inside the sector.

Volume of a spherical cone:

1
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑅
3
2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ
3
FRUSTUM

Frustum – the remaining portion obtained

after removing the top portion of a pyramid or
a cone is cut by a cutting plane parallel to its
base.

Volume of a frustum:
ℎ
𝑉= 𝐴 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝐴2
3 1
Surface area of a frustum:
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
TRUNCATED PRISM

Truncated Prism – a portion of a prism

formed by passing a plane not parallel to the
base and intersecting all the lateral edges. This
h3
solid has two non-parallel bases which are both
polygons of the same number of edges. h2

h4
h1
Volume of a truncated prism:
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐵 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
AB h5
Surface area of a truncated prism: h6
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴
Solid 8. Find the total surface area of a right pentagonal prism with each side of the base
Geometry measuring 8 cm, and a height of 12 cm.

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐿𝑆𝐴

𝑠2𝑛 8 2 (5)
𝐴𝐵 = =
180° 180°
4 tan 4 tan
𝑛 5
𝐴𝐵 = 110.11 cm2
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 8 12 5 12 cm
𝐿𝑆𝐴 = 480 cm2

𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 2 110.11 cm2 + 480 cm2

𝑻𝑺𝑨 = 𝟕𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐦𝟐
8 cm
Solid 9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 36 cm and
Geometry central angle 200°. Find the volume of the cone thus formed.

1 2
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3

Length of Arcsector = Circumferencecone(base)

𝑠 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝜃 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟

𝜋
36 200° × = 2𝜋𝑟
180°
𝑟 = 20 cm
Solid 9. A right circular cone is to be made from a circular sector of radius 36 cm and
Geometry central angle 200°. Find the volume of the cone thus formed.

𝑟 2 + ℎ2 = 362
202 + ℎ2 = 362
ℎ = 29.93 cm

1
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝜋 20 cm 2 (29.93 cm)
3
𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟓 𝐜𝐦𝟑
Solid 10. If the volume of the sphere is increased by 20%, by how many percent will its
Geometry surface area increase?

4 3
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑆𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3

𝑉𝑖 𝑟 3
=
𝑉𝑓 𝑅
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 0.20𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑓 = 1.20𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑖 𝑟 3
=
1.20𝑉𝑖 𝑅
𝑅 = 1.0627𝑟
Solid 10. If the volume of the sphere is increased by 20%, by how many percent will its
Geometry surface area increase?

4 3
𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑆𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
3

𝐴𝑖 𝑟 2
=
𝐴𝑓 𝑅
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴𝑖 + 𝑥𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑓 = (1 + 𝑥)𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑖 𝑟 2
=
1 + 𝑥 𝐴𝑖 1.0627𝑟
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟑 𝐨𝐫 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟑%
Solid 11. The diameter of the lower base and upper base of a frustum of a cone are 24 ft and
Geometry 14 ft, respectively. If its slant height is 13 ft, find the volume of the frustum.

ℎ= 132 − 52 = 12 ft

ℎ
𝑉= 𝐴 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝐴2
3 1
𝐴1 = 𝜋(7)2 = 49𝜋 ft 2
𝐴2 = 𝜋(12)2 = 144𝜋 ft 2

13
𝑉= 49𝜋 + 144𝜋 + (49𝜋)(144𝜋)
3
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝐟𝐭 𝟑
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
 LINES

General Equation of a Line 𝑦

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

Distance Formula
𝑦2
𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Slope of a Line
rise 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑚= =
run 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Midpoint Formula
No need to 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑥1 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥2
memorize. 2 2
STANDARD EQUATION OF LINES

𝑦
Point-slope form:
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
Slope-intercept form: 𝑦2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
Two-point form:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Intercept form:
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
+ =1 𝑥1 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏
 LINES

Angle Between Two Lines

𝑦
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 𝑙2
𝜃= tan−1
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
Better
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑚2 − tan−1 𝑚1
formula tan 𝜃2 = 𝑚2
Note: 𝜃2
𝜃 𝑙1
1. Two lines are parallel if their slopes are 𝜃1
equal. tan 𝜃1 = 𝑚1
2. Two lines are perpendicular if the product of
their slopes is -1. 𝑥
LINES

Distance from 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 to 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑦 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 d

Distance between parallel lines

𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑑=
𝐴2 + 𝐵2

𝑥
Analytic 12. The lines 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑏 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 1 intersect at the point (−1, 3).
Geometry What is 2𝑎 + 𝑏?

@ −1, 3
2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑏 = 0
2 −1 + 𝑎 3 + 2𝑏 = 0
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2 ← 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 −1 − 3 − 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 + 𝑏 = −4 ← 𝐸𝑞. 2 (−1, 3)
Eq. 1 – Eq. 2
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2
− 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −4
𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟔
Analytic 13. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the equation of
Geometry the line through side AB.

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 B
6 −4
𝑦 −4= 𝑥 −1
9 −1
4 𝑦−4 = 𝑥−1 A 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
4𝑦 − 16 = 𝑥 − 1
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎

C
Analytic 14. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the distance
Geometry from C to side AB.

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
𝑑= 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 = 0
𝐴2 + 𝐵2
1(7) + (−4)(2) + 15 B
𝑑=
(1)2 + (−4)2 A
𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟎 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬

C(7,2)
Analytic 15. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the equation of
Geometry the line through (0, −3) and parallel to side AB.

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 6 − 4 1
𝑚= = B
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 9 − 1 = 4
A
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1
1
𝑦 − (−3) = 𝑥 − 0
4 C
4 𝑦+3 =𝑥
4𝑦 + 12 = 𝑥
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎

(0, −3)
Analytic 16. Given the triangle with vertices at 𝐴(1, 4), 𝐵(9, 6) and 𝐶(7, 2). Find the distance
Geometry from 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 to side AB.

𝐶2 − 𝐶1 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 = 0
𝑑= B
𝐴2 + 𝐵2
A
15 − (−12)
𝑑=
12 + (−4)2
𝒅 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
C

𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0
CONIC SECTIONS

General Definition of Conic Sections

Locus (or path) of a point that moves such that
the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is constant. This
constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the
conic.
CONIC SECTIONS

Eccentricity of a Conic,
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
𝑒= = =
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3

If 𝑒 = 0, the conic section is a circle.

If 𝑒 = 1, the conic section is a parabola.
If 𝑒 < 1, the conic section is an ellipse.
If 𝑒 > 1, the conic section is a hyperbola.
CIRCLE

A locus of point which moves at a constant

𝑦 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
distance from a fixed point called center and
the constant distance of any point from the 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)
center is called the radius. r

𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)

𝑥
EQUATIONS OF CIRCLE

Center at 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌) – Standard Equation

𝑦 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦)
r
Center at origin
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)

General Form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
𝐷 𝐸 𝑥
Center h, k : ℎ=− 𝑘=−
2 2
 2 2
Analytic 17. A circle has the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the center of the
Geometry circle.

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 = 12
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 +𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 12 + 4 + 9
𝑥 − 2 2 + 𝑦 + 3 2 = 25

Therefore,
𝒉 = 𝟐 ; 𝒌 = −𝟑
𝑟=5
 2 2
Analytic 18. A circle has the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the farthest distance
Geometry from the point 5, 6 to the circle.

𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 (5, 6)
𝑑= 5−2 2 + 6 − −3 2

𝑑= 3 2 + (9)2
𝑑 = 3 10 units

Farthest distance
𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 3 10 units + 5 units (2, −3)
𝒅𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
r=5
 2 2
Analytic 19. A circle has the equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the nearest distance
Geometry from the point 5, 6 to the circle.

𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 14.49 units (5, 6)

Nearest distance
𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 14.49 units − 5 units − 5 units
𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
r=5

(2, −3)

r=5
PARABOLA

Parabola – locus of a point that moves such

that its distance from a fixed point called the
focus is always equal to its distance from a fixed
line called the directrix.
𝑑1 = 𝑓1 & 𝑑2 = 𝑓2
Standard Equations of a Parabola
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 → upward
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 → downward
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ → to the right
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑎 𝑥 − ℎ → to the left
Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the vertex of the parabola.
 2
Analytic 20. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the vertex.
Geometry

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 4𝑦 − 9
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + (1)2 = 4𝑦 − 9 + 1 2
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4𝑦 − 8
(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4 𝑦 − 2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = ±4𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑘 ∴ upward

𝑉(−1, 2)
Therefore,
ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑽(−𝟏, 𝟐)
 2
Analytic 21. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the focus.
Geometry

(𝑥 + 1)2 = 4 𝑦 − 2
ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2

4𝑎 = 4
𝑎=1
𝐹(−1, 3)
𝑎
Focus: 𝑉(−1, 2)
𝐹 −1, 2 + 𝑎
𝐹 −1, 2 + 1
𝑭 −𝟏, 𝟑
 2
Analytic 22. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the equation of
Geometry directrix.

ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
4𝑎 = 4 ; 𝑎 = 1
Equation of Directrix,
𝑦 = 2−𝑎
𝒚=𝟏

𝑉(−1, 2) 𝑎
𝑦=1
 2
Analytic 23. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the length of the
Geometry latus rectum.

ℎ = −1 ; 𝑘 = 2
4𝑎 = 4 ; 𝑎 = 1 Latus
rectum
Length of Latus Rectum,
𝐿𝑅 = 4𝑎
𝑳𝑹 = 𝟒 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝐹(−1, 3)
𝑎
𝑉(−1, 2) 𝑎
𝑦=1
 2
Analytic 24. Given a parabola whose equation is 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the equation of the
Geometry axis of symmetry.

𝑉 −𝟏, 2
𝐹 (−𝟏, 3) Latus
rectum

Equation of the axis of symmetry, 𝐹(−1, 3)

𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑎
𝑉(−1, 2) 𝑎
𝑦=1

𝑥 = −1
ELLIPSE

Ellipse – locus of point that moves such that

the sum of its distances from two fixed points
called the foci is constant.
𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 𝑑3 + 𝑑4 = 2𝑎
Standard Equations of a Parabola
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ = 1 → horizontal
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
2
+ 2
= 1 → vertical
𝑏 𝑎
Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the center of the ellipse.
ELLIPSE

Properties of Ellipse:

1. a2 = b2 + c 2 a2 + b2
5. P ≈ 2π
c 2
2. e= <1
a
a
c 6. d=
e
3. e′ = b
2b2
4. Area = πab 7. lr =
a
 2 2
Analytic 25. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 , find its
Geometry center.

9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2

9𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 25𝑦 2 − 100𝑦 = 44 + =1
25 9
9(𝑥 2 +6𝑥) + 25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 44 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
9(𝑥 2 +6𝑥) + 25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 = 44 + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
9(𝑥 2 +6𝑥 + 9) + 25 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 44 + 9 9 + 25 4
9 𝑥 + 3 2 + 25 𝑦 − 2 2 = 225
2 2 Therefore,
9 𝑥+3 + 25 𝑦 − 2 225
= ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
225 225
𝑪(−𝟑, 𝟐)
𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2
+ =1
25 9
 2 2
Analytic 26. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 , find its
Geometry vertices.

Horizontal ellipse: a > b

𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2
+ =1
25 9
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
V2 𝐶(−3,2) V1
ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2

𝑎2 = 25; 𝑏 2 = 9
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3
a a
 2 2
Analytic 26. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 , find its
Geometry vertices.

ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3

𝑉1 −3 + 𝑎 , 2
𝑉1 −3 + 5 , 2 𝐶(−3,2)
V2 V1
𝑽𝟏 𝟐, 𝟐

𝑉2 −3 − 𝑎 , 2
𝑉2 −3 − 5 , 2
𝑽𝟐 −𝟖, 𝟐
a a
 2 2
Analytic 27. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find its foci.
Geometry

ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3

𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2
25 = 9 + c 2 𝐶(−3,2)
V2 F2 F1 V1
𝑐=4

𝐹1 −3 + 𝑐 , 2 𝐹2 −3 − 𝑐 , 2
𝐹1 −3 + 4 , 2 𝐹2 −3 − 4 , 2
𝑭𝟏 𝟏, 𝟐 𝑭𝟐 −𝟕, 𝟐 c c
 2 2
Analytic 28. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find the
Geometry equation of the directrices.

ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2 d d
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3 ;𝑐 = 4
𝑎 𝑎 5 25
𝑑 = = 𝑐 =4 =
𝑒 Τ𝑎 ൗ 4
5

V2 F2 𝐶(−3,2) F1 V1
𝑥𝐿 = −3 − 𝑑 𝑥𝑅 = −3 + 𝑑
25 25
𝑥𝐿 = −3 − 𝑥𝑅 = −3 +
4 4
𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟑
𝒙𝑳 = − 𝒙𝑹 =
𝟒 𝟒
37 13
𝑥𝐿 = − 𝑥𝑅 =
4 4
 2 2
Analytic 29. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find the
Geometry length of the latus rectum.

ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2 Latus rectum
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3

2𝑏 2
𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
V2 F2 𝐶(−3,2) F1 V1
2(3)2
𝐿𝑅 =
5
𝑳𝑹 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
 2 2
Analytic 30. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0, find its area.
Geometry

ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
𝐴 = 𝜋 5 (3) 𝐶(−3,2)
V2 F2 F1 V1
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟓𝝅 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
 2 2
Analytic 31. Given the equation of a curve 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0 , find its
Geometry perimeter.

ℎ = −3 ; 𝑘 = 2
𝑎 = 5 ;𝑏 = 3

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑃 ≈ 2𝜋 V2 F2 𝐶(−3,2) F1 V1
2

(5)2 + (3)2
𝑃 ≈ 2𝜋
2
𝑷 ≈ 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟏 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬