Sub-Phylum 1 Trilobitomorphs : Subphylum 2 Chelicerates :

Subphylum 3 Crustacea : Subphylum 4 Hexapoda: Subphylum 5 Myriapoda:

I. General characteristics
• Antennalate, mandibulate and tracheate arthropods which only have 3 pairs of legs (hexapod).

• most important class of arthropods in terms of the number of individuals and the diversity of
species .

• They are terrestrial or aquatic.

• Postembryonic development is generally interspersed with a series of molts; three modalities

are distinguished: ametabolous , hemimetabolous, holometabolous .

Development without metamorphosis = Ametaboly

Development with incomplete metamorphosis = hemimetabolous = heterometabolous (
paurometabolous and hemimetabolous)
Development to complete metamorphosis = Holometaboly
Ametabolic

Lepisma
Hemimetabolous ,
Hemimetabolous
Holometabolous
 . Classification

Hexapods are divided into two classes,

Entognaths Insects .

• Entognaths : Apterygotes Pterygotes

ametabolous , apterous and exclusively terrestrial insects :
collemboles, diplurs and protouras

Primitive hexapodes where the mouthparts are

enclosed within the head and not visible from the
outside
III. Morphology

 They have three pairs of walking legs (hexapods ).

 A pair of antennas.

 The metamerized body is divided into 3 regions: Head, thorax (3 segments), abdomen (11
segments ):

 The head : contains the sensory organs (eyes and ocelli), the mouth and the mouthparts.
 The thorax : composed of 3 segments, carries the legs and wings.
 The abdomen : comprises a maximum of 11 independent segments, articulated between them
and ends with a telson where the anus opens.
The appendages are absent in pterygotes and rudimentary in apterygotes. It contains the
reproductive apparatus in the posterior region of the body.
 respiratory

On the first abdominal metamere used to detect sounds

Morphology of the grasshopper.

 c . Respiratory system
The respiratory system is tracheal . The tracheae ramify out throughout the body and open to the
outside by stigmata. Each trachea ramify out abundantly and the last ramifications end in
tracheolar cells whose extensions: the tracheoles form a very fine veil on the surface of the organs.
Some insects have respiration through the cuticle.

system of insects.
d. Excretory apparatus
This apparatus is composed of numerous intertwined tubes called Malpighian tubules which are evaginations
of the terminal part of the digestive tract . Their number varies from two to more than a hundred depending
on the species (Fig.3.24).

Figure 3.24. Excretory apparatus of

higher insects.
Central Nervous System (CNS)

The two main structures of the central nervous system in insects are:
1. The brain, located in the head.
2. The ventral nerve cord, consisting of ganglia aligned along the ventral side of the body, connected by nerve
connectives.
These two parts work together to coordinate the insect’s motor, sensory, and vital functions.
 Sub-Phylum 1 Trilobitomorphs : Subphylum 2 Chelicerates :

Subphylum 3 Crustacea : Subphylum 4 Hexapoda: Subphylum 5 Myriapoda:

 Subphylum MYRIAPODA
DIPLOPODS

CHILOPODS
- 1 pair of legs per segment
- Modification of the last leg into a
sensory organ.

2 pairs of legs per segment

Classification

The number of legs and the segments of the antenna pair are
systematic characters.
Diplopods
Chilopoda
I. General characteristics
• Land animals (terrestres) therefore tracheates Like insects, they were known as
myriapods.
• The head which bears complex antennae, eyes and mouthparts.

• The body segments, all identical, numerous and bearing either one pair of legs or
two pairs .

• Numerous legs always greater than 8 carried by numerous identical segments

forming a trunk distinct from the head . De nombreuses pattes toujours supérieures à 8 portées par de nombreux segments
identiques formant un tronc distinct de la tête.

• Forcipules : Appendage of certain millipedes transformed into a venomous

hook. Forcipules are carried by the first segment of the animal's trunk
 AB
Figure 3.27. External ventral view of the anterior part of the body of a Chilopoda ( A) and a Diplopoda ( B ).
III. Morphology
Class Diplopoda

• They are animals with a more or less plus ou moins circular trunk .

• They are detritivores or saprophages .

• Diplopods have two antennae with 8 segments each.

• Simple thoracic segments have one pair of legs and double abdominal segments have 2
pairs of legs.
• The eyes are simple (ocelli ).

• Fertilization is direct, they have copulatory organs .

External morphology of the anterior and middle
part of the body of a diplopod (right lateral side).
Class Chilopoda

• Chilopods are carnivores and play a role in regulating populations.

• They have a pair of multi-segmented antennae and one pair of legs per segment .

• A high number of segments divided into a dorsoventrally flattened head and trunk.
• Un nombre élevé de segments divisés en une tête et un tronc aplatis dorso-ventralement.

• The first pair of legs is always transformed into forcipules : a pair of legs forming venomous
hooks in relation to a venom gland .

• The last three segments are special: pregenital segment with gonopods –genital segment
with rudimentary gonopods and genital orifices –anal segment with anal valves and anus
• Fertilization is indirect and the genitals are odd. (impairs).
Figure 3.32: Ventral side of the head of a
Chilopoda .
 Sub-Phylum 1 Trilobitomorphs : Subphylum 2 Chelicerates :

Subphylum 5 Crustacea : Subphylum 3 Hexapoda: Subphylum 4Myriapoda:

Subphylum Crustacea
 Subphylum Crustacea
I. General characteristics
• They are marine animals, some are terrestrial .
• Animals having an integument, generally more or less hardened durcie by a deposit of calcareous
material ( calcium carbonate ).
• There are several larval stages, the larva is the Nauplius (organism not presenting segmentation)
and equipped with 3 pairs of swimming appendages (antennules, antennae and mandibles).

Development can be progressive ( addition of metameres and appendages : ' anamorphic

development') or marked by morphological transformations (a " metamorphic"

We move from anamorphic development

(swimming forms) to epimorphic development
(benthic forms).
Postembryonic development of crustaceans.

We move from anamorphic development (swimming forms) to epimorphic development

(benthic form). We distinguish several larval stages and it is the successive moults that
allow us to pass through the various stages. The general pattern is:
II. Classification

There are seven classes : Cephalocaridae , Branchiopoda,

Ostracoda, Copepoda, Branchioura , Cirripedes and
Maxillipedes.
III. Morphology
• Presence of mandible and two pairs of antennae (Fig.3.39).
• Crustaceans have many jointed appendages .

Figure 3.39. External morphology of a malacostracan crustacean.

IV. Anatomy
a. Digestive

• The digestive system is made up of three parts: the stomodeum , the

mesenteron and the proctodeum .
• Crustaceans have a more or less complex stomach: the gastric mill . It is
extended by the midgut.
• Digestion is extracellular, but chemical processes take place mainly in the
midgut and in the hepatopancreatic diverticula .
Anatomy
The digestive system
anatomy of a malacostracan crustacean.
b. Circulatory system
The system is open , it is composed of lateral vessels in addition to the dorsal
vessel, the heart and the arteries which carry blood to the head and the
antennae.

c . Respiratory system
Respiration occurs more or less diffusely through the surface of the body of
small species with thin integument , or it takes place in specialized organs such
as gills .

Lungs are present in terrestrial decapods. eg: crab

heart
d. Excretory apparatus
In crustaceans, the excretory organs are glands located in specific areas:
• Antennal glands (or green glands): Located at the base of the antennae, they are the primary principaux excretory
organs in many adult crustaceans.
• Maxillary glands: Located near the base of the maxillipeds (mouthparts), they serve a similar function to
antennal glands in some species.
e. Nervous system
It is organized into ganglia corresponding to the different metameres but capable of fusing. The
thoracic ganglia are fused into a single mass and the abdominal ganglia are less numerous (sont moins
nombreux) in crabs .
f. Genital apparatus
In crustaceans, the sexes are most often separate .

 They are oviparous, either abandoning the eggs or carrying them in a brood
pouch. (peuvent soit abandonner les œufs ou les porter dans une poche incubatrice).

 Parthenogenesis is common in branchiopods.

 The genital glands form two long cords curved laterally in a crooked
manner Les glandes génitales forment deux longs cordons recourbés latéralement en crosse

 After incubation of the eggs, the "nauplius" larvae released into the
environment lead a pelagic life ( Fig.3.43).
Figure 3.43. Nauplius larva
 Pachygrapsus marmoratus

♀ ♂

Rounded abdomen with

laying Pointed, triangular abdomen