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Maths Project- INTEGRATION

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361 views

Maths Project- INTEGRATION

Uploaded by

paldipak542
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Maths Project-INTEGRATION

Sub topics:
 Definition
 Geometrical Interpretation
 Integration by parts
 Definite Integrals using limit of sum
 Properties of definite integrals
 Application of integration

Definition:
Integration is a method of adding or summing up the parts to find the
whole. It is a reverse process of differentiation, where we reduce the
functions into parts. This method is used to find the summation under a
vast scale.
Instead of differentiating a function, we are given the function's derivative
and asked to find its primitive, i.e., the original function. Such a process
is called integration.

Geometrical Interpretation:
Indefinite Integral:
Let's take a function, f(x) = 3x. When we integrate this function, we get:
∫f(x) dx = ∫3x dx
∫3x dx = 3x2/2 + C
C, in this case, is the arbitrary constant, and it symbolizes the family of
integrals.
As we've mentioned before, different values of C give us different
integrals, but they're geometrically similar. This means that when we
assign different values to C, we get different members of the family that
make up the indefinite integral. Each integral, in turn, represents a
parabola with its axis along the y-axis.
For instance:
If C = 0, then we get y = 3x2/2, which is a parabola with its vertex on the
origin.
If C = 1, then we get y= 3x2/2 +1, which is obtained by shifting the
parabola one unit upwards along the y-axis.
If C = -1, we get y = 3x2/2 – 1, which is obtained by shifting the parabola
one unit downwards along the y-axis.
Thus, for each positive value of C, the vertex of the parabola is along the
y-axis in a positive direction, and for each negative value of C, the vertex
is along the y-axis in a negative direction.
The following graph represents the geometrical interpretation of the
indefinite integral ∫3x dx = 3x2/2 + C.

In the graph, the line x=a intersects all the parabolas. It's observed that
a>0, and the same is true when a is less than 0. The line x=a intersect
the parabola, y=3x2/2 , y= 3x2/2+1, y= 3x2/2-1 at the point P, P 1 , P -
1 respectively. Hence, dy/dx at these points are equal to 3a. This
indicates that the tangent to these parabolic curves at these points are
parallel.
Therefore, the equation ∫3x dx = 3x2/2+C =y shows that the different
values of C correspond to different members of the family. These can be
obtained by shifting one of the curves parallel to itself. This is the
geometrical interpretation of indefinite integral.
Definite Integral:
Imagine a curve that is positioned above the x-axis. This curve is a
continuous function within an interval [a, b] where all of the values are
positive. The area trapped between the curve and the x-axis is what we
call the definite integral. Formally, we can express it as:

In this formula, a and b are the limits, and d/dx (F(x)) = f (x). The definite
integral is distinct from the indefinite integral in several ways:
 The indefinite integral forms the foundation for the definite integral.
 The indefinite integral allows for the calculation of an indefinite
area, while the definite integral is used to find the area within
specified limits.

Integration by parts:
Integration by parts formula is used for integrating the product of two
functions. This method is used to find the integrals by reducing them into
standard forms.
The formula for integrating by parts is given by:
If u(x) and v(x) are any two differentiable functions of a single variable y.
Then, by the product rule of differentiation, we get:

u’ is the derivative of u and v’ is the derivative of v.


LIATE rule:
In integration by parts, we have learned when the product of two
functions are given to us then we apply the required formula. The
integral of the two functions are taken, by considering the left term as
first function and second term as the second function. This method is
called LIATE rule. Usually, the preference order of this rule is based on
some functions such as Logarithm, Inverse, Algebraic, Trigonometric,
Exponent.

Definite Integrals using limit of sum:


Consider a continuous function f in x defined in the closed interval [a, b].
Assuming that f(x) > 0, the following graph depicts f in x:
The integral of f(x) is the area of the region bounded by the curve y =
f(x). This area is represented by the region ABCD as shown in the above
figure. This entire region lying between [a, b] is divided into n equal
subintervals given by [x0, x1], [x1, x2], …… [xr-1, xr], [xn-1, xn].
Let us consider the width of each subinterval as h such that h → 0, x0 =
a, x1 = a + h, x2 = a + 2h,…..,xr = a + rh, xn = b = a + nh
and n = (b – a)/h
Also, n→∞ in the above representation.
Now, from the above figure, we write the areas of particular regions and
intervals as:
Area of rectangle PQFR < area of the region PQSRP < area of rectangle
PQSE ….(1)
Since. h→ 0, therefore xr– xr-1→ 0. The following sums can be
established as:
From the first inequality, considering any arbitrary subinterval [xr-1, xr]
where r = 1, 2, 3….n, it can be said that sn< area of the region ABCD
<Sn
Since, n→∞, the rectangular strips are very narrow, it can be assumed
that the limiting values of sn and Sn are equal, and the common limiting
value gives us the area under the curve, i.e.,

From this, it can be said that this area is also the limiting value of an
area lying between the rectangles below and above the curve.
Therefore,

This is known as the definition of definite integral as the limit of sum.

Properties of definite integrals:


Below are some essential properties of definite integrals:
Application of Integration:
There are many applications of integrals, out of which some are
mentioned below:
In Maths
 To find the centre of mass(Centroid) of an area having curved
sides
 To find the area between two curves
 To find the area under a curve
 The average value of a curve
In Physics
Integrals are used to calculate
 Centre of gravity
 Mass and momentum of inertia of vehicles
 Mass and momentum of satellites
 Mass and momentum of a tower
 The centre of mass
 The velocity of a satellite at the time of placing it in orbit
 The trajectory of a satellite at the time of placing it in orbit
 To calculate Thrust

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