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Type of Rocks

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7 views

Type of Rocks

Uploaded by

castillofrankadrian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF

ROCKS

Prepared By: Diana T. Rosco


MELC
Classify rocks into igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic.

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

- Classify and describe the 3 basic rock type

- Understand the different geologic processes involved in


the rock formation
- Appreciate the importance of rocks and minerals in daily
life
ROCK

A rock is a naturally occurring,


coherent aggregate mineral or solid
material such as a natural glass or
organic matter. Rocks are found in
the lithosphere.
LITHOSPHERE
It is derived from the Greek word
lithos meaning “stone”. The
lithosphere is the rigid, rocky,
outermost part of Earth, composed of
the crust and uppermost part of the
upper mantle.
What are ROCKS made
of?
Rocks are mixtures or
aggregates of different
minerals.
How rocks can be
identified?
Rocks can be classified based on
the differences in texture and
composition.
Texture refers to the size, shape,
and arrangement of minerals
grains, and other constituents in a
rock.
THREE CLASIFICATION OF ROCK

Igneous Rocks is the result of the cooling of magma


or lava

Sedimentary Rocks
Is formed from sediment

Is formed from pre existing rocks


Metamorphic Rocks altered by heat and pressure
IGNEOUS ROCK

2 TYPES OF IGNEOUS:
The word igneous is
derived from the
Crystalline
Latin word igneus
Pyroclastic
which means “fiery”
or “on fire”
2 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

❑ crystalline(from cooled magma)

❑ pyroclastic (made of consolidated eruption


products like volcanic ash)
FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK

❑ BELOW THE SURFACE (INTRUSIVE)

❑ ON THE SURFACE (EXTRUSIVE)


❑ SLOWLY cooling magma.
❑ Formation of crystal visible to the naked eye. This type of
igneous rock is called INTRUSIVE or plutonic since they
cool underneath the surface as plutons.
❑ This type of rock also has large crystals because it cools
slowly.
Ex. Granite
EXAMPLE

Granite- less dense


rock that makes up
most of the
continental crust.
❑ From RAPID cooling magma. very small crystals that may not be
visible without the use of a magnifying lens. igneous rock like this is
called EXTRUSIVE or volcanic since they are extruded during
volcanic eruptions. Ex. Basalt, Obsidian

❑ From the consolidation of particles erupted by explosive volcanic


activity. particle comes together on the surface via lithification, they
form pyroclastic igneous rocks. Ex. tuff
EXAMPLE

Basalt- (crystalline) has a gas


bubble formed when hot lava
from a volcano contains gases
that escape from the rock as
the lava cools.

Basalt makes up most of the


ocean floor.
EXAMPLE

Obsidian- (crystalline) has a


glassy surface created from
lava that cools so quickly that
no crystal can form on its
surface.
EXAMPLE

Tuff- (pyroclastic) light porous


rock formed by consolidation
of volcanic ash.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

SEDIMENT - are tiny


grains of dirt, sand, mud,
and clay, weathered or
worn rocks
Developed from sediments These are then washed
into streams, rivers, lakes,
and oceans and they settle
in the bottom of these
bodies of water.
FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

❑ CLASTIC:
BIOCLASTS

❑ CRYSTALLINE/ CHEMICAL
CLASTIC
The cementation of sediments that have been
deposited, buried, and compacted over a long
period produces sedimentary rocks that are
considered CLASTIC, which are differentiated
based on the size of the sediments or clasts in
the rocks.

e. g. Shale, sandstone, and conglomerate.


BIOCLASTS

From the compaction and cementation of plant


and/or animal remains. This type of sedimentary
rock is called BIOCLASTS.

e. g. Coquina and organic lime stone.


EXAMPLE

Organic limestone- is
formed when sea shells
and skeleton of marine
animals are compressed
into the sea floor along with
the sediments
EXAMPLE

Chalk is made of the


calcareous remains of
zillions of microscopic fossil
plankton.
EXAMPLE

Conglomerate – is a clastic
sedimentary made of
rounded pebbles and sand
that is usually held together
(cemented) by silica,
calcite, or oxide.
CRYSTALLINE

From the precipitation of ions in solutions –rocks


that are exposed to water and oxygen undergo
chemical changes (oxidation & Hydrolysis).

e. g. Rock salt
EXAMPLE

Rock salt- is formed when


dissolved substances
precipitate from water to
form sediments and
eventually rock.
METAMORPHIC ROCK

Metamorphism
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHIC:
means a change in
form.
Foliated
“changed with great
Nonfoliated
pressure and
temperature”
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

❑ Foliated – dominant agent of metamorphism is


PRESSURE

❑ Non-foliated – dominant agent of metamorphism is


HEAT
FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

❑ REGIONAL METAMORPHISM (Foliated)

❑ CONTACT METAMORPHISM (Nonfoliated)


REGIONAL
-The dominant altering factor is
PRESSURE. This is due to
tectonic activity, this result in a
layered or banded appearance In
the rock called foliation. And this
type of rocks are called foliated
metamorphic rock

e. g.
HEAT
CONTACT
-The dominant altering factor
is HEAT. Existing rock
contact with existing heat
(magma). Contact
metamorphism creates non-
foliated metamorphic rock.

e. g.
SEDIMENTARY ROCK

METAMORPHIC ROCK

INCREASE IN
PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE
Earth Science Subject for Senior
High School:

The Rock Cycle


Prepared By: Diana T. Rosco
R MAGMA

O
C
K IGNEOUS ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK

C
Y SEDIMENTARY ROCK

C
L SEDIMENT

E
ROCK CYCLE
❑ IGNEOUS ROCK- produced when magma is exposed to lower
temperature
❑ UPLIFT- rocks beneath the earth’s crust are brought to the surface of the
earth.
❑ WEATHERING AND EROSION breaks the rocks down into smaller
pieces called SEDIMENTS
❑ TRANSPORTATION- movement of sediment from one place to another
via agents such as wind, water glaciers, rivers, and oceans.
❑ DEPOSITION - they settle in an area where they undertake
❑ As more materials settle on top of each other, temperature and pressure
increase, and sediments at the bottom may undergo

❑ LITHIFICATION (transform sediments into sedimentary rocks)


❑ METAMORPHISM (transform sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks)

❑ If temperature continues to increase and exceed the melting point of the


rock, the rock will eventually undergo melting turning into MAGMA.
PROCESS AND PRODUCT OF THE ROCK CYCLE
PROCESS PRODUCT

Melting Magma

Crystallization Igneous rocks

Uplift and exposure Sediments


Weathering and erosion
Transportation

Deposition Sedimentary rocks


Lithification

Metamorphism Metamorphic rock


ROCK CYCLE AS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

Although the rock cycle realm is the geosphere, it is not


disconnected from the four subsystems.
• When rocks are uplifted and exposed to the surface, they
interact with the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere
as they undergo physical, chemical, and biological
weathering once they are on the surface.
• As organic sediments are formed through weathering, the
soil could become organic-rich soil conducive to plant
growth.
ROCK CYCLE AS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

• The plant roots would then further biological weathering


as it is wedged into the bedrock for more to form.
• soil is very important since it is a viral component of the
other biogeochemical cycle.

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