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Minerals

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12 views

Minerals

Uploaded by

castillofrankadrian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2

MINERALS

Prepared by: Diana T. Rosco


The geosphere is composed of rocks and minerals.
TWO TYPES OF MINERAL

GEOLOGICAL MINERALS NUTRITIONAL MINERALS


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify the examples of minerals
Explain the different characteristics of minerals

Differentiate minerals based on their properties and;

Develop awareness on the importance of minerals around


us
Which among the following is mineral?

1 2 3
01

MINERALS
MINERAL
Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with
definite chemical composition and an
ordered internal structure.
Which among the following is mineral?

1 2 3
02

COMPOSITION OF
MINERALS
03

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF MINERALS
COMPOSITION OF MINERALS:
1. SILICATES- composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons
(SiO42-). Silicate are major rock forming minerals,
including olivine(MgFe)2SiO4, and quartz (SiO2).

2. OXIDES- consist of metal caution bonded to oxygen


anions. Common oxide minerals are Magnetite(Fe3O4)
and Hematite (Fe2O3).
COMPOSITION OF MINERALS:
3. SULFIDES- consist of metal cation bonded to
sulfides(S2-). They are common ore minerals along with
oxides since metal form a high proportion of mineral.
E.g. galena (PbS) and pyrite (FeS2).

4. SULFATES- consist of metal cation bonded to the (SO42-)


anionic group. They usually precipitate out of water near
the earth surface. E.g. gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O)
COMPOSITION OF MINERALS:
5. HALIDES- are composed of halogen ion, such as chlorine
or fluorine, which forms halite or rock salt (NaCl) and
Fluorite (CaF2).

6. CARBONATES- characterize by the presence of carbonic


ions (CO32-)which bonds elements such as calcium or
magnesium to form calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite
(CaMg(CO3)2)
COMPOSITION OF MINERALS:

7. NATIVE METALS- consist of a single metal such as


copper (Cu) and Gold (Au)
04

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
OF MINERALS
Crystal Structure

Dependent on the chemical composition of the


mineral. Minerals that have similar chemical
composition often share the same crystal structure
and generally belong to the same crystal system.

There are six crystal systems used in grouping


minerals based on structure: triclinic, monoclinic,
orthorhombic, tetragonal, hexagonal, and isometric
structure.
PHYSICAL
04 PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
Physical
properties of
minerals
❑ Crystal formation and habit
❑ Cleavage and fracture
❑ Luster
❑ Color and streak
❑ Hardness
❑ Density.
CRYSTAL FORM AND HABIT

Since minerals have a definite


chemical composition, they
form a definite structure that
crystalizes into a specific
crystal form.
The outward appearance of
the mineral’s crystal form, on
the other hand, is its habit.
It can be described as granular, tabular, dendritic,
acicular, massive, reniform, drusy or encrusting.
CLEAVAGE & FRACTURE
The tendency of a mineral to break
along planes of weakness is known as
CLEAVAGE. It can be described both in
the number and direction of cleavage
planes and their quality (excellent,
good, poor, or absent).
Minerals with excellent cleavage will
break into smooth, flat, parallel
surfaces.
Cleavage surfaces are difficult to
identify in minerals with poor
cleavage,
While minerals that do
not have cleavage will
fracture either in an
irregular manner or as
a conchoidal fracture
(smooth, curved
surfaces).

FRACTURE is the tendency of a mineral to break


along curved surfaces without a definite shape.
LUSTER

The luster of a mineral describes the


appearance of light as it is reflected
off its surface.
A mineral may be described as
metallic, like that of a polished
metal, Alternatively, it may be
described as nonmetallic, which can
be vitreous (like glass), resinous (
like resin), pearlescent, silky, greasy,
earthy, and dull.
COLOR & STREAK

Streak is the color of a mineral in its


powdered form. It can be obtained
by rubbing the mineral on an
abrasive ceramic tile called a streak
plate.
HARDNESS
The hardness of a mineral is a
measurement of the strength of the
chemical bonds in its structure It
can be measured by scratching it
with another mineral or reference
materials with known hardness.
The Mohs scale of hardness is a
relative measure of hardness using
common materials and standard
minerals to represent a specific
hardness value.

The scale is named for its creator, the German geologist and
mineralogist Friedrich Mohs.
DENSITY

Specific gravity is a measure of the


density of a mineral. It is the weight
of a mineral relative to the weight
of an equal volume of water. Most
common minerals have a specific
gravity of 2.7, while gold (Au) has 19.
DENSITY Other properties with the
corresponding minerals that
exhibit these properties are as
follows:

• Magnetism ( magnetite)
• Taste (halite is salty)
• Effervescence or reaction to
acid (calcite and other
carbonates will react with weak
acid )
• Feel (talc is greasy)
Name at least 5 minerals important
to society
Generalization:

❑ What are the characteristics of a mineral?


❑ What are the components of a mineral?

❑ How does minerals differ from each other?

❑ Explain the different properties of minerals


Activity 1: PROPERTIES OF COMMON MINERALS
List down at least 5 product you
use at home containing mineral.
Identify the mineral contain,
composition, uses, and physical
properties.

Do this in your Notebook


NAME: ________________GRADE/SEC: __________ DATE:________

Physical properties of mineral

Mineral found

Composition

Common colors
characteristics
Product

Distinguish
Uses

Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture

Luster
Johnson’s Talc Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 White to
Greasy x 1 ML
baby powder, green
powder soapstone feels
Did you know that the soft, dull, dark gray-to-black,
common mineral graphite has the same chemical
composition as the brilliant, colorless, rare, and hardest
mineral diamond, both are composed purely of carbon,
However, diamonds crystallize at very high pressure and
temperature conditions, forming strong giant covalent
bonds under isometric system. On the other hand, graphite
forms at lower temperature and pressure under a
hexagonal system. This show how the internal structure of
a mineral can greatly affect its physical properties.

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