Chapter-1 Understanding Diversity

Key Notes:
Diversity: The presence of a wide range of features in any sphere is called diversity.
Or Diversity: The differences in race, religion, caste, etc. is known as diversity.
From nature, mankind inherits a variety of things. These include plants, trees, flowers, birds,
animals, religion, race, culture and color.
Social Groups: Each one of us is unique in our behavior, feelings and needs; we are brought up to
live together in groups. Such groups are called social groups.
(i) Human beings cannot fulfill all their needs on their own.
(ii) They depend on other social groups to fulfill these needs.
(iii) The various groups are family, community, nation and universe.
(iv) The immediate group in which we live is our family. A family comprises our parents, siblings and
close relatives.
(v) A group of different families living in a similar area or having common links is called a
community.
(vi) Many communities living together within the geographical region of a country is called a nation.
(vii) Different nations together form the world.
Can Friends be Different:
(i) Nothing stops people from different backgrounds from becoming friends.
(ii) Right to Education (RTE) has made provision for poor family children to study in
public schools.
(iii) This reduces diversity.
How Do we Explain Diversity:
(i) Main initially led a nomadic life.
(ii) In later stages, men began to cooperate and intermingled with each other.
(iii) It led to emergence of diversity.
Diversity and Interdependence:
1. Social Group Dynamics: Within social groups, individuals contribute their skills and
interests to share the workload, ensuring smooth functioning without disrupting the group's
harmony.
2. Family Roles: Families allocate different tasks to members based on their abilities, enabling
the family unit to operate efficiently as a cohesive entity.
3. Community Interdependence: In village communities, diverse members fulfill various roles,
such as farming, weaving, and construction, contributing to the community's self-sufficiency.
Additionally, communities rely on each other for goods and services, fostering
interdependence.
4. National Unity: Nations depend on their constituent states to collaborate while preserving
their distinct identities. India's diverse states contribute to its economic growth while
maintaining cultural diversity.
5. Global Interconnectedness: In the modern world, nations collaborate as part of a global
community, working towards common goals despite diverse interests. Interdependence among
nations fosters economic prosperity and cooperation on an international scale.
Ladakh : Ladakh is a cold desert in Jammu and Kashmir where sheep is domesticated and
Buddhism is the main region.
1. Geographical Features: Ladakh is located in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir and is
characterized by desert terrain. Despite being a desert, it receives minimal rainfall but
experiences long periods of snow cover due to its high altitude.
2. Water Source: The region relies on the melting snow for its water supply, highlighting the
importance of snowmelt in sustaining life in this arid environment.
3. Pashmina Wool: Ladakh is renowned for producing Pashmina wool, sourced from a special
type of sheep found in the region. Pashmina wool is highly valued worldwide for its softness
and quality.

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4. Agriculture: Despite the harsh conditions, agriculture is practiced in Ladakh during the
summer months, primarily along the banks of the Indus River. Crops like barley are cultivated
to sustain the local population.
5. Cultural Influence: The culture of Ladakh bears influence from neighboring Tibet, as
evidenced by the presence of Tibetan people and the incorporation of Tibetan elements into
local cuisine, such as noodle soup (thukpa) and roasted barley flour (ngampe).
6. Language and Sports: The main language spoken in Ladakh is Ladakhi, and ice hockey is a
popular sport in the region, reflecting both the cultural and recreational preferences of the
local population.
7. Tourism: Ladakh's scenic beauty attracts a significant number of tourists annually,
contributing to the region's economy and cultural exchange. The influx of visitors also
highlights the importance of preserving Ladakh's natural environment and cultural heritage.

Kerala: Kerala is South India is a multi-religious state and is famous for its spices and fish.
1. Geographical Location: Kerala is situated in the south-west part of India, bordered by the
Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, resulting in a hot and humid climate.
2. Tourism Attractions: Kerala is renowned for its backwaters, picturesque beaches, ayurvedic
tourism, and lush tropical greenery, attracting visitors from around the world.
3. Symbolism of Elephant: Elephants hold cultural significance in Kerala and are prominently
featured in the emblem of the Government of Kerala.
4. Slogan and Reputation: Known as "God's Own Country," Kerala is recognized as the
cleanest city and a top tourist destination in India, reflecting its natural beauty and hospitality.
5. Agricultural Products: Kerala's economy relies on the cultivation of cashews, coconut,
pepper, rice, coffee, tea, and rubber, contributing to its agricultural diversity.
6. Main Occupation and Food: Fishing is the primary occupation, and rice and fish form the
staple diet of the people. Vegetables and curd complement the meal.
7. Traditional Clothing: Traditional attire includes the mundum neriyathum (Saree) for women
and mundu with a shirt for men, reflecting the cultural heritage of the region.
8. Cultural Celebrations: Boat racing is a popular sport during Onam celebrations, showcasing
the vibrant cultural traditions and community spirit of Kerala.

Factors Influencing Diversity

1. Historical Migration: Throughout history, people have migrated to different places due to various
reasons such as food scarcity, natural disasters, and conflicts. These movements have led to the
mixing of cultures and traditions, contributing to diversity.

2. Means of Transportation: Earlier, limited transportation options like walking or animal transport
influenced settlement patterns. People settled in areas where conditions were favorable for their
livelihood, leading to diverse cultural landscapes as they adapted and integrated with local traditions.

3. Cultural Adaptation: Upon settling in new regions, people often assimilated aspects of the local
culture while also retaining elements of their own heritage. This exchange resulted in a fusion of
languages, cuisines, religions, and music, enriching the diversity of the area.

4. Geographical Influences: Geographic features like landforms and climate shape the way people
live and interact with their environment. Different regions have distinct requirements for survival,
leading to diverse lifestyles, clothing, and culinary practices. For instance, people in cold regions wear
woolen clothing for insulation, while those in humid areas prefer lighter cotton fabrics.

5. Climatic Conditions: Variations in climate, such as humidity and temperature, influence food
preferences and agricultural practices. For example, regions with humid climates tend to favor

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seafood due to proximity to water bodies, while areas with cold climates may rely on spicy foods for
warmth.

6. Local Resources: The availability of resources like water, arable land, and natural vegetation also
shapes cultural practices and economic activities. Communities adapt their lifestyles and dietary
habits based on the resources abundant in their surroundings, further contributing to diversity.

Benefits of Diversity:
1. Variety and Options: Diversity enriches our lives by providing a wide array of choices in food,
clothing, entertainment, and more. Without diversity, life would lack the excitement of experiencing
new things and exploring different cultures.

2. Cultural Exchange and Learning: Diversity exposes us to various cultures, traditions, and
lifestyles from around the world. Through interaction with diverse communities, we gain valuable
insights, broaden our perspectives, and develop a deeper understanding of humanity's rich tapestry.

3. Celebration of Differences: Diversity encourages us to celebrate the uniqueness of each culture

and religion. It fosters a sense of inclusivity and respect for individual differences, promoting
harmony and acceptance in society.

4. Learning Opportunities: Interacting with people from diverse backgrounds provides learning
opportunities and inspires innovation. We can adopt new practices, techniques, and ideas from
different cultures, enriching our own lives and communities.

5. Mutual Exchange of Knowledge: Diversity facilitates the exchange of knowledge and experiences
among individuals and nations. For example, while some countries may share their culinary traditions
with the world, others may contribute unique practices like yoga, leading to mutual enrichment and
collaboration.

6. Enhanced Creativity and Problem-Solving: Exposure to diverse perspectives stimulates

creativity and fosters innovation. By drawing upon a range of experiences and viewpoints, diverse
teams can tackle challenges more effectively and develop innovative solutions.

7. Global Connectivity and Solidarity: Embracing diversity promotes global connectivity and
fosters a sense of solidarity among people worldwide. It encourages cooperation, empathy, and
mutual respect, ultimately contributing to a more peaceful and interconnected world.

What does diversity add in our life:

1. Cultural Exchange: Diversity allows us to experience different cultures, traditions, and
languages through interactions with people who are different from us.
2. Expanded Perspective: Exposure to diversity broadens our worldview and encourages
empathy, understanding, and appreciation for the experiences and perspectives of others.
3. Creativity and Inspiration: Diversity stimulates creativity by offering a variety of ideas,
experiences, and perspectives that can inspire innovation and new ways of thinking.
4. Richness of Stories and Literature: Diversity enriches our lives by providing a plethora of
stories, adventures, and literature that reflect the diverse backgrounds, cultures, and
experiences of humanity.
5. Freedom of Expression: Diversity fosters an environment where individuals are encouraged
to express themselves freely, share their stories, and contribute to the collective narrative of
humanity.

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 Chapter-1 Understanding Diversity
6. Imagination and Exploration: Exposure to diversity fuels our imagination and encourages
us to explore new ideas, concepts, and possibilities, leading to personal growth and
development.

Diversity in India:
1. Diversity in Language: India boasts a multitude of languages spoken across its vast
landscape, showcasing the richness and diversity of its linguistic heritage.
2. Culinary Variety: Indian cuisine is characterized by its diverse range of flavors, ingredients,
and cooking techniques, reflecting the regional diversity and cultural influences present in the
country.
3. Festival Celebrations: India celebrates a plethora of festivals throughout the year, each with
its unique customs, traditions, and significance, contributing to the colorful tapestry of
cultural diversity.
4. Religious Pluralism: India is home to various religions, including Hinduism, Islam,
Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism, among others, fostering religious tolerance and
coexistence.
5. Cultural Practices: While there are diverse cultural practices across India, there are also
similarities in social customs, rituals, and traditions that bind the nation together despite its
diversity.
6. Unity in Diversity: Despite the myriad differences, there is a sense of unity in diversity that
prevails in India, where people from different backgrounds coexist harmoniously and
celebrate the richness of their diversity.
Unity in diversity:
1. Historical Unity: India's diverse population united during the freedom movement against
British colonial rule, showcasing the strength of unity in diversity. People from different
cultural, religious, and regional backgrounds collaborated in joint actions, endured
imprisonment, and opposed British rule collectively.
2. Strength in Diversity: The British attempted to exploit India's diversity to divide and rule,
but Indians demonstrated resilience and solidarity in their fight for independence, debunking
the notion that diversity weakened their unity.
3. Symbolism of Jallianwalla Bagh: The Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, where people of various
backgrounds were indiscriminately killed by British forces, serves as a poignant reminder of
the sacrifices made by Indians in their struggle for freedom.
4. Cultural Expression: The Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) used art and music,
such as the song mentioned, to honor the memory of those who lost their lives in tragic events
like the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, highlighting the unity of Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, and
people from all walks of life in the face of adversity.
5. Collective Grief and Solidarity: The song reflects the shared sorrow and collective
mourning of Indians for the lives lost during the freedom struggle, transcending religious and
cultural divides to unite in grief and remembrance.
6. India is a land where unity and diversity go hand in hand.
7. Indians joined hands against ‘Phirangi Sahebs’ to liberate the country.
8. Pt. Nehru in his book, ‘Discovery of India’, wrote that Indian unity is not something imposed
from outside by rather it is something deeper and within its folds.

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Questions Answer:

A. Fill in the blanks.

a) Samir Do’s family lived in Merrut.
b) Ladakh is a desert in the mountains in the eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir.
c) The caste system is an example of inequality.
d) Both Kerala and Ladakh regions were influenced by Chinese and Arab traders.
e) Ladakh is also called Little Tibet.

B. True/False
a) History and geography are often tied in the cultural life of a region. True
b) In Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Haryana, a British general opened fire on a large group of
unarmed people. False
c) The Discovery of India is written by Jawaharlal Nehru. True
d) Gandhiji coined the phrase, "unity in diversity" to describe the country. False

C. Very Short Question Ans. :

1. Where is onam celebrated?

Ans. Onam festival is celebrated in Kerala.

2. Who composed the national anthem?

Ans. India's national anthem was composed by Rabindranath Tagore.

3. What is cheenachatti?
Ans. Utensil used for frying is called the cheenachatti.

4. Write an example of Unity of Diversity among Indians.

Ans. All Indian celebrates national festivals with great zeal.

5. Write one point of difference between Ladakh and Kerala.

Ans. Kerala is famous for spices whereas Ladakh is famous for pashmina wool.

6. List the different religions that are practiced in Kerala.

Ans. People in Kerala practise different religions such as Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism
and Buddhism.

7. How was Indian flag used against the British by the people?
Ans. It was used as a symbol of protest against the British by people everywhere.

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8. Who was Ibn Battuta?
Ans. : Islamic traveler of 14th century.

9. How does historical and geographical factors influence the diversity of a region?
Ans. : The geography and history affect the occupation, crops, food habits and the clothes.

10. Where is Ladakh situated?

Ans. : Eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir.

11. Name the British General who was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Ans. : General Dyer.

12. The other name of 'dzos’ is ______.

Ans. : Yak- cows.

13. What do you mean by ‘Cheena-vala’?

Ans. : Fishing net.

14. What do you mean by natural hazards?

Ans. : Terrifying forces of nature.

15. What is the meaning of “Cheenachatti”?

Ans. : Frying pan.

16. Name the language in which the rich and old traditional songs and poems of Ladakh were
translated.
Ans. : Tibetan language.

17. What is the meaning of ‘Incredible India?

Ans. : Too extraordinary and improbable to be believed making incredible claims.

18. Who wrote the book ‘The Discovery of India’?

Ans. : Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

19. The name of the Tibetan national epic is the ______.

Ans. : Kesar Saga.

20. Which region produces Pashmina Wool.

Ans. : Ladakh.

21. Which are the two major languages spoken by the Indians?
Ans. : Hindi and English.

22. Who discovered the sea route to India?

Ans. : Vasco Da Gama, the Portuguese explorer discovered sea route India in the year 1498 A.D.

23. How many official languages are recognized by the Constitution of India?
Ans. : There are 22 official languages that are recognized by the Indian Constitution.

24. Who brought Christianity to India?

Ans. : St. Thomas, in nearly 2000 years ago.

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25. Name the tribal group who rear sheep and goat in Ladakh?''
Ans. : Changpas the tribals of Ladakh rear goat and sheep.

26. Who discovered the sea route to India?

Ans. The Portuguese discovered the sea route to India from Europe when Vasco da Gama landed
with his ship here.

27. When equality occurs?

Ans. Inequality comes about when a person does not have the resources and opportunitites that are
available to other persons.

28. Why people travelled from one part of the world to another?
Ans. People travelled from one part of the world to another in search of new lands, or new places to
settle in, or for people to trade with.

29. How did people travel in the past?

Ans. People travelled from one part of the world to another, in ships, on horses, on camels or on
foot.

30. What is cheena-vala?

Ans. The fishing nets used in Kerala look exactly like the Chinese fishing nets and are called
cheena-vala.

31. What is sung by both Muslims and Buddhists in Ladakh?

Ans. Local versions of the Tibetan national epic the Kesar Saga are performed and sung by both
Muslims and Buddhists.

32. Write few examples of Diversity in India.

Ans. We speak different languages, have various types of food, celebrate different festivals and
practise different religions.

33. Samir Do, the paper boy, think Samir Ek did not know Hindi. Why?
Ans. Samir Do, the paper boy, thought Samir Ek did not know Hindi because he looked like a
foreigner and so he could not know Hindi.

34. Why was Samir Do worried?

Ans. Samir Do was worried because his people were in Merrut and many people are being killed
there in the riots.

35. Who is credited with bringing Christianity to India?

Ans. The Apostle of Christ, St. Thomas is believed to have come here nearly 2000 years ago and he
is credited with bringing Christianity to India.

36. Who wrote a travelogue that describes the lives of Muslims?

Ans. Ibn Battuta, who travelled here a little less than seven hundred years ago, wrote a travelogue in
which he describes the lives of Muslims.

D. Short questions Answers:

1. Make a list of the food that you have eaten from different parts of India.
Ans. Curry-chawal, Gatte ki Khichdi, chhole-bhature, Rajasthani Kadi, Dal Bati Churma, Idli-
sambhar, Dosa, makke-ki-roti and Saraso ka saag, chicken, biriyani, etc.

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2. Make a list of the languages besides your mother tongue that you can speak at least one or two words
of.
Ans. My mother tongue is Hindi. Besides Hindi, I can also speak a few other languages such as
English, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, Bengali, Marathi and Maithili. But I am not as much fluent in these
languages as in Hindi.

3. While Kerala and Ladakh are quite different in terms of their geographical features, the history of
both regions has seen similar cultural influences. Why?
Ans. The history of both regions has seen similar cultural influences because both regions were
influenced by Chinese and Arab traders.

4. Make a list of the festivals that might have been celebrated by the two boys. Samir Ek: Samir Do:
Ans. The festivals celebrated by Samir Ek- Holi, Diwali, Durgapuja, Ram Navami, etc.
The festivals celebrated by Samir Do-=Id-ul-Fttr, Id-ul Zoha, Muharram, etc.

5. Define political inequality.

Ans.: Political inequality is where people are not given the voting rights, freedom of speech and
assembly, freedom to contest elections and so on.

6. What does diversity add to our lives?

Ans.: Diversity in art and literature, clothes, food, festivals, languages becomes the part and parcel of
our lives. Thus, it gives a new outlook to the people about the rich heritage of India.

7. What do you mean by inequality?

Ans.: Inequality means the unavailability of resources and opportunities for different people. The
caste system is an example of inequality. Inequality has various forms like economic inequality and
social inequality. Economic inequality comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets
and income. Social inequality refers to a lack of social equality, where individuals in a society do not
have equal social status, adequate provisions of healthcare facilities etc.

8. Define Diversity.
Ans.: Diversity means “variety” and “being different”. It is a product of different geography, culture
and history. Diversity is more than just tolerating the differences. It is respecting and understanding
the varying differences among individuals in society.

9. What is sung by both Muslims and Buddhists together in Ladakh?

Ans.: Local versions of the Tibetan national epic the Kesar Saga are performed and sung by both
Muslims and Buddhists.

10. What is the theme of the book the “Discovery of India”?

Ans.: The book gives a complete view of Indian history, philosophy and culture. Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru studied the history of India starting from the Indus civilization to Aryans invasion and then to
the British rule. The effect of these people on Indian culture and their incorporation to Indian society
was examined in the book.

11. What is a famine? Mention any two great famines of India?

Ans.: Famine is a phenomenon in which a large percentage of populations of a country are
undernourished. It is usually associated with crop failure. The two great famines that India
experienced were the first Bengal famine, 1770 and the second Bengal famine of 1943.

12. What is the significance of the colour and chakra of Indian National Flag?

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Ans.: The saffron colour indicates renunciation of disinterestedness(impartial). The white in the centre
marks the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to soil, to the plant life
here on which all other life depends. The Ashoka wheel in the centre is the wheel of law of dharma.

13. Why are Pashmina shawls expensive?

Ans.: Pashmina shawls are expensive shawls because the wool comes from mountain goats called
Changra and only a small portion of the goat hair can be used to make pure Pashmina. The
manufacturing of shawls requires great skill. The wool is famous for its softness, warmth lightness
and beautiful dyes.

14. Why Kerala is called as the 'land of coconuts'? What products are made out of coir in Kerala?
Ans.: The State Kerala derives its name from the Malayalam word 'Kera' meaning the coconut palm
and ‘Alam’ meaning the place. Coconut forms a part of their daily diet. Coir is an important eco-
friendly material and is obtained from the coconut husk. Kerala is considered to be the largest
producer of coir. Products such as flooring, mats, carpets, wall hangings and bags are made from coir
fiber.

15. Describe how does the Diversity in India still keep us together?
Ans.: India is a country of Diversity. We speak different languages, have various types of food,
celebrate different festivals, practise different religions. But actually, if you think about it, we do
many things that are similar except that we do them in different ways.

16. Discuss the trade relations of Ladakh with Tibet?

Ans.: Ladakh was considered as a good trade route as it had many passes through which caravans
travelled to Tibet. Caravans were used to carry goods to Tibet. Ladakh carried goods like textiles,
spices, raw silk and carpets.

17. What do you think living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to your life?
Ans. India is a country of diversities. We speak different languages, have various types of food,
celebrate different festivals, practise different religions. However, despite all this, we unite together as
Indians. We share the same national symbols, national virtues and feelings.

E. Long question Ans. s:

1. Name three ways in which Samir Ek and Samir Do were different? Did these differences prevent
them from becoming friends?
Ans. The three ways in which Samir Ek and Samir Do were different
Samir Ek Samir Do
1. Samir Ek is more familiar with English. 1. Samir Do speaks Hindi.
2. Samir Ek is a Hindu. 2. Samir Do is a Muslim.
3. Samir Ek goes to school. 3. Samir Do sells newspapers.
Despite these differences they are very close friends.

2. India's diversity has always been recognised as a source of its strength. How?
Ans. When the British ruled India, women and men from different cultural, religious and regional
backgrounds came together to oppose them. India's freedom movement had thousands of people of
different backgrounds in it. They worked together to decide joint actions, they went to jail together,
and they found different ways to oppose the British. Interestingly the British thought they could
divide Indians because they were so different, and then continue to rule them. But the people showed
how they could be different and yet be united in their battle against the British.

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3. Draw up a list of the different festivals celebrated in your locality. Which of these celebrations are
shared by members of different regional and religious communities?
Ans. List of the different festivals celebrated in our locality.
 Republic Day
 Independence Day
 Gandhi Jayanti
 Mahavir Jayanti
 Budha Purnima
 Christmas Day
 Dussehra.
 Diwali (Deepavali)
 Id-ul-Fttr
 Gurupurab
 Ganesh Chaturthi
 Krishna Janmashtmi
 Navratri
 Raksha Bandhan
 Onam
 Pongal
Festivals shared by members of different regional and religious communities are: Republic Day,
Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti.

4. Do you think the term "unity in diversity" is an appropriate term to describe India? What do you think
Nehru is trying to say about Indian unity in the sentence quoted above from his book The Discovery
of India?
Ans. India is a country of diversities. We speak different languages, have various types of food,
celebrate different festivals, practise different religions. But actually, if we think about it, we do many
things that are similar except that we do them in different ways. Hence, term "unity in diversity" is an
appropriate term to describe India.
Nehru has written in his book ''The Discovery of India", "It was something deeper and within its fold,
the widest tolerance of belief and custom was practised and every variety acknowledged and even
encouraged."
He means that when one look into it deeply, one finds that India is not only united, but its people also
know how to accept and respect other customs and beliefs.

5. Underline the line in the poem sung after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which according to you,
reflects India's essential unity.
Ans.

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6. List three different ways in which people in India do the following. One of the possible Ans. s has
been provided for you already.
Ans.

7. Describe how did caste system create an inequality in the society?

Ans.: According to caste system, society was divided into different groups depending upon the work
that people did and they were supposed to remain in those groups. This system was considered
irreversible. And because you were not supposed to change your profession, it was not considered
necessary for you to know anything more than what you needed in your profession. This created a
situation of inequality.

8. India's national anthem is another expression of the unity of India. In what way does the national
anthem describe this unity?
Ans.:
 Indian National anthem is surely an expression of national unity in the following ways:
 It inculcates a sense of nationalism and love for one's country.
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 Composed by Rabindranath Tagore, our national anthem reflects the diversity of the country
in terms of religions, languages, regions and how such a diversity forms our Motherland India.
 Though we have diversity but the geography and history binds us together.
 It is our national anthem where people from varied backgrounds, irrespective of caste, creed,
religion or sex stand up and sing in unison, paying respect and gratitude to the country.
 It captures the very essence of our country.

9. Write a short note on Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Ans.: On the afternoon of April 13, a crowd of at least 10,000 men, women, and children gathered in
the Jallianwala Bagh, which was nearly completely enclosed by walls and had only one exit. People
had gathered in a peaceful protest defying the orders on public meetings and some had come to the
city from the surrounding region to celebrate Baisakhi, a spring festival. The British Army officer
Dyer and his soldiers arrived and sealed off the exit. Without warning, the troops opened fire on the
crowd, reportedly shooting hundreds of rounds until they ran out of ammunition. The Bagh, enclosed
from all four sides with buildings, had only one main entrance that was blocked by Dyer's troops.
Other smaller gates were locked and people fleeing from the firing were shot. Many of them jumped
to their death in a well inside the garden. After they ceased firing, the troops immediately withdrew
from the place, leaving behind the dead and wounded.

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