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NE 353
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

MOSHARAT BELAL TAHIA

NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MIST)
COURSE CONTENT

 Stress analysis: statically indeterminate axially loaded member, axially loaded

member, thermal and centrifugal stresses; Stresses in thin, thick-walled cylinders
and spheres.
 Beams: Shear force and bending moment diagrams; Various types of stresses in
beams; Flexure formula; Deflection of beams: integration and area moment
methods;Torsion formula;Angle of twist; Modulus of rupture; Helical springs;
 Combined stresses: principal stress, Mohr’s Circle;
 Columns: Euler’s formula, intermediate column formulas, the Secant formula;
Flexure formula of curved beams. Introduction to experimental stress analysis
techniques; Strain energy; Failure theories.

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L1 RECAP

 Stress
 Types of Stress
 Strain
 Types of Strain

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 Shear Stress
 Single shear

 What is its shear stress?

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 Shear Stress
 Double shear

 What is its shear stress?

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 Bearing Stress
 Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate
bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress
caused by compressive forces.

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✓ What is the bearing stress formula, then?
 WHAT IS STRAIN?

 Strain is the ratio of change in length after application of stress.

∆𝐿
(a) 𝜀 =
𝐿0
−∆𝐿
(b) 𝜀 =
𝐿0

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 TYPES OF STRAINS
1. Longitudinal strain: A longitudinal strain is defined as the change in the
length to the original size of an object.

2. Volumetric strain: Volumetric strain is the ratio of change in volume to

the original volume of an object.

3. Shearing strain: The shear strain is the term used to describe the angle
tilt tangential/shear stress caused in the body. Shear strain is measured
as a modification in the angle between originally perpendicular lines.

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TYPES OF STRAINS

Deformation

Strain

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Stress
 STRESS VS STRAIN DIAGRAM

 Let’s consider a mild-steel specimen:

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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL

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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL

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 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Point A:
Hooke’s Law:
Hooke’s law states that the strain of
the material is proportional to the
applied stress within the elastic
limit of that material.
When the elastic materials are
stretched, the atoms and molecules
deform until stress is applied, and
when the stress is removed, they
return to their initial state.
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
E is known as Young’s Modulus 13

(modulus of elasticity)
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Point B:
• As the stress increases beyond
point A, the mild steel enters
the elastic limit, represented by
point B.
• The elastic limit is the maximum
stress the material can withstand
while still returning to its original
shape when the stress is removed.
• If the stress exceeds this limit, the
material begins to undergo
permanent deformation. This stage
indicates when the material shifts
from elastic to plastic behavior. 14
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Points C and D:
• Beyond the elastic limit, mild steel
enters a plastic deformation region.
The yield point marks the onset of
permanent deformation, where the
material starts to stretch without
returning to its original form.
• The upper yield point (point C)
is the point at which the material
requires the maximum stress to
begin plastic deformation. Once
this stress is exceeded, the material
will continue to deform at a
reduced stress level. 15
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Points C and D:
• Beyond the elastic limit, mild steel
enters a plastic deformation region.
The yield point marks the onset of
permanent deformation, where the
material starts to stretch without
returning to its original form.
• The lower yield point (point D)
is the minimum stress required for
continued deformation. After the
upper yield point is surpassed, the
material starts to deform more
easily, even with lower stress.
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 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Point E:
• As stress increases further, the
material enters the strain-hardening
phase, which is represented by
point E on the curve.
• This point is known as ultimate
stress or ultimate tensile strength
(UTS).
• At this stage, the material is
undergoing plastic deformation, but
the stress required to cause further
deformation continues to increase,
reaching its peak at the ultimate
stress point. 17
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL

The ultimate stress is the maximum

stress the material can withstand
before the beginning of necking.
Beyond this point, the material begins
to experience a reduction in cross-
sectional area, which leads to
the necking stage.

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 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Point F:
• After the ultimate stress point, the
material undergoes necking, where the
cross-sectional area begins to narrow.
• This narrow reduction in cross-
sectional area occurs because the
material has become weaker at certain
points, often due to microscopic flaws
or stress concentration.
• Eventually, the necked region reaches
the breaking point (point F), where
the material breaks. This is the final
stage in the stress-strain curve,
marking the failure of the material
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under stress.
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR MILD STEEL
 Point F:
• The breaking point is important in
understanding the limits of a
material’s performance in real-world
applications.
• For example, mild steel used in
structural beams must be carefully
designed to prevent failure due to
necking and fracture. Engineers must
ensure that the material stays within
its elastic limit or operates safely
below the ultimate stress.

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 MODULUS

 Modulus of Elasticity: We can define the modulus of elasticity as the

ratio of normal stress to longitudinal strain.
∆𝜎
𝐸=
∆𝜀
 Modulus of Resilience: Ability of materials to absorb energy up to the
point of proportional limit. This energy is represented by the area under
the curve up to the proportional limit.
MOR = ½ 𝜎𝑝 𝜀𝑝

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 MODULUS
 Modulus of Toughness: Ability of material to absorb energy up to the
point of failure. (Total area under the stress-strain curve)
 A material is said to be ductile if the percentage of elongation is more
than 5% and a material is said to be brittle if the percentage of
elongation is less than 5%

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 MODULUS

 Modulus of Toughness: Ability of material to absorb energy up to the

point of failure. (Total area under the stress-strain curve)

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FACTOR OF SAFETY

 Allowable Stress/ Working Stress/ Design Stress, 𝜎𝑎 :

It is the maximum stress that is allowed to apply safely on a
material/component.

 Factor of Safety:
It is the ratio of ultimate or yield strength to the allowable stress.
𝜎𝑢𝑡
𝑁= ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙;
𝜎𝑎
𝜎𝑦
𝑁= ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙.
𝜎𝑎

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 ELASTIC VS PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation
Temporary deformation where the Permanent deformation where the
material returns to its original shape once material does not return to its original
the stress is removed. shape after the stress is removed.
It occurs in the elastic region of the It occurs in the plastic region of the
stress-strain curve. stress-strain curve.
Stress and strain are no longer
Stress is proportional to strain, following
proportional; the material deforms
Hooke’s Law.
plastically.

The material recovers its original shape The material does not recover its original
once the load is removed. shape after the load is removed.

Example: Stretching a rubber band within Example: Bending a metal bar beyond its 25
its limit. elastic limit.
END OF INTRODUCTON

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