PCI-162 AKTU-1137

A Report File on

“HOSPITAL TRAINING - II”

In Partial Fulfillment for the award of the

Degree of

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
Submitted by:

Utkarsh Ojha
(2111370500102)
Under the Guidance
Of

Mr. Shahanuwaz Ahmad

Assistant Professor

Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,

Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
SESSION 2024-25
 Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur (1137)
Approved by PCI New Delhi & Affiliated to AKTU and BTEUP, Lucknow

CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that Utkarsh Ojha S/o Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ojha (2111370500102) has carried out the report
on “Report on Hospital Training - II” under the supervision of Mr. Shahanuwaz Ahmad, Assistant
Professor, Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur. The report embodies result of original work and studies are
carried out by the student himself and the content of report do not form the basis for the award of any other
degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Mr. Shahanuwaz Ahamd Dr. Esha Yadav

Assistant Professor Head, Pharmacy Department
Axis Institute of Pharmacy Axis Institute of Pharmacy
 Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur (1137)
Approved by PCI New Delhi & Affiliated to AKTU and BTEUP, Lucknow

CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that Utkarsh Ojha S/o Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ojha (2111370500102) has prepared and
submitted a “Report on Hospital Training - II” report under the Supervision of Mr. Shahanuwaz Ahmad,
Assistant Professor, Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur.

………………………………. …………………………...

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

 Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur (1137)
Approved by PCI New Delhi & Affiliated to AKTU and BTEUP, Lucknow

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Utkarsh Ojha S/o Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ojha (2111370500102) is studying in B.
Pharm. Final Year during Session 2024-25. He has submitted his “Report on Hospital Training - II” for
the partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree in Pharmacy in Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur.

Utkarsh Ojha
B. Pharm Final Year
(2111370500102)
Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur (1137)
Approved by PCI New Delhi & Affiliated to AKTU and BTEUP, Lucknow

HOSPITAL TRAINING CERTIFICATE

Axis Institute of
Pharmacy
 Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur (1137)
Approved by PCI New Delhi & Affiliated to AKTU and BTEUP, Lucknow

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Success is the delightful and rewarding outcome of vision, inspiration, guidance, and diligent
execution. A mere acknowledgment, no matter how well-phrased, may fall short in expressing the
immense support I’ve received through the valuable guidance and encouragement from numerous
individuals throughout the course of my work.

As I commence this report, I would like to humbly acknowledge my profound gratitude to my

apprentice’s master Mr. Aditya Singh, (Hospital Training Manager), Mr. Maan Singh (Training
Supervisor), Community Health Centre, Pahari, Chitrakoot. If this work has any credit it’s due to
the over enthusiastic, Endeavour from them and honestly it’s just beyond my capabilities to express
my heartful thanks and regards to them or the great intent they have shown, with their kind of
guidance, able supervision, constant encouragement as well as omnipresence in every aspect of report
work.

I would be very much likely to acknowledge my guide Mr. Shahanuwaz Ahmad, Assistant
Professor, Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur who gave all his possible efforts to help us during
this training and in completing this report work.

I am greatly obliged to our Director Dr. Abdullah Khan & Head Dr. Esha Yadav, Axis Institute of
Pharmacy, Kanpur for their guidance and kind help for the completion of this report work.

I am very much thankful to the teaching and non-teaching staff of my institution for their precious
suggestions and supports towards me.

My acknowledgement would be incomplete if I don’t offer my sincere to the Almighty God and
to my beloved parents and other family members for sharing my dream for support in my life.

Utkarsh Ojha
(2111370500102)
B. Pharm Final Year
 Axis Institute of Pharmacy, Kanpur (1137)
Approved by PCI New Delhi & Affiliated to AKTU and BTEUP, Lucknow

TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

About us Hospital 1-2

1 First Aid 3-9

2 Different Routes of Injection 10-12

3 Study of Patient Observation Chart 13-14

4 Prescription 15-17

5 Dispensing 18-19

6 Simple Diagnostic Report 20-22

7 Pathological Report 23

8 Hospital Waste Management 24

9 Conclusion 25

Axis Institute of
Pharmacy
 Community Health Centre
Pahari,Chitrakoot

Community health centers are care facilities with the goal of increasing access to crucial primary and
preventative care services. CHCs primarily serve patients from lower income areas who may be
uninsured or underinsured, lack access to transportation, or face language barriers.
Our mission is to deliver high-quality, patient- Centered care in a compassionate environment. We
prioritize the well-being of our patients and their families, ensuring they receive the best possible
treatment and support throughout their healthcare journey.

Fig No.1 CHC Pahari, Chitrakoot

CHC Hospital, is strategically located to serve as a primary healthcare hub for the local population.
Established to deliver healthcare services at the community level, the hospital is equipped with modern
infrastructure and medical facilities.

 The hospitals attached to the District Hospital are called C.H.C and Associated Hospitals.
 The hospital campus is spread over a large area. The main C.H.C hospital was known as “Pahadi
Hospital” in the past.
 It is centre for all types of medical facilities.

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Different Department in Hospital:

There are number of parts in a hospital. This large number of departments is responsible for treating the
patients of their diseases.

The various departments of hospitals covered in the hospital training are:

1- OPD
2- General Wards
3- Emergency Wards
4- Operation Theatre
5- Surgical wards
6- ICU Department (Intensive Care Unit)
7- NICU (Nursery Intensive Care Unit)
8- Injection Room
9- Pathology Laboratory
10- Pharmacy
11- Diagnostic centre

Fig No.2 Front View Of Hospital

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1. First Aid
First aid is the immediate care provided to someone experiencing sudden illness or injury. The main
goals of first aid are to help the person recover, prevent the condition from worsening, and ultimately
save lives. First aid can range from simple measures, like applying a bandage to a small cut, to urgent
actions, such as performing CPR while waiting for professional medical assistance.

Typically administered by laypeople, first aid includes both basic training and learned techniques that
enable many to respond effectively in emergencies. An extension of first aid, mental health first aid,
focuses on supporting individuals with mental health crises or concerns.

Fig No.3 First Aid Kit

First Aid Kit:

A first aid kit is a sturdy container, often a durable bag or a clear plastic box, typically marked with a
white cross on a green background. Kits can be purchased pre-assembled or put together manually.
Ready-made kits are beneficial as they usually come with organized compartments and a familiar layout
for easy access to supplies.

Aim:
The key aims of first aid can be summarised in three key points, sometimes known as the three P's-
1. Preserve life:
The primary goal of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives and reduce the risk of death.
2. Prevent further harm:
Another key aim, often described as preventing the condition from worsening or reducing the risk of
further injury, involves managing both external and internal factors. This can mean moving a patient
away from potential harm or applying first aid techniques—like applying pressure to control bleeding
—to stop the condition from becoming more severe.

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3. Promote recovery:
First aid also aims to initiate the recovery process from an illness or injury. In some cases, it may even
complete the treatment, such as applying a bandage or plaster to a minor wound.

First aid services:

Some individuals receive specialized training to provide first aid at public or private gatherings, during
events, filming, or other situations where people congregate. They may be officially designated as a
"first aider" or hold a similar title. This role can be performed voluntarily through organizations like the
Red Cross or St. John Ambulance or as paid work with a medical service contractor.

11.1. Condition That Often Require First Aid:

 Altitude sickness- In susceptible individuals, high-altitude sickness can begin at elevations as low as
5,000 feet and may lead to potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.
 Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening condition where the airway can become constricted,
and the patient may go into shock. It is caused by a severe allergic reaction to allergens like insect
stings or peanuts. The initial treatment involves administering an injection of epinephrine.
 Bone fracture: A fracture, or break in a bone, is initially treated by stabilizing the affected area
using a splint.
 Burns- Which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.
 Cardiac Arrest-A sudden cardiac arrest will lead to death unless CPR, preferably combined with an
AED, is administered within minutes. There is often not enough time to wait for emergency services
to arrive, as 92% of people experiencing a sudden cardiac arrest die before reaching the hospital,
according to the American Heart Association.
 Choking- Blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack of oxygen if the
patient's trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich Maneuver.
 Cramps- Muscle cramps can occur due to the buildup of lactic acid, which is caused by either
inadequate oxygen supply to the muscles or a lack of water or salt.
 Other conditions include diving disorders, drowning, or asphyxiation. Dysmenorrhea (painful
menstruation) and testicular torsion are also associated with significant pain or discomfort.
 Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
 Heat stroke,. Sunstroke, also known as hyperthermia, typically occurs during intense exercise in
high humidity or with insufficient water intake, though it may also occur spontaneously in
individuals with chronic illnesses. When a person is unconscious from sunstroke, it can cause severe
damage to vital organs such as the brain, kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. If unconsciousness
lasts for more than two hours, it can lead to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves
quickly cooling the patient to prevent further damage.
 Poisoning Which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.
 Seizures A seizure is a malfunction in the brain's electrical activity. There are three main types of
seizures:

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1. Grand mal seizures (also known as tonic-clonic seizures), which typically involve convulsions,
temporary respiratory issues, changes in skin color, and other symptoms.
2. Partial seizures, which often cause twitching, rapid blinking, or fidgeting, along with altered
consciousness and temporary respiratory irregularities.
Muscle strains and Sprains, A temporary dislocation of a joint that immediately reduces automatically
but may result in ligament damage.
Stroke, A temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. Shock and electric shock- electrical injury.
Toothache Dental injuries, such as a tooth fracture or infection, can lead to severe pain and potential tooth
loss but are rarely life-threatening. However, if the infection spreads into the jawbone over time, it can
cause osteomyelitis. Wounds and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions, and abrasions, may also
occur in various types of injuries and require prompt attention to prevent further complications.

Fig No.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

11.2. Wound Dressing:-

Wound dressings are used to clean, cover, and protect wounds from the external environment. A good
wound dressing must create a moist environment, absorb excess exudate, prevent maceration, protect the
wound from infection, and allow for proper gas exchange. Some dressings also function as drug delivery
systems. Wound dressings can be classified into traditional and modern types, and are available in forms
like thin films and gels. These include hydrocolloid dressings, alginate dressings, and non-alginate
dressings.
A wound dressing is a sterile compress designed to act as a barrier, protecting injured epidermal tissues from
external factors while promoting the healing process. The dressing directly contacts the wound, and a
bandage is typically used to secure it in place. Dressing is a vital component of wound management,
playing a crucial role in both protecting the wound and supporting the healing process.

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Fig No.5 Wound Dressing

11.3. Artificial Respiration:-

Artificial respiration is the process of delivering air into the lungs of a person who has a pulse but whose
breathing has stopped. It can be performed without equipment, making it an ideal emergency first aid
procedure. Ideally, artificial respiration should be administered using a pocket face mask or a bag-valve
mask. If emergency resuscitation equipment is unavailable, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation can be
performed as an alternative.

Key Considerations:

 Timing is Crucial: Prompt action is vital, as brain cells begin to die without oxygen within a few
minutes.
 Avoiding Overinflation: Giving too much air can cause damage to the lungs, so it’s important to
deliver breaths slowly and steadily.
 Safety: Always ensure the airway is clear of obstructions before attempting artificial respiration.

Artificial respiration is a fundamental skill in first aid and can significantly increase a person's chance of
survival if performed quickly and correctly.

11.3.1. Schaffer's Method

Fig No.6 Schaffer’s Method

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Schaffer's Method of Artificial Respiration:

 Outdated Technique: Schaffer's method is an older form of artificial respiration that is no longer
widely used today.
 Patient Positioning: The patient is positioned face down (prone position).
 Arm Positioning: The patient’s arms are bent at the elbows and placed near the lower part of the
chest.
 Head Positioning: The head is kept turned to one side, allowing the patient to breathe through both
the mouth and nose.
 Therapist's Action: The therapist kneels beside the patient and applies pressure on the patient's
lower back (loins) using their body weight.
 Exhalation: The pressure applied to the abdomen pushes up the diaphragm, forcing air out of the
lungs, which is known as exhalation or expiration.
 Pressure Release: After exhalation, the therapist releases the pressure and returns to the starting
position.
 Inhalation: When the pressure is released, the diaphragm moves downward, allowing air to flow
back into the lungs, a process known as inhalation or inspiration.
 Repetition: The sequence of exhalation and inhalation is repeated about 12 times per minute or in
accordance with the patient’s normal respiratory rate.
 Breathing Cycle: In Schaffer's method, exhalation lasts for approximately three seconds, while
inhalation lasts about two seconds.

11.3.2. Holger Nielsen Method

Fig No.7 Holger Nielsen Method

Holger-Nielson's Method of Artificial Respiration:

 Alternative Name: This method is also known as the arm lift back pressure method. In this
technique, the patient is positioned on their stomach, facing downward.
 Positioning the Head and Therapist's Action: The patient's head rests on their hands. The therapist
places their hands on both sides of the patient’s back, spreading their fingers apart. The therapist then
applies pressure to the back.
 Exhalation and Inhalation: The applied pressure helps in the exhalation process. For inhalation, the
patient's arms are moved forward.
 Repetition: The cycle of applying pressure for exhalation and moving the arms forward for
inhalation is repeated about 10 to 12 times per minute.

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11.3.3. Mouth to Mouth Respiration Method

Fig No.8 Mouth to Mouth Respiration Method

 Effective Technique: Mouth-to-mouth respiration is considered one of the most effective methods
of artificial respiration.

 Positioning the Therapist: The therapist kneels near the patient's head to provide the necessary
assistance.

 Neck Extension: A pillow is placed under the patient's shoulders to help extend the neck, which
opens the airway.

 Closing the Nostrils: The therapist uses their left hand to pinch the patient’s nostrils closed, ensuring
air flows into the lungs through the mouth.

 Air Delivery: The therapist places a handkerchief over the patient's mouth and blows air into the
patient’s lungs, initiating inhalation and inflating the thorax and lungs.

 Exhalation: When the therapist removes their mouth from the patient's mouth, exhalation occurs as
the lungs release air.

Devices Used for Artificial Respiration

Artificial breathing devices are essential for supporting artificial respiration. Various devices are designed to
address specific respiratory disorders. Below is a list of devices commonly used for artificial breathing.:
 CPR devices
 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
 CPR pocket mask
 Nebulizers
 Chest compression system
 Oxygen delivery devices

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Fig No.9 Devices used for Artificial Respiration

11.4. Insufflations:-

Insufflation involves the introduction of a substance, such as air, gas, or powder, into a body cavity or onto a
surface. Its purpose and application vary depending on the context.:
 Medical Insufflation:. In medicine, insufflation refers to the introduction of gas, such as carbon
dioxide or air, into a body cavity to expand it. This technique is commonly used in procedures like
laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgery, to provide better visibility of internal organs.
Additionally, insufflation can describe the delivery of powdered medications, such as through nasal
insufflation of drugs.
 Nasal Insufflation: The act of inhaling powdered drugs, often illicit substances, through the nose.
 Scientific/Industrial Insufflation:. The process of introducing air or gas into a space or system is
commonly applied in areas like ventilation systems or specific laboratory techniques.

Fig No.10 Insufflation tubes

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2.Different Routes of Injection

Injection typically involves delivering a substance into the body, commonly using a syringe and needle.
This method is widely used in medicine for administering medications, vaccines, or other therapeutic
agents. Beyond healthcare, the term "injection" also applies to fields like computer science, where it
describes the insertion of code or data into a program in unintended ways. However, this discussion will
focus on the medical context, examining various types of injections, their uses, and the reasoning behind
each approach.

Fig No.11 Routes of Injection

Types of Injections
 Intravenous (IV)
 Intramuscular (IM)
 Subcutaneous (SC)
 Intradermal (ID)
 Intrathecal
 Intraosseous
 Epidural
 Intra-articular
 Intraperitoneal

1.1. Intravenous (IV) Injection:

Intravenous (IV) Injection is the administration of fluids, medications, or nutrients
directly into a vein using a needle or catheter. This method allows for rapid absorption
into the bloodstream, providing quick therapeutic effects
Advantages
 Quick action, as the medication is delivered directly into the bloodstream.
 Accurate control of the dosage administered.

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Disadvantages
 Increased risk of infection because of direct access to the bloodstream.
 Possibility of vein irritation or damage.
1.2. Intramuscular (IM) Injection:
Intramuscular (IM) Injection is the process of delivering medication or fluids directly into a muscle using a
needle. This method allows for faster absorption into the bloodstream compared to subcutaneous
injections, as muscles have a better blood supply.
Advantages
 Enables faster absorption compared to subcutaneous injections.
 Appropriate for delivering larger volumes of medication.
Disadvantages
 May cause discomfort due to the needle reaching the muscle.
 There is a potential for nerve or blood vessel damage if not done accurately.
1.3. Sub-cutaneous (SC) Injection:
Subcutaneous (SC) Injection is the administration of medication or fluids into the layer of fat and tissue just
under the skin, using a needle. This method allows for slower absorption into the bloodstream compared
to intramuscular injections
Advantages
 Provides a gradual, prolonged release of medication.
 Simpler and less painful to administer, making it suitable for self-injection.
Disadvantages
 Only suitable for administering smaller volumes of medication.
 Possibility of localized irritation or swelling at the injection site.

1.4. Intradermal (ID) Injection:

Intradermal (ID) Injection is the administration of medication or fluids into the skin, just beneath the
epidermis, using a small needle. This method is typically used for allergy testing, tuberculosis (TB)
testing, and certain vaccinations.
Advantages
 Enables accurate delivery of small doses of medication.
 Perfect for diagnostic procedures like allergy testing and tuberculosis screening.
Disadvantages
 Only suitable for very small amounts of medication.
 Requires careful technique, as precise administration is crucial to prevent complications.

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1.5. Intra-arterial Injection:

Advantages
 Administers medication directly to specific organs or tissues, offering targeted therapy.
 Enables fast-acting results, which is especially beneficial in medical emergencies or cancer treatments.
Disadvantages
 Carries a high risk of complications, including arterial damage or blood clot formation.
 Demands specialized skills and equipment, making safe administration difficult.

1.6. Intra-thecal Injection:

Intrathecal Injection is the delivery of medication directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the
spinal cord, using a needle. This method allows the medication to bypass the blood-brain barrier and act
directly on the central nervous system.
Advantages
 Delivers medication directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, allowing it to reach the brain and spinal
cord effectively.
 Requires a lower dose of medication for the desired effect, reducing potential systemic side effects.
Disadvantages
 Invasive procedure with a risk of complications, such as infection or spinal headaches.
 Requires skilled personnel and strict sterile techniques for safe administration.

1.7. Intraosseous Injection:

Intraosseous (IO) Injection is the process of injecting medication or fluids directly into the bone marrow,
typically in the tibia or femur. This method is used in emergency situations when intravenous access is
difficult or impossible to obtain.
Advantages
 Offers quick access to the vascular system via the bone marrow, particularly valuable in
emergencies when IV access is challenging.
 Facilitates fast absorption of medications or fluids, akin to intravenous administration.
Disadvantages
 May cause pain and discomfort at the injection site.
 Carries risks of complications, including bone fractures, infections, or damage to nearby tissues.

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2. Study of Patient Observation Chart

The patient observation chart, often called a vital signs chart or observation record, is an important tool in
healthcare environments used to track a patient's condition over time. It enables healthcare professionals
to observe changes in the patient's health, ensuring timely responses and quality care.

The patient observation chart is crucial for several reasons:

1. Monitoring Patient Health: It provides a systematic way to track vital signs and other clinical data,
helping healthcare providers detect any changes in the patient's condition.
2. Timely Interventions: By documenting health trends, the chart allows for early identification of
potential problems, enabling quick responses and appropriate treatments.
3. Ensuring Continuity of Care: The chart serves as a record that can be accessed by different
healthcare professionals, ensuring that all members of the care team are informed of the patient’s
current status and previous interventions.
4. Improving Patient Outcomes: Consistent observation and accurate documentation help in
providing better, more informed care, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
5. Legal and Ethical Recordkeeping: The chart serves as an important legal document, offering
evidence of the care provided and protecting both the patient and healthcare providers.
6. Facilitating Communication: It enhances communication among medical teams, ensuring everyone
involved in the patient's care has access to the most up-to-date information.

Key Component:

 Vital Signs Monitoring: Tracking essential health indicators such as heart rate, blood pressure,
temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. These provide a snapshot of the patient's overall
condition and help identify potential issues early.

 Trends and Patterns: Observing changes over time in the recorded data. Identifying trends can help
healthcare providers detect deterioration or improvement in the patient's condition, which informs
clinical decisions.

 Frequency of Observations: Understanding how often vital signs are recorded. Frequent monitoring
may be necessary in critically ill patients, while less frequent updates might be suitable for stable
patients.

 Patient Demographics: Ensuring accurate patient identification on the chart (such as name, age, and
medical history) is critical for proper care and avoiding mistakes.

 Clinical Notes: Reviewing any additional notes made by healthcare providers regarding the patient's
condition, treatments, medications, or interventions. These provide context for the recorded vital
signs.

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Fig No.12 Patient Observation Chart

Importance of Patient Observation Charts:

1. Early Detection of Deterioration

Observing trends in a patient’s vital signs or symptoms helps in recognizing deterioration early, enabling
timely interventions.
2. Effective Communication
Observation charts provide a standardized format for documenting patient information, which enhances
communication among healthcare providers.
3. Informed Decision-Making
Detailed, continuous records allow clinicians to make evidence-based decisions, improving care
outcomes and ensuring that patients receive appropriate interventions.
4. Legal Documentation
Patient observation charts are part of the medical record and may serve as legal documentation of care
provided, showing adherence to standards and protocols.
5. Supporting Recovery and Discharge Planning
Regularly monitored charts allow for accurate assessment of a patient’s recovery progress, aiding in safe
and timely discharge planning.

By effectively using patient observation charts, healthcare providers can deliver safer, higher- quality care,
optimizing patient outcomes.

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3. Prescription
Prescriptions are essential in healthcare, acting as the main communication channel between healthcare
providers and patients. A prescription is a written or electronic directive from a licensed healthcare
professional to a pharmacist, instructing the dispensing of a particular medication or treatment for a
patient. This report explores the importance of prescriptions, their content, key components, correct
handling, and common errors, offering a comprehensive overview of hospital training on the subject.

4.1 : Why are Prescriptions needed?

Prescriptions fulfill several vital roles in healthcare. They establish a legal foundation for the dispensing
of medications, promoting patient safety and ensuring clear communication between healthcare
providers and pharmacists. Moreover, prescriptions play a key role in documenting patient care,
supporting the continuity of treatment, and serving as an integral part of medical records.

4.2 : Contents of a Prescription:

A prescription generally contains vital details to ensure the correct dispensing of medication. The key
components include:
 Patient Information: Includes the patient's name, age, weight, and relevant medical history.
 Prescriber Information: The prescribing healthcare professional's name, credentials, contact
information, and signature.
 Date of Prescription: Essential for tracking when the medication was prescribed.
 Medication Details: Information on the medication's name, strength, dosage form, and specific
usage instructions.
 Quantity: The prescribed amount of medication.
 Dispensing Instructions: Guidelines on how the medication should be prepared and taken.
 Refill Information: If applicable, details regarding the number of refills allowed.
 Special Instructions or Warnings: Any additional precautions or specific
instructions for the patient’s safety.
4.3 : Parts of a Prescription:
A prescription is divided into several key parts, each serving a distinct purpose. Here’s an overview of
the main components, including terms like "superscription" and "Rx":

1. Superscription:
This is the heading of the prescription, typically containing the word "Rx" (which stands for "recipe,"
meaning "take" in Latin). It signals that the document is a prescription and indicates that the
healthcare provider is prescribing a medication.
2. Inscription:
This part contains the name of the medication, its strength, and dosage form (such as tablet, liquid, or
injection). It describes what the patient will be taking.
3. Subscription:
This section provides instructions to the pharmacist on how to prepare or dispense the medication. It
may include the dosage form (e.g., tablet, suspension), quantity, or any special preparation
requirements

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4. Signatura (Sig.):
This part provides the directions for the patient on how to take the medication, including the dosage,
frequency, and route of administration (e.g., orally, intravenously). It is often abbreviated as "Sig."
5. Transcription:
This section includes additional instructions or information such as the number of refills permitted, and
sometimes the duration of the medication.
6. Provider’sInformation:
This part includes the prescriber's name, medical qualifications, signature, and contact details to
confirm their authority to prescribe the medication.
7. Date:
The date on which the prescription is written, essential for tracking the timeline of treatment.

These parts together ensure that a prescription is clear, complete, and legally valid, helping both the
patient and pharmacist follow the prescribed treatment plan.

4.4 : Handling of Prescriptions:

Proper handling of prescriptions is critical to ensure patient safety and adherence to legal and ethical
standards. It involves a series of steps:
 Collection of Patient Information: Accurate patient data is essential for the prescription
process.
 Diagnosis and Prescription Decision: The healthcare provider assesses the patient's condition and
determines an appropriate treatment plan.
 Documentation: All details, including the medication name, dosage, and instructions, are
meticulously documented.
 Communication with the Patient: The prescriber should communicate effectively with the patient,
explaining the prescription, potential side effects, and proper usage.
 Transmission to the Pharmacy: The prescription is sent to the pharmacy via electronic
means or a physical

document .

Fig No.13 Prescription Reading

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4.6. Variance in Prescription Wording:

 Stay Objective: Report findings based on facts, avoiding assumptions or personal
interpretations.
 Use Clear, Straightforward Language: Avoid complex terminology and ensure sentences are
simple and to the point.
 Maintain Logical Organization: Structure the content in a clear order, starting with
background information, followed by findings, and concluding with recommendations.
 Summarize Main Points: Emphasize key results in a summary for easy comprehension.

Fig No.14 Prescription

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4. Dispensing

Dispensing is the process of preparing and providing medication or other healthcare products to patients,
usually by a licensed pharmacist or healthcare provider. This procedure includes several important steps
to ensure that the patient gets the correct medication, in the right dosage, along with clear instructions for
proper use.
Key Aspects of Dispensing:
 Medication Preparation: This involves counting tablets, measuring liquids, or preparing
compounded medications according to the prescription's specifications.
 Verification: The pharmacist checks the prescription for accuracy, ensuring correct dosages,
reviewing potential drug interactions, and confirming there are no allergies.
 Labeling: The medication is labeled with key details, such as the patient’s name, dosage
instructions, expiration date, and any special storage instructions.
 Patient Counseling: Pharmacists provide advice on how to take the medication, discuss possible
side effects, and outline any precautions the patient should follow.
 Record Keeping: Accurate records of dispensed medications are maintained to track patient
treatment and comply with legal and regulatory standards.
 Refills and Renewals: Managing prescription refills and working with healthcare providers to
arrange medication renewals are also part of the dispensing process.
Importance of Dispensing:
Dispensing is a vital aspect of medication management, ensuring that patients receive safe and effective
treatments. It plays a key role in enhancing patient adherence to prescribed therapies, minimizing the
risk of medication errors, and contributing to improved overall healthcare outcomes.

Fig No.15 Dispensing Drug

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In pharmacy, the "5P" refers to five essential principles that ensure the safe and effective delivery
of medication. These are:
1. Patient – Ensuring the right medication is given to the correct patient, taking into account their
specific needs, medical history, and condition.
2. Product – Confirming that the correct medication is dispensed, with the right formulation, strength,
and dosage.
3. Purpose – Understanding and clearly communicating the medication's purpose, ensuring both the
healthcare provider and patient are aware of its intended use.
4. Posology – Ensuring the correct dosage, frequency, and administration instructions are followed to
ensure proper therapeutic effect.
5. Packaging – Properly labeling and packaging the medication, making sure it is secure and clearly
marked with instructions, warnings, and patient details.
These principles are crucial in reducing medication errors and ensuring safe and effective medication
dispensing.

5.1. Correct Drug Dispensing:

Proper drug dispensing is a vital process to ensure that patients receive the correct medication in the
right dose, at the appropriate time, and with clear instructions. The key steps involved in accurate drug
dispensing include:
1. Patient Identification: Confirm the patient’s identity using multiple identifiers such as their name,
birthdate, and medical record number.
2. Prescription Review: Examine the prescription for accuracy and completeness, verifying the
medication, dosage, frequency, and duration. Ensure the medication is suitable for the patient’s
condition, considering factors like allergies, contraindications, or potential drug interactions.
3. Drug Selection: Ensure that the correct medication, dosage form (e.g., tablet, liquid, injection), and
formulation are chosen.
4. Dosage Calculation: Double-check the dosage instructions to ensure the right amount of medication
is provided.
5. Labeling and Instructions: Accurately label the medication with the patient’s name, drug name,
dosage, route, frequency, and any special administration instructions.
6. Double-Checking: Verify the medication’s accuracy by cross-checking it with the prescription and
label before it is handed to the patient.
7. Patient Counseling: Provide guidance to the patient on how to use the medication correctly,
including information about side effects, drug interactions, and any special instructions (e.g., take
with food or avoid alcohol).
8. Record Keeping: Keep accurate records of the dispensing process, noting details of the prescription,
patient inquiries, and counseling provided.
9. Follow-Up: Encourage the patient to follow up, ensuring they have no issues with the medication,
are not experiencing side effects, and feel confident about their treatment.

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6. Simple Diagnostic Report

A diagnostic report is an official document that provides a summary of the results from medical tests or
evaluations conducted to assess a patient's health status. These reports are created after a range of
diagnostic procedures, including blood tests, imaging techniques (such as X-rays or MRIs), biopsies, and
other diagnostic assessments.

6.1. Organizing the texts:

 Incorporate Clear Headings: Structure the report with clear section titles such as "Patient
Information," "History," "Findings," and "Conclusions" for easy navigation.
 Prioritize Key Findings: Begin the report by highlighting the most significant results, followed
by more detailed information in the respective sections.
 Utilize Bullet Points for Easy Reading: For listing symptoms, test outcomes,
or recommendations, use bullet points to enhance clarity and organization.
 Maintain Conciseness: Keep each section brief and to the point, ensuring the content is
straightforward and easy to understand.
6.2. Writing the Report:
 Stay Objective: Report findings based on facts, avoiding personal interpretations
or assumptions.
 Use Clear, Straightforward Language: Write in simple, direct sentences, avoiding technical jargon
for better understanding.
 Maintain Logical Organization: Structure the report in a clear sequence, starting with
background information, followed by findings, and concluding with recommendations.
6.3. Cover Page / Identifying Information:
Purpose: The cover page offers essential details about the individual and the purpose of the report, serving
as a quick reference for readers.
Content:
1. Name: The full name of the person being assessed.
2. Date of Birth / Age: Required for accurate demographic identification.
3. Date of Report: Specifies when the report was finalized.
4. Evaluator’s Name and Title: Includes the credentials of the person responsible for the evaluation.
5. Purpose of the Report: A concise description of the report’s goal, such as "To assess the academic
performance of the student" or "To evaluate mental health status.

6.4. Instrument of Evaluation:

Purpose: Lists the tests or tools used to gather data, helping the reader understand how findings were
derived.
Content:
1. Names of Instruments: List each test or tool, e.g., "Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale" or "Beck
Depression Inventory."

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2. Purpose of Each Tool: Briefly state what each tool measures, such as cognitive abilities or
mood.
6.5. Referral Reason and Identifying Data:
Purpose: Clarifies why the evaluation was conducted.
Content:
1. Describe the primary reason for the evaluation (e.g., "The patient was referred for assessment due to
concerns about learning difficulties" or "The client presented with symptoms suggestive of anxiety").
Purpose of Identifying Data:
1. Clarifies the Subject of the Report: Ensures all readers know who the report pertains to.
2. Establishes Context for the Evaluation: Helps the reader understand the purpose and background
of the evaluation.
3. Supports Record-Keeping: Accurate identifying information helps ensure proper tracking and
archiving in health, educational, or other institutional records.

6.6. Choice of Words:

Use Neutral Language: Describe observations without assumptions or judgments to maintain objectivity
(e.g., "The patient displayed signs of anxiety" instead of "The patient was clearly anxious").
Be Clear and Concise: Keep language simple and straightforward, avoiding unnecessary technical jargon.
Provide Specific Details: Use precise terms and quantifiable data when possible (e.g., "IQ score of 75" instead
of "low IQ").
6.7. Report Summary:

Fig No.16 X-Ray Report

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Fig No.17 Ultrasound Report

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7. Pathological Report
A pathology report is a medical document that provides an in-depth analysis of samples, such as tissue,
cells, or bodily fluids, examined microscopically to identify diseases. Prepared by a pathologist, the
report highlights any abnormalities, the presence of cancer, or other conditions, and plays a key role in
guiding treatment decisions. These reports are vital for diagnosing various conditions, including cancer,
infections, and inflammatory disorders, and typically contain:

Importance of Pathological Report:

The importance of a pathological report lies in its role in diagnosing diseases, guiding treatment
decisions, and providing valuable insights into a patient’s health condition. Key points include:
1. Accurate Diagnosis: It helps identify the presence of diseases such as cancer, infections, or genetic
disorders through the examination of tissues, cells, and bodily fluids.
2. Treatment Guidance: Pathology reports provide critical information that assists healthcare providers
in selecting the most effective treatment options based on the diagnosis.
3. Monitoring Disease Progression: These reports are used to track the progression of certain diseases,
such as cancer, and evaluate how well the treatment is working.

Fig No.18 Pathology Report

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8. Hospital Waste Management

Hospital waste, also referred to as medical or clinical waste, includes materials discarded from healthcare
settings. This type of waste often poses a risk of contamination or infection. Apart from hospitals, other
facilities such as dental and doctor's offices, research laboratories, funeral homes, veterinary clinics, blood
banks, and nursing homes also generate similar waste. Hospital waste is divided into two categories: risk
waste and non-risk waste.

Risk waste includes infectious materials, pathological substances, pharmaceuticals, sharps, chemicals,
genotoxic, and radioactive wastes. On the other hand, **non-risk waste** refers to general waste such as
food scraps and packaging. In many developing countries, the management of medical waste is often
insufficient, with inadequate segregation between risk and non-risk waste.

To promote sustainable waste management, the principles of the three Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) are
widely adopted. Hospitals are encouraged to create waste management plans that adhere to national and
international standards, tailored to their specific needs. Emphasis should be placed on reducing the
environmental and health risks posed by hospital waste.
Objectives of Hospital Waste Management:
 Discuss best practices for waste segregation, collection, storage, transportation, and disposal.
 Address regulatory requirements and compliance strategies related to hospital waste management.
 Explore innovative and sustainable approaches to waste reduction and recycling in healthcare
facilities.

Fig No.19 Hospital Waste Management

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9. Conclusion
I have worked on Community Health Centre (CHC), Pahari , Chitrakoot as a trainee in the different
department under the guidance of Dr.Aditya Singh, (Medical Superintendent), Drx. Maan Singh
(Chief Pharmacist).
The training in a hospital gives us a conclusion that the training in the hospital was really necessary as it
not only helped us to see how a hospital operates, but it also helped me to learn basic functions of it like
first aid care, how to give injections and dispensing of drugs etc.
During my project I have learned a lots of things. I collected various data on the basis of different
department. I also came to know about various factors associated with this, I came to know about
various different rules and regulation as well as some of the procedure of particular department.

I would like to thanks Dr. Esha Yadav (HOD) and Mr.Shahnuwaz Ahmad (Report guide) for the
continuous guidance and for giving me the opportunity to complete my internship from Community
Health Centre, Pahari, Chitrakoot.

All the management team and the employees also the technicians and nurses coordinate with me very
well and they help me a lot during the time.
The conclusion drawn out can be that I have finally learned as to how important role the hospital plays in
peoples' lives and the hospital staff can go to any means to save them since its their duty.
I shall be grateful if this study and findings prove beneficial to the hospital services anyway.

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