EXP NO:1 FAMILIARIZATION/IDENTIFICATION OF

DATE : ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS WITH SPECIFICATION

AIM

To familiarize the basic electronic components used in the laboratory

THEORY

RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the
voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law. A
device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and
voltage. Resistors are used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and
to transform a current signal into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses. The
electrical behaviour of a resistor obeys Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some
resistors are sensitive to heat, light, or other variables.

Symbol

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Determining Resistor values

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POTENTIOMETERS

Potentiometers are variable resistors. They normally have their value marked with the
maximum value in Ohms. Smaller trimpots may use a 3-digit code where the first 2 digits are
significant, and the 3rd is the multiplier (basically the number of 0′s after the first 2 digits).
For example, code 104 = 10 followed by four 0′s = 100000 Ohms = 100K Ohms. They may
also have a letter code on them indicating the taper (which is how resistance changes in
relation to how far the potentiometer is turned). They are typically marked with an “VR” on a
circuit board.

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CAPACITORS
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical
component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries
store energy via chemical reactions. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example,
one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

Capacitors are also very commonly used. A lot have their values printed on them,
some are marked with 3-digit codes, and a few are color coded. The same resources listed
above for resistors can also help you identify capacitor values. They are typically marked
with an “C” on a circuit board.

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INDUCTORS

An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical

component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a
conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is
stored in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes,
the time- varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in
current that created it.

Inductors, also called coils, can be a bit harder to figure out their values. If they are color
coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a good meter that can measure
inductance will be needed. They are typically marked with an “L” on a circuit board.

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TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling

between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf)
or voltage in the secondary winding. Transformers are normally pretty easy to identify by
sight, and many have their specs printed on them. They are typically marked with an “T” on a
circuit board.

FUSES
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that
acts as a sacrificial device to provide overcurrent protection, of either the load or source
circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overloading,
mismatched loads or device failure are the prime reasons for excessive current. A fuse
interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by overheating or fire is
prevented. Fuses can be easy to identify, and typically have their voltage and amperage rating
marked on them.

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 SEMICONDUCTORS

DIODES

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric

conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
Semiconductors, such as Diodes (typically marked with an “D” on a circuit board).

TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals
for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are
found embedded in integrated circuits.
Transistors (typically marked with an “Q” on a circuit board).

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BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used
in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a
direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-
wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared
to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.
Bridge Rectifiers (typically marked with an “BR” on a circuit board)

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip,
or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor
material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from
independent components. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment
today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other
digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made
possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits. Integrated Circuits (typically
marked with an “U” or “IC” on a circuit board).

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 LED AND LED DISPLAY
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. LEDs emitted
low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and
infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

SWITCHES
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an
electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The
most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or
more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts
can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity
can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is
nonconducting.

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BATTERIES
In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that
convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries are also pretty easy to identify,
and are well marked with their specification.

RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays are typically enclosed in plastic, and many
have their specs printed on them. They are typically marked with a “K” on a circuit board.

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 The Ethernet cable, otherwise known as RJ45, is based on twisted pair cable and is made
from 8 individual wires. The ethernet connector, likewise, has 8 pins and looks similar to a phone
plug. It has a clip to help maintain a tight connection like a phone connector.

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RESULT

Familiarized the basic electronic components used in the lab

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