Cloud computing is a set of forms that contain certain elements that allows for

on-demand, network access, scalability, and shar ed resources. It's a platform

for managing, storing, and processing data online through the internet.
Some of the cloud computing features include the following:
• On-Demand Services – Available when you need it
• Network Access – When using the internet as your medium
• Shared Resources – All resources are gathered together and used by
multiple customers
• Scalability - The ability of a computer system to adapt to increasing
demands
1. CLOUD SERVICE MODELS/CLOUD SERVICES:
• The collection of services offered adds another set of definitions called
the service model. Three service types have been universally accepted:
• 1. Infrastructure as a Service: IaaS
• 2. Platform as a Service: PaaS
• 3. Software as a Service: SaaS
SaaS - Software as a Service
• This service provides on-demand pay
per use of the application software for
users and is independent of a platform.
• You do not have to install software on
your computer, unlike a license paid
program.
• Cloud runs a single occurrence of the software, making it available for
multiple end-users allowing the service to be cheap.
• All the computing resources that are responsible for delivering SaaS are
totally managed by the vendor.
• The service is accessible through a web browser or lightweight client
applications.
• End customers use SaaS regularly.
• SaaS services include ERP, CRM, billing, sales, Mail services, and human
resources.
• The most popular SaaS providers offer the following products and services:
Google Ecosystem including Gmail, Google Docs, Google Drive, Microsoft
Office 365, and SalesForce.
The following are the benefits provided by SaaS:
• No client-side installation: SaaS services do not require client-side
installation of the software. The end users can access the services directly
from the service provider data center without any installation. There is no
need of high-end hardware to consume SaaS services
• Cost savings: Since SaaS services follow the utility-based billing or pay-
as-you-go billing, it demands the end users to pay for what they have
used.
• Less maintenance: SaaS services eliminate the additional overhead of
maintaining the software from the client side. SaaS provider itself
maintains the automatic updates, monitoring, and other maintenance
activities of the applications.
• Ease of access: SaaS services can be accessed from any devices if it is
connected to the Internet. Accessibility of SaaS services is not restricted
to any particular devices.
• Disaster recovery: With proper backup and recovery mechanisms,
replicas are maintained for every SaaS services. It eliminates the problem
of single point of failure. It also ensures the high availability of the
application.
• Multi-tenancy: Multi-tenancy is the ability given to the end users to share
a single instance of the application.
The following are the drawbacks of SaaS:
• Security: Security is the major concern in migrating to SaaS application.
Since the SaaS application is shared between many end users, there is a
possibility of data leakage. Here, the data are stored in the service
provider data center. We cannot simply trust some third-party service
provider to store our company-sensitive and confidential data.
• Connectivity requirements: SaaS applications require Internet
connectivity for accessing it. Sometimes, the end user’s Internet
connectivity might be very slow. In such situations, the user cannot
access the services with ease. The dependency on high-speed Internet
connection is a major problem in SaaS applications.
• Loss of control: Since the data are stored in a third-party and off-premise
location, the end user does not have any control over the data. The degree
of control over the SaaS application and data is lesser than the on-premise
application.
PaaS - Platform as a Service
• This service is mostly a development environment that is made up of a
programming language execution environment, an operating system, web
server, and database.
• It provides an environment where users can build, compile, and run their
program without worrying about an hidden infrastructure.
• You manage the data and application resources. All the other resources are
managed by the vendor. This is the realm for developers.
• Some of the service provided by PaaS vendors are Java, Perl, PHP, Python,
Ruby, Scala, Clojure, and Go, Node.js, Rails, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress,
Django, EE6, Spring, Play, Sinatra, Rack, and Zend.
• PaaS providers offer the following products and services: Amazon Web
services, Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine, Windows Azure, Heroku,
and Force.com
The following are the benefits provided by PaaS:
• Quick development and deployment: PaaS provides all the required
development and testing tools to develop, test, and deploy the software in
one place. Most of the PaaS services automate the testing and deployment
process as soon as the developer completes the development.
• Different teams can work together: PaaS services support developers
from different places to work together on the same project. This is
possible because of the online common development platform provided
by PaaS providers.
• Ease of use: The developers are free to choose any client tools of their
choice.
• Less maintenance overhead: In on-premise applications, the development
company or software vendor is responsible for maintaining the
underlying hardware. They need to recruit skilled administrators to
maintain the servers. This overhead is eliminated by the PaaS services as
the underlying infrastructure is maintained by the infrastructure
providers. This gives freedom to developers to work on the application
development.
• Produces scalable applications: Most of the applications developed using
PaaS services are web application or SaaS application. These applications
require better scalability on the extra load. PaaS services are providing
 built-in scalability to the application that is developed using the PaaS
platform.
The following are the drawbacks of PaaS:
• Vendor lock-in: Most of the PaaS vendors use the proprietary
technologies that are not compatible with the other PaaS providers. The
vendor lock-in problem of PaaS services does not allow the applications
to be migrated from one PaaS provider to the other.
• Security issues: Since data are stored in off-premise third-party servers,
many developers are afraid to go for PaaS services. Of course, many PaaS
providers provide mechanisms to protect the user data, and it is not
sufficient to feel the safety of on-premise deployment.
• Less flexibility: PaaS providers do not give much freedom for the
developers to define their own application stack. Most of the PaaS
providers provide many programming languages, databases, and other
development tools.
IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service
• This service provides the architecture and infrastructure. It provides all
computing resources but in a virtual environment so multiple users can
have access.
• The resources include data storage, virtualization, servers, and
networking. Most vendors are responsible for managing them.
• If you use this service, you are responsible for handling other resources
including applications, data, runtime, and middleware.
• This is mostly for SysAdmins.
• IaaS providers offer the following products and services: Amazon EC2,
Go Grid, Eucalyptus, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Compute
Engine, OpenStack and Rackspace.com.
The following are the benefits provided by IaaS:
• Pay-as-you-use model: The IaaS services are provided to the customers
on a pay-per-use basis. This ensures that the customers are required to
pay for what they have used. This model eliminates unnecessary spending
on buying hardware.
• Elastic resources: IaaS provides resources based on the current needs. IT
users can scale up or scale down the resources whenever they want. This
dynamic scaling is done automatically using some load balancers. This
 load balancer transfers the additional resource request to the new server
and improves application efficiency.
• Better resource utilization: The purchased infrastructure should be
utilized properly to increase the ROI. IaaS ensures better resource
utilization and provides high ROI for IaaS providers.
• Supports Green IT: reducing the number of servers to be purchased and
hence the power consumption that results in Green IT.
The following are the drawbacks of IaaS:
• Security issues: Since IaaS uses virtualization as the enabling technology,
hypervisors play an important role. There are many attacks that target the
hypervisors to compromise it. If hypervisors get compromised, then any
VMs can be attacked easily
• Interoperability issues: It is very difficult to migrate any VM from one
IaaS provider to the other. Sometimes, the customers might face the
vendor lock-in problem.
• Performance issues: Because of latency issues, sometimes the VM
contains issues with its performance.

2. CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
• Cloud computing architecture consists of many loosely coupled cloud
components. The architecture is mainly divides the cloud architecture into
two parts: Front End and Back End.
• Each end is connected to others through a network, generally to the
Internet.
• The cloud technology architecture also consists of front-end platforms
called the cloud client which comprises servers, thin & fat client, tablets
& mobile devices. The interaction is done through middleware or via web
browser or virtual sessions.
Front End
• The front end is the side of computer user or client. Eg web browser
• It involves the interfaces and the applications that are necessary to access
the Cloud Computing system.
Back End
• The back end is the cloud section of the system. It involves all the
resources which are necessary to give Cloud computing services. It
includes huge data storage, virtual machines, security mechanism ,
services and deployment models, servers etc.
• back-end to provide the security of data for cloud users along with the
traffic control mechanism. The server also provides the middleware
which helps to connect devices & communicate with each other.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture
• Client Infrastructure – Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend
component. It contains the applications and user interfaces which are
required to access the cloud platform
• Application : Application is a part of backend component that refers to a
software or platform to which client accesses. Means it provides the
service in backend as per the client requirement.
• Service: Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based
services like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type of service
the user accesses.
• Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and
Runtime platform/environment to the Virtual machine.
• Storage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service
and management of stored data.
• Infrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and
software components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software etc.
• Management: Management in backend refers to management of backend
components like application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, and other security mechanisms etc.
• Security: Security in backend refers to implementation of different
security mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources, systems,
files, and infrastructure to end users.
Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture
• Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
• Improves data processing requirements.
• Helps in providing high security.
• Makes it more modularized.
• Results in better disaster recovery.
• Gives good user accessibility.
• Reduces IT operating costs.
• Provides high level reliability.
• Scalability.
Challenges in Cloud Architecture:
• Security and Privacy: Ensuring data protection and compliance with
• regulations.
• Latency: Managing delays in data transfer and processing.
• Interoperability: Ensuring compatibility between different cloud
• services and platforms.
• Vendor Lock In: Difficulty in switching providers due to proprietary
• technologies and services.

3. WRITE ABOUT CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE

Cloud computing refers to providing on demand services to the customer
anywhere and anytime irrespective of everything where the cloud infrastructure
represents the one who activates the complete cloud computing system. Cloud
infrastructure has more capabilities of providing the same services as the
physical infrastructure to the customers. It is available for private cloud, public
cloud, and hybrid cloud systems with low cost, greater flexibility and
scalability.
Cloud infrastructure components :
Different components of cloud infrastructure supports the computing
requirements of a cloud computing model. Cloud infrastructure has number of
key components but not limited to only server, software, network and storage
devices. Still cloud infrastructure is categorized into three parts in general i.e.
1. Computing
2. Networking
3. Storage
The most important point is that cloud infrastructure should have some basic
infrastructural constraints like transparency, scalability, security and intelligent
monitoring etc.
The below figure represents components of cloud infrastructure

Components of Cloud Infrastructure

1. Hypervisor :
Hypervisor is a firmware or a low level program which is a key to enable
virtualization. It is used to divide and allocate cloud resources between several
customers. As it monitors and manages cloud services/resources that’s why
hypervisor is called as VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor) or (Virtual Machine
Manager).
2. Management Software :
Management software helps in maintaining and configuring the infrastructure.
Cloud management software monitors and optimizes resources, data,
applications and services.
3. Deployment Software :
Deployment software helps in deploying and integrating the application on the
cloud. So, typically it helps in building a virtual computing environment.
4. Network :
It is one of the key component of cloud infrastructure which is responsible for
connecting cloud services over the internet. For the transmission of data and
resources externally and internally network is must required.
5. Server :
Server which represents the computing portion of the cloud infrastructure is
responsible for managing and delivering cloud services for various services and
partners, maintaining security etc.
6. Storage :
Storage represents the storage facility which is provided to different
organizations for storing and managing data. It provides a facility of extracting
another resource if one of the resource fails as it keeps many copies of storage.
Along with this, virtualization is also considered as one of important component
of cloud infrastructure. Because it abstracts the available data storage and
computing power away from the actual hardware and the users interact with
their cloud infrastructure through GUI (Graphical User Interface).
4. CLOUD STORAGE
• One of the primary uses of cloud computing is for data storage. With
cloud storage, data is stored on multiple third-party servers, rather than on
the dedicated servers used in traditional networked data storage.
• When storing data, the user sees a virtual server (it appears as if the data
is stored in a particular place with a specific name).
• In reality, the user’s data could be stored on any one or more of the
computers used to create the cloud. The actual storage location may even
differ from day to day or even minute to minute, as the cloud dynamically
manages available storage space.
• But even though the location is virtual, the user sees a “static” location
for his data—and can actually manage his storage space as if it were
connected to his own PC.
Storage Systems in the Cloud
There are 3 types of storage systems in the Cloud as follows.
• Block-Based Storage System
• File-Based Storage System
• Object-Based Storage System
1. Block-Based Storage System –
• Hard drives are block-based storage systems. Your operating system like
Windows or Linux actually sees a hard disk drive. So, it sees a drive on
which you can create a volume, and then you can partition that volume
and format them.
• For example, If a system has 1000 GB of volume, then we can partition
it into 800 GB and 200 GB for local C and local D drives respectively.
• Remember with a block-based storage system, your computer would see
a drive, and then you can create volumes and partitions.
2. File-Based Storage System –
• In this, you are actually connecting through a Network Interface Card
(NIC). You are going over a network, and then you can access the
network-attached storage server (NAS). NAS devices are file-based
storage systems.
• This storage server is another computing device that has another disk in
it. It is already created a file system so that it’s already formatted its
partitions, and it will share its file systems over the network. Here, you
can actually map the drive to its network location.
• In this, like the previous one, there is no need to partition and format the
volume by the user. It’s already done in file-based storage systems. So,
the operating system sees a file system that is mapped to a local drive
letter.
3. Object-Based Storage System –
• In this, a user uploads objects using a web browser and uploads an object
to a container i.e., Object Storage Container. This uses the HTTP
Protocols with the rest of the APIs (for example: GET, PUT, POST,
SELECT, DELETE).
• For example, when you connect to any website, you need to download
some images, text, or anything that the website contains. For that, it is a
 code HTTP GET request. If you want to review any product then you can
use PUT and POST requests.
• Also, there is no hierarchy of objects in the container. Every file is on the
same level in an Object-Based storage system.
Storage Classes of cloud: Following are the categories of storage classes:
1) Unmanaged Cloud Storage The storage is preconfigured for the customer,
this is known as unmanaged cloud storage. The customer cannot format or
install his own file system or change drive properties.
2) Managed Cloud Storage Managed cloud storage provides the online storage
space on-demand. This system shows the user like raw disk that the user can
partition and format.
Advantages of Cloud Storage
• Scalability – Capacity and storage can be expanded and performance can
be enhanced.
• Flexibility – Data can be manipulated and scaled according to the rules.
• Simpler Data Migrations – As it can add and remove new and old data
when required and eliminates disruptive data migrations.
• Recovery -In the event of a hard drive failure or other hardware
malfunction, you can access your files on the cloud.
Disadvantages of Cloud Storage
• Data centers require electricity and proper internet facility to operate their
work, failing which system will not work properly.
• Support for cloud storage isn’t the best, especially if you are using a free
version of a cloud provider.
• When you use a cloud provider, your data is no longer on your physical
storage.
• Cloud-based storage is dependent on having an internet connection. If
you are on a slow network you may have issues accessing your storage.
5. WRITE ABOUT THE HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING.
History of Cloud Computing :

• During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing
Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.”
• According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea.
• But people at that time don’t want to adopt this technology.
• They thought the technology they are using efficient enough for them. So,
this concept of computing was not appreciated much so and very less will
research on it.
• But as the time fleet the technology caught the idea after few years this idea
is implemented. So, this is implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.
• This company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet
and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will
provide storage, computation over the internet.
• In 2006 Amazon will launch Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service
which is open for Everybody to use.
• After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing
Enterprise Application as other companies will see the emergence of cloud
Computing they also started providing their cloud services.
• Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after that other
companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud
Services. In today the Cloud Computing become very popular and important
skill.
8. WRITE IN DETAIL ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF CLOUD
COMPUTING IN THE CURRENT ERA.

➢ Flexible and scalable

➢ Cost-Efficiency
Pay-as-you-go models, such as those offered by cloud computing, allow
businesses to spend less on capital investments and operating expenses by
only paying for the resources they utilise.
➢ Worldwide Access
Cloud computing's universal accessibility has revolutionized remote
work, global collaboration, and information democratization, ensuring
equal opportunities for businesses of all sizes.
➢ Safety and dependability:
Cloud service providers invest in advanced security measures,
redundancy protocols, and data protection to ensure business continuity
and protect sensitive information, often exceeding individual
organizations' capabilities.
➢ Agility and creativity:
Cloud computing enables swift application development, testing, and
deployment, fostering agility and adaptability in businesses by providing
tools and platforms for rapid market response.
➢ Impact Transformation
The influence of cloud computing spans numerous areas and businesses,
accelerating change and influencing how we will live and work in the
future.
➢ Businesses
Cloud computing is being utilized by enterprises to enhance operations,
and customer experiences, and make data-driven decisions, offering
scalability and cost-effectiveness.
➢ Education
The cloud has significantly transformed education by providing scalable,
accessible, and interactive learning experiences, making remote learning
platforms crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
➢ Healthcare
Cloud computing significantly enhances healthcare by enabling secure
medical record storage, accelerating telemedicine adoption, and
supporting data analytics in medical research.
➢ Government
 Governments worldwide are utilizing cloud solutions to enhance citizen
services, manage data, and streamline public administration, allowing for
efficient adaptation to changing constituent needs.
9. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them :
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require
any human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor
and manage computing resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over
standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on a need basis. Whenever the user
require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its
requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications
and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided
service from a same physical resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application
and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an
account of what has been used. This is done for various reasons like
monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants
(users or organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to
abstract underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources
to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with
redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and
reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models,
including pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users
to choose the option that best suits their needs.
10.Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect
their users’ data and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
11.Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated,
allowing users to deploy and manage resources with minimal manual
intervention.
12.Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable
practices, such as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable
energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact.

10. WHAT ARE THE KEY STAGES IN MIGRATING TO THE CLOUD?

Cloud migration phases refer to the different stages involved in moving your IT
infrastructure, applications, and data from on-premises systems to the cloud.
These phases help organizations plan, execute, and manage their cloud
migration projects. Understanding the various cloud migration phases is critical
to ensuring a smooth and successful migration.
The phases typically include:
1. Prepare: This phase involves evaluating your current IT infrastructure,
applications, and data to determine the feasibility, costs, and benefits of
migrating to the cloud. It includes identifying risks, analyzing dependencies,
and selecting the cloud migration strategy.
2. Plan: During the planning phase, you will develop a detailed roadmap for
cloud migration. This includes defining goals and objectives, selecting the
appropriate cloud service provider, and identifying the required resources
and tools.
3. Migrate: The migration phase involves the actual transfer of your IT
infrastructure, applications, and data to the cloud. This includes configuring
 and deploying cloud resources, migrating data, and testing applications to
ensure they run smoothly in the cloud environment.
4. Operate: The operate phase involves managing and maintaining your cloud
environment. This includes monitoring and updating resources, addressing
security concerns, and ensuring your applications and data continue to
perform optimally.
5. Optimize: This phase involves monitoring performance, fine-tuning
resources, and implementing cost-saving measures to maximize the benefits
of cloud migration.
11. REFERENCE MODEL FOR CLOUD COMPUTING?
Cloud Computing reference architecture defines five major performers:
• Cloud Provider
• Cloud Carrier
• Cloud Broker
• Cloud Auditor
• Cloud Consumer
Each performer is an object (a person or an organization) that contributes to a
transaction or method and/or performs tasks in Cloud computing. There are five
major actors defined in the NIST cloud computing reference architecture, which
are described below:
1. Cloud Service Providers: A group or object that delivers cloud services to
cloud consumers or end-users. It offers various components of cloud computing.
Cloud computing consumers purchase a growing variety of cloud services from
cloud service providers. There are various categories of cloud-based services
mentioned below:

• IaaS Providers: In this model, the cloud service providers offer

infrastructure components that would exist in an on-premises data center.
These components consist of servers, networking, and storage as well as
the virtualization layer.
• SaaS Providers: In Software as a Service (SaaS), vendors provide a wide
sequence of business technologies, such as Human resources
management (HRM) software, customer relationship management (CRM)
software, all of which the SaaS vendor hosts and provides services
through the internet.
• PaaS Providers: In Platform as a Service (PaaS), vendors offer cloud
infrastructure and services that can access to perform many functions. In
PaaS, services and products are mostly utilized in software development.
PaaS providers offer more services than IaaS providers. PaaS providers
provide operating system and middleware along with application stack, to
the underlying infrastructure.
2. Cloud Carrier: The mediator who provides offers connectivity and transport
of cloud services within cloud service providers and cloud consumers. It allows
access to the services of the cloud through Internet networks,
telecommunication, and other access devices. Network and telecom carriers or a
transport agent can provide distribution. A consistent level of services is
provided when cloud providers set up Service Level Agreements (SLA) with a
cloud carrier. In general, Carrier may be required to offer dedicated and
encrypted connections.
3. Cloud Broker: An organization or a unit that manages the performance, use,
and delivery of cloud services by enhancing specific capability and offers value-
added services to cloud consumers. It combines and integrates various services
into one or more new services. They provide service arbitrage which allows
flexibility and opportunistic choices. There are major three services offered by a
cloud broker:
• Service Intermediation.
• Service Aggregation.
• Service Arbitrage.
4. Cloud Auditor: An entity that can conduct independent assessment of cloud
services, security, performance, and information system operations of the cloud
implementations. The services that are provided by Cloud Service Providers
(CSP) can be evaluated by service auditors in terms of privacy impact, security
control, and performance, etc. Cloud Auditor can make an assessment of the
security controls in the information system to determine the extent to which the
controls are implemented correctly, operating as planned and constructing the
desired outcome with respect to meeting the security necessities for the system.
There are three major roles of Cloud Auditor which are mentioned below:
• Security Audit.
• Privacy Impact Audit.
• Performance Audit.
5. Cloud Consumer: A cloud consumer is the end-user who browses or utilizes
the services provided by Cloud Service Providers (CSP), sets up service
contracts with the cloud provider. The cloud consumer pays per use of the
service provisioned. Measured services utilized by the consumer. In this, a set of
organizations having mutual regulatory constraints performs a security and risk
assessment for each use case of Cloud migrations and deployments.
Cloud consumers use Service-Level Agreement (SLAs) to specify the technical
performance requirements to be fulfilled by a cloud provider. SLAs can cover
terms concerning the quality of service, security, and remedies for performance
failures. A cloud provider may also list in the SLAs a set of limitations or
boundaries, and obligations that cloud consumers must accept. In a mature
market environment, a cloud consumer can freely pick a cloud provider with
better pricing and more favourable terms. Typically, a cloud provider’s public
pricing policy and SLAs are non-negotiable, although a cloud consumer who
assumes to have substantial usage might be able to negotiate for better co
12. VIRTUALIZATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING AND TYPES
Virtualization is used to create a virtual version of an underlying service With
the help of Virtualization, multiple operating systems and applications can run
on the same machine and its same hardware at the same time, increasing the
utilization and flexibility of hardware. It was initially developed during the
mainframe era.
It is one of the main cost-effective, hardware-reducing, and energy-saving
techniques used by cloud providers. Virtualization allows sharing of a single
physical instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers and
organizations at one time. It does this by assigning a logical name to physical
storage and providing a pointer to that physical resource on demand. The term
virtualization is often synonymous with hardware virtualization, which plays a
fundamental role in efficiently delivering Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
solutions for cloud computing. Moreover, virtualization technologies provide a
virtual environment for not only executing applications but also for storage,
memory, and networking.
Virtualization
• Host Machine: The machine on which the virtual machine is going to be
built is known as Host Machine.
• Guest Machine: The virtual machine is referred to as a Guest Machine.
Work of Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Virtualization has a prominent impact on Cloud Computing. In the case of cloud
computing, users store data in the cloud, but with the help of Virtualization,
users have the extra benefit of sharing the infrastructure. Cloud Vendors take
care of the required physical resources, but these cloud providers charge a huge
amount for these services which impacts every user or organization.
Virtualization helps Users or Organisations in maintaining those services which
are required by a company through external (third-party) people, which helps in
reducing costs to the company. This is the way through which Virtualization
works in Cloud Computing.
Types of Virtualization
1. Application Virtualization
2. Network Virtualization
3. Desktop Virtualization
 4. Storage Virtualization
5. Server Virtualization
6. Data virtualization

Types of Virtualization
1. Application Virtualization: Application virtualization helps a user to have
remote access to an application from a server. The server stores all personal
information and other characteristics of the application but can still run on a
local workstation through the internet. An example of this would be a user who
needs to run two different versions of the same software. Technologies that use
application virtualization are hosted applications and packaged applications.
2. Network Virtualization: The ability to run multiple virtual networks with
each having a separate control and data plan. It co-exists together on top of one
physical network. It can be managed by individual parties that are potentially
confidential to each other. Network virtualization provides a facility to create
and provision virtual networks, logical switches, routers, firewalls, load
balancers, Virtual Private Networks (VPN), and workload security within days
or even weeks.
 Network Virtualization
3. Desktop Virtualization: Desktop virtualization allows the users’ OS to be
remotely stored on a server in the data center. It allows the user to access their
desktop virtually, from any location by a different machine. Users who want
specific operating systems other than Windows Server will need to have a
virtual desktop. The main benefits of desktop virtualization are user mobility,
portability, and easy management of software installation, updates, and patches.
4. Storage Virtualization: Storage virtualization is an array of servers that are
managed by a virtual storage system. The servers aren’t aware of exactly where
their data is stored and instead function more like worker bees in a hive. It
makes managing storage from multiple sources be managed and utilized as a
single repository. storage virtualization software maintains smooth operations,
consistent performance, and a continuous suite of advanced functions despite
changes, breaks down, and differences in the underlying equipment.
5. Server Virtualization: This is a kind of virtualization in which the masking
of server resources takes place. Here, the central server (physical server) is
divided into multiple different virtual servers by changing the identity number,
and processors. So, each system can operate its operating systems in an isolated
manner. Where each sub-server knows the identity of the central server. It
causes an increase in performance and reduces the operating cost by the
deployment of main server resources into a sub-server resource. It’s beneficial
in virtual migration, reducing energy consumption, reducing infrastructural
costs, etc.
 Server Virtualization
6. Data Virtualization: This is the kind of virtualization in which the data is
collected from various sources and managed at a single place without knowing
more about the technical information like how data is collected, stored &
formatted then arranged that data logically so that its virtual view can be
accessed by its interested people and stakeholders, and users through the various
cloud services remotely. Many big giant companies are providing their services
like Oracle, IBM, At scale, Cdata, etc
13. CLOUD GOVERNANCE AND ITS NEED
Cloud Governance :
• It is the set of policies or principles that act as the guidance for the
adoption use, and management of cloud technology services.
• It is an ongoing process that must sit on top of existing governance
models.
• It is a set of rules you create to monitor and amend as necessary in order
to control costs, improve efficiency, and eliminate security risks.
Need for Cloud Governance :
By implementing cloud governance, organizations can avoid the following
issues as follows.
1. Security and privacy risks :
• This issue may arise due to unauthorized downloads/ installation of
software, storage of illegal data, and access to restricted sites by users.
 • Cloud Governance solutions cover multiple cloud security components.
For example, Encryption, Security groups, Audit trails, Application
access rules, Access controls.
2. Vendor lock-in :
• Many vendors opt for this, as this clause causes organizations to depend
on the cloud service provider (or vendor) for products and services.
• This can be avoided by making changes to the SLA suitably and reduce
dependencies on a single vendor, thus ensuring freedom to the
organization.
3. Cloud Sprawl :
• This happens when employees of different departments use different
programs and cloud infrastructure from third-party providers without
involving the IT department and getting necessary approvals.
• If not detected and restricted, crowd sprawl may lead to fragmented,
redundant, inefficient, and unmanaged cloud programs sitting on the
enterprise cloud and unnecessarily creating trouble.
4. Shadow IT and unwarranted usage of cloud resources :
• This happens when employees in various departments do not follow the
rules and regulations as imposed by the IT department on cloud usage
resulting in security breaches and fragmented control throughout the
organization.
• This leads to not getting sufficient results from the cloud in the long run.
5. Lack of data portability and interoperability :
• This happens when the cloud service provider or the inbuilt cloud
infrastructure is incapable of connecting well with other software and
products outside the organization.
• This may also lead to modules not compatible with each other and hence
chaos in the cloud due to an inefficient system.

15. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON THE NEED FOR CLOUD MASHUPS

Cloud mashups are a way of integrating data and services from multiple sources
to create a new and more useful application. The need for cloud mashups has
arisen due to the proliferation of cloud-based services and applications, which
has made it difficult to manage and integrate these services. Cloud mashups
provide a way to create custom applications that leverage the capabilities of
multiple cloud-based services.
The concept of cloud mashups is based on the idea of using web-based APIs to
access data and services from different sources. The most common approach is
to use REST-based APIs, which provide a lightweight and flexible way of
accessing data and services over the internet. Cloud mashups can be used for a
variety of purposes, such as data visualization, business intelligence, and
workflow automation.
One of the key concepts of cloud mashups is the use of APIs to access data and
services from different sources. APIs provide a standardized way of accessing
data and services over the internet, which makes it easier to integrate data and
services from different sources. APIs can be used to access a wide range of data
and services, including social media data, weather data, and financial data.
Another key concept of cloud mashups is the use of cloud-based platforms to
host and manage the applications. Cloud platforms provide a scalable and
flexible way of deploying and managing applications, which makes it easier to
create and manage loud mashups. Cloud platforms also provide a range of tools
and services that can be used to develop and deploy cloud mashups, including
development tools, deployment tools, and monitoring tools.
Overall, the need for cloud mashups has arisen due to the proliferation of cloud-
based services and applications, which has made it difficult to manage and
integrate these services. Cloud mashups provide a way to create custom
applications that leverage the capabilities of multiple cloud-based services, and
they are based on the concepts of using APIs to access data and services from
different sources, and using cloud-based platforms to host and manage the
applications.
In addition to the concepts mentioned above, there are several other important
concepts associated with cloud mashups:
1. Data integration: Cloud mashups require the integration of data from multiple
sources. This can be challenging due to differences in data formats, data quality,
and data security. Cloud mashups often use data integration tools and techniques
to overcome these challenges.
2. Service integration: Cloud mashups also require the integration of services
from multiple sources. This can be challenging due to differences in service
interfaces, service quality, and service availability. Cloud mashups often use
service integration tools and techniques to overcome these challenges.
3. Mashup composition: Cloud mashups involve the composition of multiple
data sources and services into a single application. This requires a range of tools
and techniques, including graphical user interfaces, workflow engines, and
scripting languages.
4. Mashup deployment: Once a cloud mashup has been created, it needs to be
deployed to a cloud-based platform. This requires a range of tools and
techniques, including virtualization, load balancing, and auto-scaling.
5. Mashup governance: Cloud mashups need to be governed to ensure that they
comply with organizational policies and regulations. This requires a range of
tools and techniques, including access control, auditing, and monitoring.
Overall, cloud mashups provide a way to integrate data and services from
multiple sources to create new and more useful applications. However, they also
require a range of tools and techniques to overcome the challenges associated
with data and service integration, mashup composition, mashup deployment,
and mashup governance.
One example of a cloud mashup is the Google Maps mashup. Google Maps
allows developers to create custom maps by integrating data from multiple
sources, such as traffic data, weather data, and social media feeds. For example,
a developer could create a custom map that shows the location of all the
restaurants in a particular city, along with reviews and ratings from social
media. To create this mashup, the developer would need to use a range of tools
and techniques, including data integration, service integration, mashup
composition, mashup deployment, and mashup governance. The resulting
application would provide users with a powerful tool for finding and reviewing
restaurants in the city
UNIT 4
1. WHAT IS AWS AND WHY IS IT USED?
AWS stands for Amazon Web Services, It is an expanded cloud computing
platform provided by Amazon Company. AWS provides a wide range of services
with a pay-as-per-use pricing model over the Internet such as Storage,
Computing power, Databases, Machine Learning services, and much more.
AWS facilitates for both businesses and individual users with effectively hosting
the applications, storing the data securely, and making use of a wide variety of
tools and services improving management flexibility for IT resources.
History Of AWS
Then providing Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) revolutionized with
scalable management of Storage. Coming up with effective compute and
storage services and providing them rental basis helped many startup
companies and users with the cost of manual Hardware Infrasture setup.
Introducing the concept of serverless computing with AWS lambda services
enhanced its business globally. It came up with services like Elastic
Beanstalk made the deployment of applications much easier bringing large
audiences. AWS always came with diverse array of services offering with
technical innovations, updated services with current trends. AWS has emerged
as a powerhouse in the world of Cloud Computing.
How AWS Works?
AWS comes up with its own network infrastructure on establishing the
datacenters in different regions mostly all over the world. Its global
Infrastructure acts as a backbone for operations and services provided by AWS.
It facilitates the users on creating secure environments using Amazon VPCs (
Virtual Private Clouds ). Essential services like Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3 for
utilizing the compute and storage service with elastic scaling. It supports the
dynamic scaling of the applications with the services such as Auto
Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing ( AWS ELB ). It provides a good user-friendly
AWS Management Console facilitating seamless configuration and
management of AWS services to the Users. Its Architecture ensures high
availability , fault tolerance making AWS as a versatile powerful Cloud
Computing Platform.
AWS Fundamentals
In the Journey of AWS, understanding the key concepts such as Regions,
Availability Zones, Global Network Infrastructure, etc is crucial. The
fundamentals of AWS keep on maintaining the applications reliable and
scalable with services globally with coming to a strategic deployment of
resources for optimal performance and resilience. The following are the some
of the main fundamentals of AWS:
• Regions: AWS provide the services with respective division of regions.
The regions are divided based on geographical areas/locations and will
establish data centers. Based on need and traffic of users, the scale of
data centers is depended to facilitate users with low-latencies of
servcies.
• Availability Zones (AZ): To prevent the Data centers for the Natural
Calamities or any other disasters. The Datacenters are established as sub
sections with isolated locations to enhance fault tolerance and disaster
recovery management.
• Global Network Infrastructure: AWS ensures the reliability and
scalability of services through setting up its own AWS Network
Infrastructure globally. It helps in better management of data
transmissions for optimized performance and security reliance.
Top AWS Services
In the rapid revolution of Cloud Computing, AWS facilitates with wide variety of
services respect to the fields and needs. The following are the top AWS services
that are in wide usage:
• Amazon EC2(Elastic Compute Cloud) : It provides the Scalable
computing power via cloud allowing the users to run applications and
manage the workloads over their remotely.
• Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service ): It offers scalable object Storage as
a Service with high durability for storing and retrieving any amount of
data.
• AWS Lambda: It is a service in Serverless Architecture with Function as a
Service facilitating serverless computing i.e., running the code on
response to the events, the background environment management of
 servers is handled by aws automatically. It helps the developers to
completely focus on the logic of code build.
• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service): This is an aws service that
simplifies the management of database providing high available
relational databases in the cloud.
• Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): It enables the users to create
isolated networks with option of public and private expose within the
AWS cloud, providing safe and adaptable configurations of their
resources.
To know more about refer the Article – Top 25 AWS Service List
Advantages Of Amazon Web Services
• AWS allows you to easily scale your resources up or down as your needs
change, helping you to save money and ensure that your application
always has the resources it needs.
• AWS provides a highly reliable and secure infrastructure, with multiple
data centers and a commitment to 99.99% availability for many of its
services.
• AWS offers a wide range of services and tools that can be easily
combined to build and deploy a variety of applications, making it highly
flexible.
• AWS offers a pay-as-you-go pricing model, allowing you to only pay for
the resources you actually use and avoid upfront costs and long-term
commitments.
Disadvantages Of Amazon Web Services
• AWS can be complex, with a wide range of services and features that
may be difficult to understand and use, especially for new users.
• AWS can be expensive, especially if you have a high-traffic application or
need to run multiple services. Additionally, the cost of services can
increase over time, so you need to regularly monitor your spending.
• While AWS provides many security features and tools, securing your
resources on AWS can still be challenging, and you may need to
 implement additional security measures to meet your specific
requirements.
• AWS manages many aspects of the infrastructure, which can limit your
control over certain parts of your application and environment.
Applications Of AWS
The AWS services are using by both startup and MNC companies as per their
usecase. The startup companies are using overcome hardware infrasture cost
and applications deployments effectively with cost and performance. Whereas
large scale companies are using AWS cloud services for the management of
their Infrastructure to completely focus on the development of products
widely. The following the Real-world industrial use-cases of AWS services:
• Netflix: The Large streaming gaint using AWS for the storage and scaing
of the applications for ensuring seamless content delivery with low
latency without interruptions to millions of users globally.
• Airbnb: By utilizing AWS, Airbnb manages the various workloads and
provides insurable and expandable infrastructure for its virtual
marketplace and lodging offerings.
• NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory: It takes the help of AWS services to
handle and analyze large-scale volumes of data related to vital scientific
research missions and space exploration.
• Capital One: A financial Company that is utilizing AWS for its security and
compliance while delivering innovative banking services to its customers.
AWS Global Infrastructure
The AWS global infrastructure is massive and is divided into geographical
regions. The geographical regions are then divided into separate availability
zones. While selecting the geographical regions for AWS, three factors come
into play
• Optimizing Latency
• Reducing cost
• Government regulations (Some services are not available for some
regions)
Each region is divided into at least two availability zones that are physically
isolated from each other, which provides business continuity for the
infrastructure as in a distributed system. If one zone fails to function, the
infrastructure in other availability zones remains operational. The largest region
North Virginia (US-East), has six availability zones. These availability zones are
connected by high-speed fiber-optic networking.
There are over 100 edge locations distributed all over the globe that are used
for the CloudFront (content delivery network). CloudFront can cache frequently
used content such as images and videos(live streaming videos also) at edge
locations and distribute it to edge locations across the globe for high-speed
delivery and low latency for end-users. It also protects from DDOS attacks.
AWS Management Console
The AWS management console is a web-based interface to access AWS. It
requires an AWS account and also has a smartphone application for the same
purpose. So When you sign in for first time, you see the console home page
where you see all the services provided by AWS. Cost monitoring is also done
through the console.
AWS resources can also be accessed through various Software Development
Kits (SDKs), which allows the developers to create applications as AWS as its
backend. There are SDKs for all the major
languages(e.g., JavaScript, Python, Node.js, .Net, PHP, Ruby, Go, C++). There are
mobile SDKs for Android, iOS, React Native, Unity, and Xamarin. AWS can also
be accessed by making HTTP calls using the AWS-API. AWS also provides a AWS
Command Line Interface (CLI) for remotely accessing the AWS and can
implement scripts to automate many processes. This Console is also available
as an app for Android and iOS. For mobile apps, you can simply download AWS
console app.
AWS Cloud Computing Models
There are three cloud computing models available on AWS.
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): It is the basic building block of cloud IT.
It generally provides access to data storage space, networking features,
and computer hardware(virtual or dedicated hardware). It is highly
flexible and gives management controls over the IT resources to the
developer. For example, VPC, EC2, EBS.
 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): This is a type of service where AWS
manages the underlying infrastructure (usually operating system and
hardware). This helps the developer to be more efficient as they do not
have to worry about undifferentiated heavy lifting required for running
the applications such as capacity planning, software maintenance,
resource procurement, patching, etc., and focus more on deployment
and management of the applications. For
example, RDS, EMR, ElasticSearch.
3. Software as a Service(SaaS): It is a complete product that usually runs on
a browser. It primarily refers to end-user applications. It is run and
managed by the service provider. The end-user only has to worry about
the application of the software suitable to its needs. For example,
Saleforce.com, Web-based email, Office 365 .
CHATGPT
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive and widely used cloud
platform offered by Amazon. It provides a range of services that help
businesses and developers build, deploy, and scale applications efficiently.
Below is a detailed explanation of AWS based on various aspects:
1. Overview
AWS delivers computing resources such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, and applications over the Internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. It
provides services categorized as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a
Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). AWS has data centers across
multiple regions globally, ensuring high availability and fault tolerance.

2. Core Services
a. Compute Services
AWS offers powerful compute services for various workloads:
• Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud): Provides scalable virtual servers,
enabling users to launch instances with varying CPU, memory, and
storage configurations.
• AWS Lambda: A serverless compute service that runs code in response
to events and automatically manages the underlying compute resources.
 • Amazon ECS/EKS: Supports containerized applications using Docker or
Kubernetes.
• Elastic Beanstalk: Simplifies deploying and managing applications by
automating resource provisioning.

b. Storage Services
AWS provides scalable and secure storage solutions:
• Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service): Offers object storage with high
durability and availability for any type of data.
• Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store): Provides block storage for EC2
instances, optimized for performance.
• Amazon Glacier: A cost-effective service for data archiving and long-term
backup.
• AWS Storage Gateway: Bridges on-premises data with cloud storage for
hybrid cloud architectures.

c. Database Services
AWS includes fully managed and scalable database services:
• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service): Supports popular relational
database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server.
• Amazon DynamoDB: A NoSQL database designed for high-performance
applications.
• Amazon Redshift: A data warehousing solution for analytics at scale.
• Amazon Aurora: A relational database offering compatibility with MySQL
and PostgreSQL, designed for high performance.

d. Networking and Content Delivery

• Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): Allows users to create isolated
networks within AWS.
 • Amazon Route 53: A scalable DNS web service for routing traffic to
applications.
• AWS CloudFront: A Content Delivery Network (CDN) for distributing
content globally with low latency.
• Elastic Load Balancing: Distributes incoming application traffic across
multiple EC2 instances for high availability.

3. Security and Identity

AWS provides robust tools to manage security and compliance:
• IAM (Identity and Access Management): Enables granular control over
user and resource permissions.
• AWS Key Management Service (KMS): Provides encryption key
management.
• AWS Shield and WAF: Protects against DDoS attacks and ensures
application security.

4. Developer Tools
AWS supports developers through various tools:
• AWS CodePipeline: A CI/CD service for automating the release process.
• AWS CodeBuild: Compiles source code, runs tests, and produces
deployment-ready packages.
• AWS CodeDeploy: Automates application deployments to compute
services.

5. Machine Learning and AI

AWS offers services for AI and ML application development:
• Amazon SageMaker: A managed service for building, training, and
deploying ML models.
 • AWS DeepLens: An AI-enabled video camera for learning and
experimentation.
• Amazon Rekognition: Image and video analysis using AI.
• Amazon Comprehend: Natural language processing for extracting
insights from text.

6. Analytics and Big Data

AWS includes tools to analyze and process data:
• Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce): Enables big data processing using
frameworks like Hadoop and Spark.
• AWS Data Pipeline: Automates data movement and processing
workflows.
• Amazon QuickSight: A business intelligence service for data visualization.

7. Management and Monitoring

• AWS CloudWatch: Monitors resources and applications for performance
metrics.
• AWS CloudFormation: Automates resource provisioning using templates.
• AWS Systems Manager: Provides operational insights and resource
management.

8. Benefits of AWS
• Scalability: Automatically adjusts resources to meet workload demands.
• Global Reach: Availability across multiple regions and edge locations.
• Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go model with options to reserve resources
at discounted rates.
• Flexibility: Supports a wide range of operating systems, databases, and
programming languages.
 • Reliability: Built-in redundancy and failover mechanisms ensure high
availability.
2. WHAT IS GOOGLE APP ENGINE (GAE)?
Pre-requisite:- Google Cloud Platform
A scalable runtime environment, Google App Engine is mostly used to run Web
applications. These dynamic scales as demand change over time because of
Google’s vast computing infrastructure. Because it offers a secure execution
environment in addition to a number of services, App Engine makes it easier to
develop scalable and high-performance Web apps. Google’s applications will
scale up and down in response to shifting demand. Croon tasks,
communications, scalable data stores, work queues, and in-memory caching
are some of these services.
The App Engine SDK facilitates the testing and professionalization of
applications by emulating the production runtime environment and allowing
developers to design and test applications on their own PCs. When an
application is finished being produced, developers can quickly migrate it to App
Engine, put in place quotas to control the cost that is generated, and make the
programmer available to everyone. Python, Java, and Go are among the
languages that are currently supported.
The development and hosting platform Google App Engine, which powers
anything from web programming for huge enterprises to mobile apps, uses the
same infrastructure as Google’s large-scale internet services. It is a fully
managed PaaS (platform as a service) cloud computing platform that uses in-
built services to run your apps. You can start creating almost immediately after
receiving the software development kit (SDK). You may immediately access the
Google app developer’s manual once you’ve chosen the language you wish to
use to build your app.
After creating a Cloud account, you may Start Building your App
• Using the Go template/HTML package
• Python-based webapp2 with Jinja2
• PHP and Cloud SQL
• using Java’s Maven
The app engine runs the programmers on various servers while “sandboxing”
them. The app engine allows the program to use more resources in order to
handle increased demands. The app engine powers programs like Snapchat,
Rovio, and Khan Academy. For an in-depth understanding of how GAE fits into
DevOps workflows, the DevOps Engineering – Planning to Production course
offers step-by-step instructions on using GAE in production environments
Features of App Engine
Runtimes and Languages
To create an application for an app engine, you can use Go, Java, PHP, or
Python. You can develop and test an app locally using the SDK’s deployment
toolkit. Each language’s SDK and nun time are unique. Your program is run in a:
• Java Run Time Environment version 7
• Python Run Time environment version 2.7
• PHP runtime’s PHP 5.4 environment
• Go runtime 1.2 environment
Generally Usable Features
These are protected by the service-level agreement and depreciation policy of
the app engine. The implementation of such a feature is often stable, and any
changes made to it are backward-compatible. These include communications,
process management, computing, data storage, retrieval, and search, as well as
app configuration and management. Features like the HRD migration tool,
Google Cloud SQL, logs, datastore, dedicated Memcached, blob store,
Memcached, and search are included in the categories of data storage,
retrieval, and search.
Features in Preview
In a later iteration of the app engine, these functions will undoubtedly be made
broadly accessible. However, because they are in the preview, their
implementation may change in ways that are backward-incompatible. Sockets,
MapReduce, and the Google Cloud Storage Client Library are a few of them.
Experimental Features
These might or might not be made broadly accessible in the next app engine
updates. They might be changed in ways that are irreconcilable with the past.
The “trusted tester” features, however, are only accessible to a limited user
base and require registration in order to utilize them. The experimental
features include Prospective Search, Page Speed, OpenID,
Restore/Backup/Datastore Admin, Task Queue Tagging, MapReduce, and Task
Queue REST API. App metrics analytics, datastore admin/backup/restore, task
queue tagging, MapReduce, task queue REST API, OAuth, prospective search,
OpenID, and Page Speed are some of the experimental features.
Third-Party Services
As Google provides documentation and helper libraries to expand the
capabilities of the app engine platform, your app can perform tasks that are not
built into the core product you are familiar with as app engine. To do this,
Google collaborates with other organizations. Along with the helper libraries,
the partners frequently provide exclusive deals to app engine users.
Advantages of Google App Engine
The Google App Engine has a lot of benefits that can help you advance your
app ideas. This comprises:
1. Infrastructure for Security: The Internet infrastructure that Google uses
is arguably the safest in the entire world. Since the application data and
code are hosted on extremely secure servers, there has rarely been any
kind of illegal access to date.
2. Faster Time to Market: For every organization, getting a product or
service to market quickly is crucial. When it comes to quickly releasing
the product, encouraging the development and maintenance of an app is
essential. A firm can grow swiftly with Google Cloud App Engine’s
assistance.
3. Quick to Start: You don’t need to spend a lot of time prototyping or
deploying the app to users because there is no hardware or product to
buy and maintain.
4. Easy to Use: The tools that you need to create, test, launch, and update
the applications are included in Google App Engine (GAE).
5. Rich set of APIs & Services: A number of built-in APIs and services in
Google App Engine enable developers to create strong, feature-rich
apps.
 6. Scalability: This is one of the deciding variables for the success of any
software. When using the Google app engine to construct apps, you may
access technologies like GFS, Big Table, and others that Google uses to
build its own apps.
7. Performance and Reliability: Among international brands, Google ranks
among the top ones. Therefore, you must bear that in mind while talking
about performance and reliability.
8. Cost Savings: To administer your servers, you don’t need to employ
engineers or even do it yourself. The money you save might be put
toward developing other areas of your company.
9. Platform Independence: Since the app engine platform only has a few
dependencies, you can easily relocate all of your data to another
environment.
CHATGPT
Detailed Explanation of Google App Engine
1. Introduction Google App Engine (GAE) is a Platform as a Service (PaaS)
offering that enables developers to build and host scalable web applications in
Google's managed infrastructure. Launched by Google in 2008, it simplifies
application development by providing a pre-configured environment and tools
to handle application hosting, scaling, and maintenance.

2. Core Features of Google App Engine

1. Managed Environment:
o Offers a fully managed platform, meaning Google handles
infrastructure, patching, and updates.
o Allows developers to focus solely on application logic.
2. Automatic Scaling:
o Automatically adjusts resources based on application demand. As
the number of users increases, GAE scales up, and it scales down
when demand decreases.
3. Programming Language Support:
 o GAE supports multiple languages, including Python, Java, PHP, Go,
Ruby, Node.js, and others.
o Developers can use their favorite frameworks and libraries.
4. Built-in Services and APIs:
o Provides APIs for services like NoSQL Datastore, user
authentication, logging, and email.
o Built-in tools simplify the integration of Google Cloud services.
5. Deployment and Versioning:
o Simplifies application deployment with a command-line tool or
through an integrated development environment (IDE).
o Supports version control, allowing simultaneous deployment of
multiple application versions.
6. Security and Compliance:
o Ensures applications are secure by default, with Google managing
firewall rules, encryption, and compliance standards.
7. Zero Server Management:
o Developers do not need to manage servers or configure hardware;
everything is abstracted into the cloud platform.

3. Architecture and Lifecycle

1. Application Environment:
o Applications run in sandboxed environments, ensuring isolation
and security.
o Each app gets its own environment with customized libraries and
runtime configurations.
2. Data Storage:
o Offers persistent storage options like Cloud Datastore (NoSQL),
Cloud SQL (relational database), and Cloud Storage for blobs (e.g.,
images, files).
 3. Application Lifecycle:
o Development: Use tools like the Google Cloud SDK to write and
test applications locally.
o Deployment: Deploy to the App Engine using simple CLI
commands.
o Execution: Runs within a sandbox environment, ensuring
scalability and reliability.

4. Cost Model GAE uses a pay-as-you-go pricing model:

• Free tier for small-scale applications, offering basic resources.
• Charges based on the consumption of resources like CPU, memory, and
storage.
• Developers can configure budgets and alerts to manage costs effectively.

5. Advantages
1. Rapid Development:
o Shortens development cycles with pre-configured environments
and easy deployment.
2. Focus on Application Logic:
o Eliminates the need for managing servers or infrastructure.
3. Scalability:
o Automatically adjusts resources to meet the user load.
4. Google Ecosystem Integration:
o Seamlessly integrates with other Google Cloud products like
BigQuery, Cloud Functions, and Pub/Sub.

6. Use Cases
1. Web Applications:
 o Hosting of lightweight, user-facing applications.
2. Mobile Backends:
o Act as a backend for mobile applications with API support.
3. E-commerce Platforms:
o Build and host online stores with dynamic scaling.
4. IoT Applications:
o Process and manage IoT data with built-in analytics and storage.

7. Observations While GAE excels in scalability and ease of use, developers

must consider platform lock-in and the sandbox constraints which can limit
advanced configurations. It is best suited for applications with predictable
workflows and high scalability needs.

3. MICROSOFT AZURE
Azure is Microsoft’s cloud platform, just like Google has its Google Cloud and
Amazon has its Amazon Web Service or AWS.000. Generally, it is a platform
through which we can use Microsoft’s resources. For example, to set up a huge
server, we will require huge investment, effort, physical space, and so on. In
such situations, Microsoft Azure comes to our rescue. It will provide us with
virtual machines, fast processing of data, analytical and monitoring tools, and
so on to make our work simpler. The pricing of Azure is also simpler and more
cost-effective. Popularly termed as “Pay As You Go”, which means how much
you use, pay only for that.
How does Microsoft Azure Work?
It is a private and public cloud platform that helps developers and IT
professionals build deploy and manage applications. It uses the technology
known as virtualization. Virtualization separates the tight coupling between the
hardware and the operating system using an abstraction layer called a
hypervisor. Hypervisor emulates all the functions of a computer in a virtual
machine, it can run multiple virtual machines at the same time and each virtual
machine can run any operating system, such as Windows or Linux.
Azure takes this virtualization technique and repeats it on a massive scale in
the data center owned by Microsoft. Each data center has many racks filled
with servers and each server includes a hypervisor to run multiple virtual
machines. The network switch provides connectivity to all those servers.
Types of Azure Services
Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform which offers the following types
of services:
• Infrastructure as a service ( IaaS )
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS)
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Virtual machines, storage, and networking will come under the category of
infrastructure as a service but the users have to do manually the build and
deploy of the applications. Azure will support a wide range of operating
systems because of its Hyper-hypervisor.
To know more about IaaS you can refer to this link What is IaaS?
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Azure app service, Azure functions, and logic apps are some services that are
offered by Azure under the platform as a service. This service will provide
autoscaling and load balancing and also there will be a pre-configured
environment for the application.
To know more about PaaS you can refer to this link What is PaaS?
Software as a service (SaaS)
Office 365, Dynamics 365, and Azure Active Directory are some of the services
provided by Microsoft Azure under Software as a Service (SaaS) the complete
application will be managed by the Microsoft azure including deploying, scaling
and load balancing.
What is a Public Cloud? Everything You Need to Know
Computing in which service provider makes all resources public over the
internet. It is connected to the public Internet. Service provider serves
resources such as virtual machines, applications, storage, etc to the general
public over the internet. It may be free of cost or with minimal pay-per-usage.
It is available for public display, Google uses the cloud to run some of its
applications like google docs, google drive or YouTube, etc.
It is the most common way of implementing cloud computing. The external
cloud service provider owns, operates, and delivers it over the public
network. It is best for the companies which need an infrastructure to
accommodate a large number of customers and work on projects which have
diverse organizations i.e. research institutions and NGOs etc.
Key Characteristics of Public Clouds
The following are the characteristics of Public Cloud:
• Accessibility: Public clouds are easily accessible over the internet from
anywhere, enabling convenient access to resources.
• Scalability: They offer scalability, allowing users to quickly adjust
resources based on demand, ensuring efficient resource utilization.
• Cost-effectiveness: Public clouds operate on a pay-as-you-go model,
reducing upfront costs and enabling cost-effective usage of resources.
• Security: Robust security measures such as encryption, access controls,
and compliance certifications are implemented to protect data and
infrastructure.
What is Microsoft Azure Used For?
Following are the some the use cases that Microsoft Azure Used.
• Deployment Of applications: You can develop and deploy the
application in the azure cloud by using the service called Azure App
Service and Azure Functions after deploying the applications end users
can access it.
• Identity and Access Management: The application and data which is
deployed and stored in the Microsoft Azure can be secured with the help
of Identity and Access Management. It’s commonly used for single sign-
on, multi-factor authentication, and identity governance.
 • Data Storage and Databases: You can store the data in Microsoft azure in
service like blob storage for unstructured data, table storage for NoSQL
data, file storage, and Azure SQL Database for relational databases. The
service can be scaled depending on the amount of data we are getting.
• DevOps and Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment
(CI/CD): Azure DevOps will provide some tools like including version
control, build automation, release management, and application
monitoring.
Azure for Disaster Recovery and Backup
A full range of disaster recovery (DR) and backup services are available from
Microsoft Azure to help shield your vital data and apps from interruptions.
With the help of these services, you may quickly restore your data and
applications in the event of a disaster by replicating them to a secondary cloud
site. Azure backup services also protect your data from ransomware attacks,
unintentional deletion, and corruption.
Key Azure DR and Backup Services
• Azure Site Recovery: Your on-premises virtual machines (VMs) can be
replicated to Azure more easily with the help of this solution. You may
easily failover your virtual machines (VMs) to Azure in the event of a
disaster and keep your business running. Azure VM replication to an
alternative Azure region is also supported by Azure Site Recovery.
• Azure Backup: If you want to protect the data which is present in the
cloud then you need to use the Azure Backup service. It offers a single
area to monitor backup jobs, manage backup policies, and recover data.
Azure pricing and costs.
Azure Competition
Following are the some of the competitors of Microsoft Azure:
• Amazon Web Services (AWS): Market leader offering a wide range of
cloud services with extensive global infrastructure.
• Google Cloud Platform (GCP): It known for its innovative services like Big
Query and TensorFlow, with a strong focus on data analytics and
machine learning.
 • IBM Cloud: It offers a comprehensive suite of cloud services,
including AI, blockchain, and IoT solutions, with a focus on enterprise
clients.
• Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI): IT focuses on enterprise-grade cloud
solutions, including databases, applications, and infrastructure services,
leveraging Oracle’s expertise in enterprise software.
Azure History
Microsoft unveiled Windows Azure in early October 2008 but it went to live
after February 2010. Later in 2014, Microsoft changed its name from Windows
Azure to Microsoft Azure. Azure provided a service platform for .NET
services, SQL Services, and many Live Services. Many people were still very
skeptical about “the cloud”. As an industry, we were entering a brave new
world with many possibilities. Microsoft Azure is getting bigger and better in
the coming days.
More tools and more functionalities are being added. It has two releases as of
now. It’s a famous version of Microsoft Azure v1 and later Microsoft Azure v2.
Microsoft Azure v1 was more JSON script-driven than the new version v2,
which has interactive UI for simplification and easy learning. Microsoft Azure v2
is still in the preview version.
How Azure can help in Business?
Azure can help our business in the following ways:
• Capital less: We don’t have to worry about the capital as Azure cuts out
the high cost of hardware. You simply pay as you go and enjoy a
subscription-based model that’s kind to your cash flow. Also, setting up
an Azure account is very easy. You simply register in Azure Portal and
select your required subscription and get going.
• Less Operational Cost: Azure has a low operational cost because it runs
on its servers whose only job is to make the cloud functional and bug-
free, it’s usually a whole lot more reliable than your own, on-location
server.
• Cost Effective: If we set up a server on our own, we need to hire a tech
support team to monitor them and make sure things are working fine.
Also, there might be a situation where the tech support team is taking
 too much time to solve the issue incurred in the server. So, in this regard
is way too pocket-friendly.
• Easy Back-Up and Recovery options: Azure keeps backups of all your
valuable data. In disaster situations, you can recover all your data in a
single click without your business getting affected. Cloud-based backup
and recovery solutions save time, avoid large up-front investments and
roll up third-party expertise as part of the deal.
• Easy to implement: It is very easy to implement your business models in
Azure. With a couple of on-click activities, you are good to go. Even there
are several tutorials to make you learn and deploy faster.
• Better Security: Azure provides more security than local servers. Be
carefree about your critical data and business applications. As it stays
safe in the Azure Cloud. Even, in natural disasters, where the resources
can be harmed, Azure is a rescue. The cloud is always on.
• Work from anywhere: Azure gives you the freedom to work from
anywhere and everywhere. It just requires a network connection and
credentials. And with most serious Azure cloud services offering mobile
apps, you’re not restricted to which device you’ve got to hand.
• Increased collaboration: With Azure, teams can access, edit and share
documents anytime, from anywhere. They can work and achieve future
goals hand in hand. Another advantage of Azure is that it preserves
records of activity and data. Timestamps are one example of Azure’s
record-keeping. Timestamps improve team collaboration by establishing
transparency and increasing accountability.
What are the various Azure Services and How does Azure Work?
Following are some of the services Microsoft Azure offers:
• Compute: Includes Virtual Machines, Virtual Machine Scale Sets,
Functions for serverless computing, Batch for containerized batch
workloads, Service Fabric for microservices and container orchestration,
and Cloud Services for building cloud-based apps and APIs.
• Networking: With Azure, you can use a variety of networking tools, like
the Virtual Network, which can connect to on-premise data centers; Load
Balancer; Application Gateway; VPN Gateway; Azure DNS for domain
hosting, Content Delivery Network, Traffic Manager, ExpressRoute
 dedicated private network fiber connections; and Network Watcher
monitoring and diagnostics
• Storage: Includes Blob, Queue, File, and Disk Storage, as well as a Data
Lake Store, Backup, and Site Recovery, among others.
• Web + Mobile: Creating Web + Mobile applications is very easy as it
includes several services for building and deploying applications.
• Containers: Azure has a property that includes Container Service, which
supports Kubernetes, DC/OS or Docker Swarm, and Container
Registry, as well as tools for microservices.
• Databases: Azure also included several SQL-based databases and related
tools.
• Data + Analytics: Azure has some big data tools like HDInsight
for Hadoop Spark, R Server, HBase, and Storm clusters
• AI + Cognitive Services: With Azure developing applications with artificial
intelligence capabilities, like the Computer Vision API, Face API, Bing
Web Search, Video Indexer, and Language Understanding Intelligent.
• Internet of Things: Includes IoT Hub and IoT Edge services that can be
combined with a variety of machine learning, analytics, and
communications services.
• Security + Identity: Includes Security Center, Azure Active Directory, Key
Vault, and Multi-Factor Authentication Services.
• Developer Tools: Includes cloud development services like Visual Studio
Team Services, Azure DevTest Labs, HockeyApp mobile app deployment
and monitoring, Xamarin cross-platform mobile development, and more.
What is Azure Cloud Shell?
Azure PowerShell is an extension of Windows PowerShell that allows users to
manage Azure’s vast features through the PowerShell interface. Developers use
cmdlets—pre-written scripts—to perform complex tasks like deploying virtual
machines (VMs) or creating cloud services from the command line. Azure
PowerShell (APS) can also automate processes through scripting. While some
users have noted that the interface feels somewhat incomplete and support
could be improved, advocates highlight the platform’s simplicity in handling
typically challenging operations.
With Azure Cloud Shell, you can:
• Execute commands and scripts on your Azure resources using a unified
command-line interface that offers features like tab completion and
command history.
• Manage your Azure subscription with a comprehensive set of commands
that allow you to create, list, and delete subscriptions, as well as control
user access keys.
• Begin interactive tutorials to learn how to use common features, such as
creating virtual machines or virtual networks.
How to Access Azure Shell?
Azure Cloud Shell provides a convenient way to manage and develop Azure
resources directly from your browser. You can easily access it via the Azure Web
Portal or by navigating to https://shell.azure.com, where you can choose
between Bash and PowerShell environments for your command-line tasks.
To know about How to access Azure Shell you can refer to this link How to
access Azure Shell?
What is Azure Security?
Azure Security encompasses the various tools and features provided by
Microsoft on its Azure cloud platform to ensure security. According to
Microsoft, these tools include a comprehensive range of physical,
infrastructure, and operational controls designed to protect its cloud services.
As a public cloud computing platform, Azure supports a diverse array of
programming languages, operating systems, frameworks, and devices. Users
can access Azure’s services and resources from anywhere as long as they have
an internet connection.
What is Azure Security Center?
Azure Security Center is a comprehensive security management platform
provided by Microsoft for Azure users. It offers several key benefits, including:
• Visibility and Control: It enables users to gain insight and manage the
security of various Azure resources, such as Virtual Machines, Cloud
Services, Azure Virtual Networks, and Blob Storage.
 • Protection for Hybrid Workloads: It secures workloads that are deployed
both within Azure and in non-Azure environments, including on-
premises systems.
• Enhanced Security Posture: The Azure Security Center continuously
monitors the cloud environment, helping users understand the security
status of their resources and improve their security posture.
• Threat Detection and Mitigation: With a centralized dashboard, the
Azure Security Center provides alerts and recommendations, assisting
organizations in detecting and preventing cybersecurity threats. This also
aids in regulatory compliance by streamlining security policies across the
platform.
Additionally, Azure Security Center tackles several security challenges:
• Dynamic Workloads: As customers utilize a variety of cloud services that
frequently change, the Azure Security Center simplifies the
implementation of security standards and best practices.
• Evolving Threats: With more organizations shifting to the public cloud,
cyber threats have become increasingly sophisticated. Azure Security
Center helps customers secure their workloads and minimizes
vulnerabilities by promoting adherence to security best practices.
• Lack of Security Expertise: The high volume of security alerts can
overwhelm administrators, especially those with limited experience.
Azure Security Center equips administrators with tools to effectively
respond to and manage these threats.
How Azure Security Works?
According to Azure Security documentation, Microsoft Azure employs a shared
security responsibility model, indicating that security is a collaborative effort
between Azure and its customers. In on-premises environments, the entire
security burden lies with the customer. However, as customers transition to the
cloud, certain security responsibilities shift to Azure.
Here’s how the responsibilities vary across different cloud service models:
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Azure assumes responsibility for
physical security, including hosts, networks, and data centers.
 • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Azure manages physical security and the
operating system, while responsibilities for identity and directory
infrastructure, network controls, and applications are shared with
customers.
• Software as a Service (SaaS): Azure takes on even more responsibilities,
including physical security, operating systems, network controls, and
applications, while still sharing identity and directory infrastructure with
the customer.
In summary, Azure secures the physical infrastructure, but the distribution of
responsibilities varies based on the cloud service model. Customers retain
more responsibilities in IaaS compared to PaaS or SaaS. Regardless of the
environment—on-premises, IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS—customers are consistently
accountable for data governance and rights management, account and access
management, and endpoint protection.
Azure Security Best Practices
The Azure Security documentation serves as a valuable resource for security
recommendations and best practices. Here are some key tips to help you
enhance your security posture:
• Implement Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Use Azure Security
Center’s RBAC to manage permissions effectively. Familiarize yourself
with the five built-in roles (Subscription Owner, Resource Group Owner,
Subscription Contributor, Resource Group Contributor, and Reader) and
two specific security roles (Security Administrator and Security Reader),
each with different levels of access.
• Regularly Monitor the Azure Security Center Dashboard: Keep an eye
on the dashboard for a centralized view of your Azure resources, which
also provides actionable recommendations.
• Establish Security Policies: Implement security policies to prevent
misuse of resources. Azure can automatically generate a security policy
tailored to your subscription.
• Upgrade to Azure Security Center Standard: By upgrading your
subscription, you can access advanced features such as identifying and
resolving security vulnerabilities, leveraging analytics for threat
detection, and enabling quick responses to security incidents.
 • Utilize Azure Key Vault: Store your keys securely in Azure Key Vault,
which is specifically designed to manage secrets like passwords and
database credentials.
• Implement a Web Application Firewall: Protect your applications from
common threats and vulnerabilities by installing a web application
firewall.
• Enable Azure Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Use MFA, particularly
for administrative accounts, to add an extra layer of security.
• Encrypt Virtual Hard Disks: Ensure the confidentiality of your data by
encrypting virtual hard disk files.
• Connect Azure Virtual Machines via Virtual Networks: Enhance security
by placing Azure VMs on virtual networks when connecting to other
networked devices.
• Leverage Azure DDoS Protection: Utilize Azure’s Distributed Denial of
Service (DDoS) services to safeguard against and mitigate DDoS attacks.
What is Microsoft Azure Architecture?
Microsoft Azure, a well-known cloud computing platform, provides users with
the tools to design, deploy and manage numerous applications and services.
Various products include machine learning, mobile application development,
and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, making it venerable for almost all
application or service types. The Azure platform can work from PCs, laptops,
smartphones, and tablets, and supports many programming languages,
including HTML5, JavaScript, PHP, Python, and C#.
Along with application hosting, Microsoft Azure is also a safe place to store
information where users can store files online and access them from anywhere.
Commonly used to host applications including email and social media, it can
store any kind of data from documents to images to videos.
Microsoft also operates many physical data centers globally. IT infrastructure,
such as server racks and network connectivity, is necessary for enterprises and
organizations to run their IT requirements. The key technique in this
infrastructure is virtualization, which reduces excess physical hardware by
dynamically scaling resources required, depending on the demand. This is key
to cloud computing because it allows the software to run on any server within
a data center.
Azure’s foundation is envisioned by SDN principles. Due to the demand from
the users, Microsoft has been continually enhancing Azure’s network by
installing several new servers, hardware virtualization technologies, and new
applications. Continuous evolvement of such services calls for a constant
enhancement in the already deployed network hardware and software,
thereby affecting the configuration and performance of the overall system. This
implies that the management of such complex network topology is increasingly
important for effectual scaling and resource management.
After establishing the emphasis on technology and architecture, the
application’s technical design is a natural progression. Each application is self-
standing, but the following resources can help in the process of construction:
• Reference Architectures: All reference architectures are designed for
growth and changes which every vendor must have these days. You can
easily find one reference architecture that accommodates the number of
people in your team and the requirements that your project entails. One
if the remarkable goads of these architectures is that they enable the
user to start building from where they are comfortable, given the type of
client they are dealing with. Each reference architecture also includes
implementation details that are necessary for leveraging the
architecture. Recommended architectures undergo the sponsorship from
the vendors in order to actualize their usage.
• Design Principles: It is important to appreciate the principles of design
that are inherent in the various perspectives. For example, in the context
of the high level design processes, there are principles to policy
development that may be valuable, such as, constraints based design
principles. In contrast, alignment-based design principles may be
appropriate in low-level design processes. These principles should always
be used as a source of information in the course of carrying out the
design phase of the system.
• Design Patterns: Cloud design patterns represent solutions that cloud
providers use to enhance the reliability and scalability of their services.
These patterns consist of best practices, guidelines, and rules that
encapsulate effective strategies for cloud system design. By leveraging
these patterns, you can create a more robust and efficient cloud
architecture.
Features of Azure
Azure offers a comprehensive array of features designed to enhance data
protection and application management:
• Data Protection: Azure ensures the security of your data through various
methods, including replication, snapshots, and encryption. These options
allow for data protection across multiple regions globally, providing an
added layer of security against natural disasters, cyberattacks, or
hardware failures. By storing data in various data centers worldwide,
Azure guarantees that your information remains safe, even if one
location experiences an incident.
• Azure Site Recovery: This feature gives you full control over data
replication processes, allowing you to define the level of detail and
metrics to monitor. You can customize the replication schedule based on
your business requirements, ensuring your data remains secure and
accessible.
• Development Flexibility: Azure supports a wide range of capabilities for
building, deploying, and managing applications that can run on any
device at any time. Users can choose their preferred programming
 languages and frameworks, enabling horizontal scaling by adding servers
or distributing the load across multiple servers.
• Open-Source Tools: Azure provides numerous tools and services rooted
in open-source technology, facilitating monitoring, logging, and
troubleshooting. These resources enable you to keep track of your
application’s health and address any issues that may arise.
• App Services and Mobile Management: Azure offers hosting through
App Services, allowing you to quickly deploy updates and new features
to your applications without downtime. It also supports mobile device
management (MDM) for apps tailored to mobile users.
• Active Directory Integration: Azure Active Directory (AAD) enhances
security by connecting user profiles with applications, enabling seamless
sign-in experiences. Through Active Directory synchronization, user
accounts, groups, and permissions are automatically managed between
on-premises Active Directory and Azure Active Directory, streamlining
user management and policy enforcement within your organization.
By leveraging these features, Azure enables businesses to build resilient,
scalable, and secure applications tailored to their needs.
Difference between AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure
The following are the differences among AWS, Google Cloud and Azure:

Feature AWS Google Cloud Azure

EC2 (Elastic Compute Google Compute Engine

VHD (Virtual Hard Disk)
Technology Cloud) (GCE)

Fully supports
Fully supports Supports relational and
relational and NoSQL
technologies like Big NoSQL through Windows
Databases databases and Big
Query, Big Table, Hadoop Azure Table and HDInsight
Supported Data

Per hour — rounded

Per minute — rounded up Per minute — rounded up
Pricing up
Feature AWS Google Cloud Azure

Per minute rounded up

On-demand, reserved
On-demand sustained use commitments (Pre-paid or
spot
Models monthly)

Many enterprises find

it difficult to Fewer features and
Less “Enterprise-ready”
understand the cost services
Difficulties structure

Simple Storage Service

Blob Storage, Queue
(S3), Elastic Block Cloud Storage, Persistent
Storage, File Storage, Disk
Storage Storage, Elastic File Disk, Transfer Appliance
Storage, Data Lake Store
Services Storage

Cloud Speech AI, Cloud

SageMaker, Lex, Polly, Azure Bot Service,
Machine Video Intelligence, Cloud
and many more Cognitive Service
Learning ML Engine

Scaling and Management of Azure

The following services are used in scaling and in management in Azure Cloud:
• Auto-scaling: Azure provides auto-scaling capabilities, allowing resources
to automatically scale up or down based on demand, ensuring optimal
performance and cost-efficiency.
• Resource Groups: Resources in Azure can be organized into resource
groups, simplifying management and enabling centralized monitoring
and control.
• Azure Resource Manager: It facilitates resource deployment,
management, and monitoring through templates, providing a unified
management interface.
Azure Monitoring Services
The following are the some of the Azure Monitoring Services:
• Azure Monitor: Centralized monitoring service for Azure resources,
offering insights into performance, availability, and usage metrics.
 • Application Insights: Provides real-time insights into application
performance and usage, enabling proactive troubleshooting and
optimization.
• Log Analytics: Collects and analyzes log data from various sources,
offering valuable insights for troubleshooting, security monitoring, and
compliance.
• Azure Advisor: Offers personalized recommendations for optimizing
Azure resources, enhancing performance, and reducing costs.
Pricing in Microsoft Azure
Pay-As-You-Go
• Description: You pay for the resources you use without any long-term
commitment or upfront payments.
• Billing: Billed per minute or per hour, depending on the resource.
• Ideal For: Startups, small businesses, and projects with unpredictable
workloads.
Reserved Instances
• Description: You commit to using specific Azure resources for a 1- or 3-
year term.
• Billing: Upfront payment or monthly payments.
• Savings: Up to 72% compared to pay-as-you-go pricing.
• Ideal For: Predictable workloads and long-term projects.
Spot Instances
• Description: Purchase unused Azure capacity at a significant discount.
• Billing: Billed per minute.
• Ideal For: Workloads that can tolerate interruptions, such as batch
processing jobs, dev/test environments, and large computations.
Azure Hybrid Benefit
• Description: Allows you to use your existing on-premises Windows
Server and SQL Server licenses with Software Assurance to save on
Azure.
 • Billing: Reduces the cost of running Windows Server and SQL Server on
Azure.
• Ideal For: Businesses already using Windows Server and SQL Server.
Dev/Test Pricing
• Description: Special pricing for development and testing environments.
• Billing: Discounted rates on various Azure services.
• Ideal For: Developers and testers to build and test applications in a non-
production environment.
Cost Management Tools
• Azure Cost Management and Billing
o Provides detailed cost analysis, budgeting, and forecasting tools.
o Helps track spending and optimize resource usage.
• Azure Pricing Calculator
o An online tool to estimate the cost of Azure services based on your
specific requirements.
• Azure Advisor
o Offers personalized recommendations to optimize your Azure
resources for high availability, security, performance, and cost.
CHATGPT
Microsoft Azure is a comprehensive cloud computing platform offered by
Microsoft, providing a wide range of services, including Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).
These services support various programming languages, tools, and frameworks,
making it suitable for building, deploying, and managing applications on a
global network.
Core Features of Microsoft Azure:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
o Compute: Virtual Machines, Scale Sets.
o Networking: Virtual Network, Load Balancers.
 o Storage: Blob, Queue, Table, and Disk storage.
o Hybrid Capabilities: Seamless integration of on-premises and
cloud resources.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
o App Services: Build and host web apps, mobile backends, and
RESTful APIs.
o Database Services: Azure SQL Database, Cosmos DB.
o AI and Machine Learning: Tools for predictive analytics and
cognitive services.
o Development Tools: Integrated development environments (IDEs)
such as Visual Studio.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS):
o Provides ready-to-use software applications, such as Office 365
and Dynamics 365, that users can access online without managing
infrastructure or development.
4. Security and Compliance:
o Built-in security features like Azure Security Center and identity
management with Azure Active Directory.
o Compliance with international standards (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
5. Global Reach:
o Azure operates in multiple data centers worldwide, offering low-
latency and regional compliance.
6. Scalability:
o Provides auto-scaling capabilities, allowing users to scale resources
up or down based on demand.
7. Integration with Microsoft Tools:
o Seamless integration with tools like Power BI, Office 365, and
other Microsoft ecosystems.
Key Use Cases:
 • Hosting and Deployment: Deploy websites, applications, and APIs
globally.
• Data Analytics: Use Azure Data Lake, Synapse Analytics for large-scale
analytics.
• AI and IoT: Leverage Azure AI and IoT Hub for intelligent solutions.
• Hybrid Cloud Solutions: Extend existing on-premises infrastructure with
Azure Stack.
Advantages:
• Flexible pricing models with pay-as-you-go options.
• Wide range of services catering to various industries and applications.
• Strong integration with Microsoft products.