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VHD- CVS 2

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7 views

VHD- CVS 2

Uploaded by

dinaayad4002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Valvular heart

diseases
Prepared by:

Dina Ayad Dina Jaza


Bwar Othman Sakar Najat
Shanya Fryad Vareen Azad
Rozhan Shwan Isra Umed
Dania Muayad Amez Asaad
Table of contents:
1 Introduction 4 Diagnostic tests

2 Valvular heart diseases 5 Treatment and


and it’s types management

3 Each type’s etiology, epidemiology


and pathophysiology

4 Common clinical features


Introduction:
Heart is a hollow muscular organ,
that pumps blood throughout the
circulatory system.
It has four chambers and four valves.
Valvular Heart Disease
is defined as any disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the
heart, resulting in deranged blood flow through the heart chambers.

• Rheumatic heart disease is the most common acquired valvular disease.


• Left side valves are affected more commonly.

Types:
• Stenosis: failure of the valve to open completely, which leads to
impaired blood flow.

• Regurgitation: failure of the valve to close completely


which leads to backflow of blood.
• Valve abnormalities can be congenital or acquired.

• The most common abnormalities are acquired stenosis of the


mitral and aortic valves.

• Valve abnormalities produce abnormal heart sounds called


murmurs.
Mitral valve stenosis:
Etiology:
• Rheumatic fever (Most common cause)
• Calcification of mitral valve annulus
• Congenital

Pathophysiology:
• MV stenosis → obstruction of blood flow
into the L V →↓ end-diastolic LV
volume→ ↓ stroke volume → ↓ cardiac
output (forward heart failure)
• MV stenosis → increase in L A pressure →
pulmonary edema → pulmonary
hypertension → backward heart failure
Mitral valve regurgitation:
Etiology:
Primary Secondary:

Rheumatic fever Heart failure


Myocardial ischemia Dilated CMP

Pathophysiology:
• MR → LV enlargement → ↓ stroke
volume → ↑ end-systolic and end-diastolic
volume → ↑ LV and LA pressure →
pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary hypertension.
Aortic valve stenosis:

Etiology:
• AV sclerosis (most common)
• Congenital (e.g., unicuspidal & bicuspid)
• Rheumatic fever

Pathophysiology:
• AS during systole → obstruction of blood flow
from left ventricle→ ↑ LV pressure → LV
hypertrophy → left heart failure → ↓
cardiac output
Aortic valve regurgitation:

Etiology:
• Infective endocarditis (most common valvular cause)
• Aortic dissection (Most common aortic cause)
• Connective tissue disease such as Marfan syndrome

Pathophysiology:
• AR → ↑ left ventricular end-diastolic volume
→ LV enlargement → left ventricular systolic
dysfunction → heart failure
Tricuspid stenosis:
Etiology:
• Rheumatic heart disease
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Congenital malformations

Pathophysiology:
• TV stenosis → obstruction of blood flow into
the RV→ ↓ RV blood volume→ ↓ stroke
volume → ↓ cardiac output.
• TV stenosis → ↑ in right atrial pressure →
backup of blood into the veins → ↑ blood
pressure in venae cavae→ right atrial
hypertrophy
Tricuspid Regurgitation:
Etiology:
Primary: Secondary:

Congenital malformation. Dilation of the right atrium, ventricle


and tricuspid annulus.
Carcinoid syndrome. R.V. hypertension often with
pulmonary hypertension.
Rheumatoid heart disease.

Pathophysiology:
• TR → RV enlargement and myocardial
dysfunction → ↓ right heart stroke volume →
↑ end-systolic and enddiastolic volume → ↑
RV and RA pressure → pulmonary artery
congestion → pulmonary artery hypertension.
Pulmonary valve stenosis:
Etiology:
• Congenital malformations:
- Noonan syndrome - Tetralogy of Fallot - Maternal
rubella syndrome .
• Infective endocarditis
• Carcinoid heart diseases
• Rheumatic heart diseases

Pathophysiology:
• PS during systole → obstruction of blood flow
from RV→ ↑ RV pressure → RV hypertrophy →
right heart failure → ↓ cardiac output.
Pulmonary valve regurgitation:
Etiology:
Primary: Secondary:
Iatrogenic causes: - cardiac pulmonary arterial hypertension
catheterization -intra-aortic (>20 mmHg, normal=(10-14
ballon pump insertion mmHg)
Infective endocarditis Pulmonary artery dilation
Rheumatoid heart diseases

Pathophysiology:
• PR → ↑ right ventricular end-
diastolic volume → RV
enlargement → right ventricular
systolic dysfunction → right heart
failure
Common clinical features:
• Heart murmur
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath(dyspnea)
• Cyanosis
• Syncope (fainting)

Diagnostic Tests:
• Cardiac MRI
• Echocardiogram
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Cardiac catheterization
Treatment and management:
Medications:
• Antihypertensive drugs
• Antiarrhythmics
• Blood thinners
• Antibiotics

Procedures:
• Heart valve repair: 1. Annuloplasty 2. Valvuloplasty
• Heart valve replacement: 1. Mechanical 2. Biological

Lifestyle:
• Be more active
• Be smoke free
• Have a healthy diet
‫وَمَنْ أَحْيَاهَا فَكَأَنَّمَا أَحْيَا النَّاسَ جَمِيعًا‬

‫?‪Thank you, any question‬‬

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