Physics

Sample questions
4. MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
Class : XII 2024-25
MCQ
MAGNETIC FORCE:
1) Lorentz force is
a) electrostatic force acting on a charged particle.
b) magnetic force acting on a moving charged particle.
c) the vector sum of electrostatic and magnetic force acting on a moving charged
particle.
d) the vector sum of gravitational and magnetic force acting on a moving charged
particle.
2) An electron is moving along positive x-axis in a magnetic field which is parallel to the
positive y-axis. In what direction will the magnetic force be acting on the electron?
a) along -x axis b) along - z axis c) along +z axis d)along -y axis
(For a positive charge, ⃗ = q [⃗ ⃗ ] = q [v x B ] = q [v x B] ̂
For an electron  ⃗ = - e [v x B] ̂  ⃗ = e [v x B] ( ̂ ))
3) The magnetic force acting on a charged particle of charge - 2 μC moving with velocity
(2 +3 ) x 106 m/s in a magnetic field of 2 T directed in y-direction is
a) 4 N in z-direction b) 8 N in y-direction
c) 8 N in z- direction d) 8 N in negative z-direction
(⃗ = q [⃗ ⃗ ] = q [(2 +3 ) x 2 ] x 10 = q [4 ̂ ] x 106 = - 2 x 10-6 x 4 ̂ x 106 = - 8 ̂ )
6

4) When a charged particle moving with velocity ⃗ is subjected to a magnetic field of

induction ⃗ , the force on it is non-zero. This implies that
a) angle between ⃗ and ⃗ is either zero or 180°
b) angle between ⃗ and ⃗ is necessarily 90°
c) angle between ⃗ and ⃗ can have any value other than 90°
d) angle between ⃗ and ⃗⃗ can have any value other than zero and 180°.
(⃗ = q (⃗ x ⃗ )  F = q v B sinθ  F = 0, when θ = 0 or θ = 180)
5) Tesla is the unit of
a) electric field b) magnetic field
c) electric flux d) magnetic flux
CASE STUDY-1: Force on a current carrying conductor:
When a conductor carrying a current is placed in an external magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force. A current is an assembly of moving charges and a magnetic
field exert a force on a moving charge. That‟s why a current carrying conductor when placed
in a magnetic field experiences sideways forces to the conductor as a whole. A conductor of
length l carrying a current I held in a magnetic field B at an angle θ with it, experiences a
force given by F = B I l sin θ.
1) In the above paragraph, if the conductor is of length 50 cm carrying a current of 5 A is
placed perpendicular to a magnetic field of induction 2 × 10 -3 T, then the force on the
conductor would be
a) 5 × 10-3 N b) 2 × 10-3 N
c) 25 × 10-3 N d) 50 × 10-3 N
(F = B I l sin θ = 2 × 10-3 x 5 x 0.5 x sin 90 = 5 × 10-3)
2) A current carrying straight wire is oriented in a region of space where uniform magnetic
field exists. Magnetic force acting on the wire is
a) directed perpendicular to the wire b) directed along the wire
c) directed along the magnetic field d) zero
(⃗ = x ⃗  Magnetic force is perpendicular to the wire and magnetic field)
3) Current carrying conductor placed in uniform magnetic field is under the impact of
________ magnetic field/fields
a) one b) two c) three d) four
(1. Uniform external field and 2. Filed due to current flowing through the conductor)
4) The direction of force acting on the conductor can be changed by changing
a) The direction of current b) The direction of magnetic field
c) both a and b d) none of the above
(⃗ = x ⃗  the direction of force depends on the direction of current and the direction
of magnetic field.)
5) In the above paragraph, if the conductor is of length 1.5 m carrying a current of 5 A is
placed in a magnetic field of 2 T experiences a force of 15 N, then the angle between the
magnetic field and the direction of current would be
a) 30o b) 45o c) 60o d) 90o
(F = B I l sin θ  15 = 2 x 5 x 1.5 x sin θ  sin θ = 1  θ = 90o)
MOTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD:
1) If electron velocity is 2 ̂ + 3 ̂ and it is subjected to magnetic field of 4 ̂, then its
a) speed will change b) path will change
c) both speed and path will change d) none of the above
(The velocity has one component (3 ̂) parallel to the magnetic field (4 ̂) which will
cause no deflection. The velocity has one component (2 ̂) perpendicular to the magnetic
field (4 ̂) which will cause “change in path”. The electron will follow a helical path.)
Note: Since the magnetic field applies a force perpendicular to the velocity, the force
can't do work on the particle and hence the magnetic field doesn't affect the speed.
2) An electron enters a uniform magnetic field with speed v. It describes a semi-circular
path and comes out of the field. The final speed of the electron is
(a) zero (b) v (c) v/2 (d) 2v
3) If an electron and a proton having same momenta enter perpendicular to a magnetic field,
then
a) radius of the curved path of electron and proton will be same
b) they will move undeflected
c) curved path of electron is more curved than that of the proton
d) path of proton is more curved than that of the electron
(radius of the curved path (r) = =
qe = qp & momentum of electron = momentum of proton and hence re = rp)
4) A charged particle of mass m and charge q travels on a circular path of radius r that is
perpendicular to a magnetic field B. The time taken by the particle to complete one
revolution is
a) b) c) d)
5) A proton is moving in a space with constant velocity in an electric field E and magnetic
field B. The angle between electric field and magnetic field should be
a) 0° b) 30° c) 45° d) 90°
(proton is moving in a space with constant velocity in an electric field E and magnetic
field B
constant velocity  acceleration = 0  net force = 0  FE = FB
force due to electric field (⃗ E = q ⃗ ) acts along the direction of the field
force due to magnetic field (⃗ B = q (⃗ x ⃗ )) acts perpendicular to the direction of the field
⃗ E = - ⃗ B  electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other)
6) A beam of 𝛼 particles projected along + X axis experiences a force due to magnetic field
along the Y-axis. The direction of magnetic field is along
a) - x axis b) + y axis c) + z axis d) –z axis
(𝛼 Particles [+ve charge] are projected along + X axis  velocity is alon X-axis i.e. ̂
force is along the Y-axis  ̂
force due to magnetic field, ⃗ B = q (⃗ x ⃗ ) acts perpendicular to the direction of the field
and velocity.
FB ̂ = q (v ̂ x ⃗ ) [we know that, ̂ x ̂ = ̂]
Hence, ⃗ should act along – z axis  ̂ )
CASE STUDY – 2: Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field
Consider a particle of charge q and mass m moving in plane perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field B. The magnetic Lorentz force on the particle is ⃗ = q (⃗ × ⃗ ). Hence F acts
perpendicular to the plane containing v and B. The magnitude of the velocity remains
constant and only its direction changes. The force F acting on the particle makes the particle
to move along a circular path. Since v and B are at right angles to each other F = Bqv sin 900
= Bqv. This magnetic Lorentz force provides the necessary centripetal force.
1) In the given paragraph, if the charged particle is electron of mass 9.1x10 -31 kg moving in
a circular path of radius 0.625 m with a velocity 106 m/s, the strength of magnetic field
would be
a) 1.13x10-5 T b) 1.13x10-6 T c) 9.1x10-5 T d) 9.1x10-6 T
(F = Bqv = B= = = = 9.1x10-6 T)
2) When a positively charged particle enters into a uniform magnetic field with uniform
velocity, its trajectory can be
a) straight line b) a circle c) a helix d) any one of above
3) A strong magnetic field is applied on a stationary electron. Then the electron
a) Moves in the direction of the field
b) Remains stationary
c) Moves perpendicular to the direction of the field
d) Moves opposite to the direction of the field
(F = Bqv sin θ  v =0  F = 0)
4) A charged particle is moving along a magnetic field line. The magnetic force on the
particle is
a) along its velocity b) opposite to its velocity
c) perpendicular to its velocity d) zero
(F = Bqv sin θ  charged particle is moving along a magnetic field line i.e., θ = 00  F
= Bqv sin 00 = 0)
5) In the given paragraph, if the charged particle moves with velocity 2v, then angular
frequency of the particle will
a) remain the same b) be halved
c) be doubled d) quadrupled
(ω =  angular frequency is independent of velocity)
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT ELEMENT - BIOT-SAVART LAW:
1) The direction of magnetic field produced by a current-carrying small element of any
shape is given by
a) Lenz law b) Newton‟s law
c) right-hand thumb rule d) Fleming left-hand rule
MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOP:
1) The magnetic field due to current carrying loop of radius 3 cm at a point on the axis at a distance
of 4 cm from the centre is 81 μ T. Its value at the centre of the loop is
a) 500 μ T b) 375 μ T c) 250 μ T d) 125 μ T
-2
(Given: radius of the current loop R = 3 cm = 3 x 10 m
Distance of the point on the centre = 4 cm = 4 x 10-2 m
The magnetic field at a point on the axis Ba = ⁄
= 81 μ T …………….(1)
The magnetic field at the centre of the loop Bc = …………………………….(2)
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
(2)/(1)  = = = = = = =
⁄

Bc = Ba x = 81 μ T x = 375 μ T)
2) A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns each of radius 9 cm carries a current of 0.4
A. The magnitude of magnetic field at the centre of the coil is
a) 2.4 × 10–4 T b) 3.5 × 10–4 T c) 2.79 × 10–4 T d) 3 × 10–4 T
(Magnetic field at the centre of the coil B = = = 2.79 x 10-4 T)
3) A particle having charge 250 times that of an electron is revolving in a circular path of radius 0.4
m with two rotations per second. The magnetic field produced at the centre of the circle is
a) 10-17 μo b) 10-16 μo
c) 10-15 μo d) 10-14 μo
(Charge q = 250 e = 250 x 1.6 x 10-19 C = 400 x 10-19 C
Radius of the circular path R = 0.4 m = 4 x 10-1 m
Number of rotations per second = frequency v = = 2 Hz =
The magnetic field produced at the centre of the circle is B = = = qv
= x 400 x 10-19 x 2
= μo x 10-16 T)
4) Two concentric and coplanar circular loops P and Q have their radii in the ratio 2 : 3.
Loop Q carries a current 9 A in the anticlockwise direction. For the magnetic field to be
zero at the common centre, loop P must carry
a) 3 A in clockwise direction b) 9 A in clockwise direction
c) 6 A in anti-clockwise direction d) 6 A in the clockwise direction
(Given: = and I2 = 9 A (in the anticlockwise direction)
For the magnetic field at the common centre to be zero: i) magnetic
field due to I1 (loop P) should be equal and opposite to that due to I2
(loop Q), ii) the direction of current in loop P should be opposite to
that of Q i.e., in clockwise direction.
B1 = B2
=  =  = =  I1 = x I2 = x 9 = 6 A)
5) The magnetic field of a given length of wire carrying a current for a single turn circular coil at
centre is B, then its value for three turns for the same wire when same current passing through it
is
a) 3B b) 6B c) 9B d) B/9
(Let the length of the wire be L.
For the single turn  L = 2 π R i.e., R = and the magnetic field at centre B =
For three turns  L = 3 x 2 π R‟ i.e., R‟ =
Hence, =  R‟ = and the magnetic field at centre B‟ = = =9 = 9 B)

AMPERE‟S CIRCUITAL LAW:

1) Ampere‟s circuital law states that
a) the surface integral of magnetic field over the open surface is equal to μ 0 times the
total current passing through the surface.
b) the surface integral of magnetic field over the open surface is equal to μ0 times the
total current passing near the surface.
c) the line integral of magnetic field along the boundary of the open surface is equal to μ 0
times the total current passing near the surface.
d) the line integral of magnetic field along the boundary of the open surface is equal
to μ0 times the total current passing through the surface.
2) If a long hollow copper pipe carries a current, then produced magnetic field will be
a) both inside and outside the pipe b) outside the pipe only
c) inside the pipe only d) neither inside nor outside the pipe
(From ampere‟s circuital law, ∮ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ = μo Ienclosed, for a loop inside the hollow portion of
the conductor, the current enclosed is zero. ∴ Binside = 0.
For any loop outside, current enclosed by the amperian loop is not zero, hence magnetic
field is non-zero.)
3) A straight wire of diameter 0.5 mm carrying a current of 1 A is replaced by another wire
of 1 mm diameter carrying the same current. The strength of the magnetic field far away
is
a) one-quarter of the earlier value b) one-half of the earlier value
c) twice the earlier value d) same as the earlier value
(Magnetic field due to straight wire carrying current I at distance r is given as, B = .
Since, B does not depend on the diameter of the wire, it remains same in both cases)
4) At what distance of a point, from a long straight wire carrying a current of 12 A will the
magnetic field be equal to 3 x 10-5 T?
a) 8 cm b) 16 cm c) 32 cm d) 64 cm
5) Magnetic field due to a long straight conductor of length l, carrying current I, at a point,
distance d from it, is given by
a) B = x b) B = x c) B = x d) B = x

(Magnetic field due to a long straight conductor, B = = = x )

6) On connecting a battery to the two corners of a diagonal of a square conductor frame of
side a, the magnitude of magnetic field at the centre will be
a) zero b) c) d)
7) A current I flows through a long straight conductor which is bent into a circular loop of
radius R in the middle as shown in figure. The magnitude of net magnetic field at point O
will be
a) Zero b)
( )
c) d)
[The magnetic field at point O due to the long straight conductor is,
B1 = = (acting out of the page)
The magnetic field at point O (centre) due to the circular loop is,
B2 = (acting into the page)
The magnitude of net magnetic field at point O is B = B2 – B1 = - = ( 1 - )]
THE SOLENOID:
1) A long solenoid has 200 turns per cm and carries a current I. The magnetic field at its
centre is 6.28 x 10-2 Wb/m2. Another long solenoid has 100 turns per cm and carries I/3
current. The value of magnetic field at its centre is
a) 1.05 x 10-4 Wb/m2 b) 1.05 x 10-2 Wb/m2
c) 1.05 x 10-5 Wb/m2 d) 1.05 x 10-3 Wb/m2
 (Given: n1 = 200 turns per cm and n2 = 200 turns per cm  n1 = 2 n2, I1 = I and I2 = I/3.
B1 = 6.28 x 10-2 Wb/m2, B2 = ?  B1 = μo n1 I1 and B2 = μo n2 I2)
 = = = =  B2 = x B1 = = 1.047 x 10-2 Wb/m2)

2) A solenoid of length 0.6 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of 600 turns. It carries a
current of 5 A. The magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid is:
a) 8.79x10-3T b) 7.45x10-2 T c) 6.28x10-3T d) 5.43x10-3 T
(The magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid is, B = μo n I
Where, μo = 4π x 10-7 H/m, n = = = = 100 x 101 = 103 and current, I = 5 A
B = μo n I = 4π x 10-7 x 103 x 5 = 20 π x 10-4 = 62. 8 x 10-4 = 6.28 x 10-3 T)
FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS, THE AMPERE:
1) Two long straight parallel conductors separated by a distance of 0.5 m carry currents of
5A and 8 A in the same direction. The force per unit length experienced by each other is
a) 1.6 x 10-5 N (attractive) b) 1.6 x 10-5 N (repulsive)
c) 16 x 10-5 N (attractive) d) 16 x 10-5 N (repulsive)
(Given: d = 0.5 m, I1 = 5 A and I2 = 8 A
The force per unit length, f = = = = 160 x 10-7 = 1.6 x 10-5 N
Note: Parallel current attract and antiparallel current repel)
2) Two thin, long and parallel wires separated by a distance d carry a current I ampere each.
The magnitude of force per unit length exerted by one wire on the other is
a) μ0 I2/2πd b) μ0 I/2πd c) μ0 I2/2πd2 d) μ0 I/2πd2
(The magnitude of force per unit length is = for I1 = I2 = I  = = )
3) Two thin, long, parallel wires, separated by a distance d carry a current of „I‟ ampere in
the same direction. They will
a) attract each other with a force/unit length of
b) repel each other with a force/unit length of
c) attract each other with a force/unit length of
d) repel each other with a force/unit length of
(The force per unit length, f = = = =
Note: Parallel currents attract and antiparallel currents repel)
4) Beams of electrons and protons move parallel to each other in the same direction. They
a) attract each other
b) repel each other
c) neither attract or repel each other
d) Force of attraction or repulsion depends on the speed of the beams
(The given case is equivalent two antiparallel currents)
5) The magnetic field at centre, P, will be
a) b)

c) d) 4 μo π
 [The magnetic field due to an infinite wire carrying current I at a point lies at a distance d
from the wire is given by, B =
For wire 1: I1 = 5 A and d1 = 2.5 m
B1 = = = = (into the plane of the paper)
For wire 1: I2 = 2.5 A and d2 = 2.5 m
B2 = = = (out of the plane of the paper)
Net magnetic field B = B1 – B2 = - = (into the plane of the paper)]
6) Three long, straight parallel wires carrying current are arranged as shown in figure. The force
experienced by a 25 cm length of wire C is
a) 10-3 N b) 2.5 x 10-3
c) zero d) 1.5 x 103 N
(Force per unit length = 
Force acting on C due to D is, FCD = = 2x10-3 N/m
(acting towards left)
Force acting on C due to G is, FCG = = 2x10-3 N/m (acting towards right)
FCD is equal opposite to FCG. Hence, net force experienced by C is zero)
7) A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 A m2. The magnitude of the magnetic
field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of the magnet on the
axis of the magnet is
a) 0.96 x 10-4 T b) 0.48 x 10-4 T
c) 0.24 x 10-5 T d) 0.28 x 10-4 T
(B = = = 10-7 x = 0.96 x 10-4)
8) The magnetic field at a distance r from a short bar magnet is directly proportional to
a) r2 b) r–3 c) r2/3 d) r4
((Beq)= [equatorial] and (Bax)= [axial]
The magnetic field at a distance r from a short bar magnet is, B B r-3)

TORQUE ON CURRENT LOOP, MAGNETIC DIPOLE:

1) A current-carrying coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B. The current
in the coil is I, it has N turns and A is the face area of coil and normal to the surface
makes an angle with B. The torque experienced by the coil is
a) NIAB b) NIAB cosθ c) NIAB sinθ d) NIAB tanθ
2) A circular loop of area 0.01 m2 carrying a current of 10 A, is held perpendicular to a
magnetic field of intensity 0.1 T. The torque acting on the loop is
a) zero b) 0.01 N m c) 0.1 N m d) 0.8 N m
2 -2 2 -1
(Given: area, A = 0.01 m = 10 m , I = 10 A and B = 0.1 T = 10 T
The circular loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field i.e., the area (normal) vector
and magnetic field are acting along the same direction. Hence, angle (θ) between ⃗ and
⃗⃗ is zero.
The torque acting on the loop is, τ = N B I A sinθ = N B I A sin(0) = zero.)
3) S.I. unit of magnetic moment is
a) J T-2 b) A m2 c) J T d) A m-1
4) An isosceles right angled current carrying loop PQR is placed in a uniform magnetic field
⃗ pointing along PR. If the magnetic force acting on the arm PQ is F, then the magnetic
force which acts on the arm QR will be

a) F b) c) √ F d) - F
√
Force on PQ = F
Force on PR = 0
Since net force on current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero, force on QR = - F
THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER:
1) A moving coil galvanometer has N number of turns in a coil of effective area A, it carries
a current I. The magnetic field B is radial. The torque acting on the coil is
a) NA2B2I b) NABI2 c) N2ABI d) NABI
2) The deflection in a moving coil galvanometer is
a) directly proportional to the torsional constant
b) directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil
c) inversely proportional to the area of the coil
d) inversely proportional to the current flowing
(Deflection in the galvanometer ɸ = , Where K is torsional constant; ɸ N [number
of turns])
3) The current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as
a) the current flowing through the galvanometer when a unit voltage is applied across its
terminals.
b) current per unit deflection.
c) deflection per unit current.
d) deflection per unit current when a unit voltage is applied across its terminals
(Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is, = )
4) To convert a galvanometer into a ammeter, one needs to connect a
a) low resistance in parallel b) high resistance in parallel
c) low resistance in series d) high resistance in series
5) Two identical galvanometers are converted into an ammeter and a milliammeter. As
compared to shunt resistance of ammeter, the shunt resistance of milliammeter will be
a) Less b) equal c) more d) zero
(Greater the shunt, smaller is the range of ammeter. The shunt is connected in parallel
with the galvanometer. The shunt of greater resistance will draw less current and the
current passing through coil of galvanometer will be more and the galvanometer will
work as a smaller range ammeter.)
6) A galvanometer having a resistance of 8 ohms is shunted by a wire of resistance 2 ohms.
If the total current is 1 amp ,the part of it passing through the shunt will be
a) 0.25 amp b) 0.8 amp c) 0.02 amp d) 0.5 amp
(Let I be the total current,
Is be the part of the current passing through the shunt resistance and
Ig be the current through the galvanometer i.e., Ig = I - Is
 Ig Rg = Is S  (I - Is) Rg = Is S  I Rg - Is Rg = Is S  I Rg = Is S + Is Rg = Is (S + Rg)
 Is = = = = 0.8 A)

7) An ammeter of range 1 A has a resistance of 0.9 Ω. To extend the range upto 10 A, the
value of the required shunt is
a) 0.01 Ω b) 0.1 Ω
c) 0.9 Ω d) 1 Ω
(9 x S = 1 x 0.9
S = 0.9/9 = 0.1 Ω)
8) An ammeter of resistance 0.81 ohm reads up to 1 A. The value of the required shunt to
increase the range to 10 A is
a) 0.9 ohm b) 0.09 ohm c) 0.03 ohm d) 0.3 ohm

(0.81 x 1 = S x 9  S = = 0.09 ohm)

9) In an ammeter 0.2% of main current passes through the galvanometer. If resistance of
galvanometer is G, the resistance of ammeter will be
a) G b) G c) G d) G

(As galvanometer and shunt resistance are connected in parallel, potential difference
VG = VS
IG G = IS S
[IG = 0.2% of the main current = 0.2% I = I= I & IS = I – I G = I]
IG= I S  2 G = 998 S  S = G= G

The resistance of ammeter, R = = = = = G)

( ) ( )

10) In a galvanometer 5% of the total current in the circuit passes through it and remaining
through shunt. If the resistance of the galvanometer is G, the shunt resistance S connected
to the galvanometer is
a) 19 G b) G/19 c) 20 G d) G/20
CASE STUDY-3:
Moving coil galvanometer operates on Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC)
mechanism and was designed by the scientist Darsonval. Moving coil galvanometers are
of two types (i) Suspended coil (ii) Pivoted coil type or tangent galvanometer.
Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a torque. This torque tends to rotate the coil about its axis
of suspension in such a way that the magnetic flux passing through the coil is maximum.
1) To make the field radial in a moving coil galvanometer.
a) number of turns of coil is kept small
b) magnet is taken in the form of horse-shoe
c) poles are of very strong magnets
d) poles are cylindrically cut
2) A moving coil galvanometer is an instrument which
a) is used to measure emf
b) is used to measure potential difference
c) is used to measure resistance
d) is a deflection instrument which gives a deflection when a current flows through
its coil
3) The deflection in a moving coil galvanometer is
a) directly proportional to torsional constant of spring
b) directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil
c) inversely proportional to the area of the coil
d) inversely proportional to the current in the coil
(ϕ =  ϕ N)
4) In a moving coil galvanometer, having a coil of N-turns of area A and carrying current I
is placed in a radial field of strength B. The torque acting on the coil is
a) NA2B2I b) NABI2 c) N2ABI d) NABI

CASE STUDY – 4:
MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER
The galvanometer is a device used to detect the current
flowing in a circuit or a small potential difference applied to it.
It consists of a coil with many turns, free to rotate about a fixed
axis, in a uniform radial magnetic field formed by using
concave pole pieces of a magnet. When a current flows through
the coil, a torque acts on it.

1) What is the principle of moving coil galvanometer?

a) Torque acting on a current carrying coil placed in a uniform magnetic field.
b) Torque acting on a current carrying coil placed in a non-uniform magnetic field.
c) Potential difference developed in the current carrying coil.
d) None of these
2) If the field is radial, then the angle between magnetic moment of galvanometer coil and
the magnetic field will be
a) 0° b) 30° c) 60° d) 90°
 (A radial magnetic field is a magnetic field wherein the coil's plane stays parallel to the
magnetic field's direction in all positions. Hence, magnetic moment or area vector stays
perpendicular to magnetic field.)
3) Why pole pieces are made concave in the moving coil galvanometer?
a) to make the magnetic field radial.
b) to make the magnetic field uniform
c) to make the magnetic field non-uniform
d) none of these.

For the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the
other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes
(a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false and R is also false
1) Assertion (A): A charge, whether stationary or in motion produces a magnetic field
around it.
Reason (R): Moving charges produce only electric field in the surrounding space.
d) A is false and R is also false
(A charge in motion (only) produces magnetic field around it.
Moving charges produce both electric field and magnetic field in the surrounding space)
2) Assertion (A): A wire carrying an electric current has no electric field around it.
Reason (R): Rate of flow of electrons in one direction is equal to the rate of flow of
protons in opposite direction.
d) A is false and R is true.
3) Assertion (A): Magnetic field cannot change kinetic energy of a moving charge.
Reason (R): Magnetic field cannot change velocity vector.
c) A is true but R is false.
4) Assertion (A): The magnetic field can accelerate a charged particle but can‟t change the
speed.
Reason (R): The magnetic field applies a force perpendicular to the velocity.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
5) Assertion: The speed of a charged particle can be increased by applying magnetic field
Reason: Charged particles can be deflected by magnetic fields.
d) A is false but R is true
6) Assertion (A): A proton and an alpha particle having the same kinetic energy are moving
in circular paths in a uniform magnetic field. The radii of their circular paths will be
equal.
Reason (R): Any two charged particles having equal kinetic energies and entering a
region of uniform magnetic field B in a direction perpendicular to B, will describe
circular trajectories of equal radii.
c) A is true but R is false.
 (q v B =  The radius of the circular path is given by, r =
√
K.E = ½ m v2  v2 = v=√ r= = √ =
√
same kinetic energy & uniform magnetic field  r
√ √ √
= = = = 1  rp = rα  Assertion is true
√ √ √
As this ratio would not be equal for any two particles with same K.E, Reason is false)
7) Assertion (A): If an electron and proton enter a magnetic field with equal momentum,
then the paths of both of them will be equally curved in opposite directions.
Reason (R): The magnitude of charge on an electron is same as that on a proton.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
8) Assertion (A): If an electron is not deflected while passing through a certain region of
space, then only possibility is that there is no magnetic region.
Reason (R): Force is inversely proportional to the magnetic field applied.
d) A is false and R is also false.
9) Assertion (A): The electrostatic field is produced by a scalar source and the magnetic
field is produced by a vector source.
Reason (R): The electrostatic field is produced by charge and the magnetic field is
produced by I ⃗⃗⃗ .
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
10) Assertion (A): The magnetic moment (μ) of an electron revolving around the nucleus
decreases with increasing principle quantum number (n).
Reason (R): Magnetic moment of the revolving electron μ 1/n
d) A is false and R is also false.
(μ = μ n)
11) Assertion (A): To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter a small resistance is
connected in parallel with it.
Reason (R): The small resistance increases the combined resistance of the combination.
c) A is true but R is false.
12) Assertion (A): The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by placing a
suitable magnetic material as a core inside the coil.
Reason (R): Soft iron has high magnetic permeability and cannot be easily magnetized
or demagnetized.
c) A is true but R is false.
(ϕ = ϕ B
Using iron core, the value of magnetic field increases. So, deflection increases for the
same current. Hence, sensitivity increases.
Soft iron can be easily magnetized or demagnetized.)
 DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
MAGNETIC FORCE:
1) Write the special features of magnetic Lorentz force.
(i) It depends on charge of the particle (q), the velocity (⃗ ) and the magnetic field (⃗ ).
(ii) Force on a negative charge is opposite to that on a positive charge.
(iii) The magnetic force q [⃗ ⃗ ] includes a vector product of velocity and magnetic
field.
(iv) The vector product makes the force due to magnetic field vanish (become zero) if
velocity and magnetic field are parallel or anti-parallel.
(v) The force acts in a direction perpendicular to both the velocity and the magnetic field.
(vi) The magnetic force is zero if charge is not moving (as then |⃗ | = 0). Only a moving
charge feels the magnetic force. Six points ……………(3 m)
2) Write the expression, in a vector form, for the Lorentz magnetic force ⃗ due to a charge
moving with velocity ⃗ in a magnetic field ⃗ . What is the direction of the magnetic
force?
⃗ = q (⃗ x ⃗ ) ……………(1 m)
The magnetic force acts in a direction perpendicular to both the velocity and the
magnetic field. Its direction is given by the screw rule or right hand rule for vector (or
cross) product. ……………(1 m)
3) Deduce an expression for the force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field.
Consider a rod of a uniform cross-sectional area A and length l carrying a steady
current I. Let the number density of mobile charge carriers (electrons) in it be n. .…(½ m)
Then the total number of mobile charge carriers in it is (n A l) ……………(½ m)
Let‟s assume that each mobile carrier has an average drift velocity ⃗ d.
In the presence of an external magnetic field B, the force on these carriers is:
⃗ = (nAl) e ⃗ d × ⃗ ……………(½ m)
=I ×⃗ ……………(½ m)
4) A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 4.9 m carries a current of 2 A. It is suspended in
mid-air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field B (as shown in figure). What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field?
Magnetic force = Gravitational force (Weight)
IlB=mg ……………(½ m)
B= = = 0.1 x 2 = 0.2 T …………(½ m)
5) The horizontal component of the earth‟s magnetic field at a certain place is 3.0 ×10–5 T
and the direction of the field is from the geographic south to the geographic north. A very
long straight conductor is carrying a steady current of 1A. What is the force per unit
length on it when it is placed on a horizontal table and the direction of the current is east
to west?
⃗ =I ×⃗
F = I l B sinθ ……………(½ m)
θ = 90  sinθ = 1 ……………(½ m)
–5 –5
F = I l B  f = = I B = 1 x 3.0 ×10 = 3.0 ×10 N ……………(1 m)
MOTION IN A MAGNETIC FIELD:
1) What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass = 9 × 10-31 kg and charge = 1.6 × 10–19
C) moving at a speed of 3 ×107 m/s in a magnetic field of 6 × 10–4 T perpendicular to it?
What is its frequency? Calculate its energy in keV. (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J).
r= ……………(½ m)

= = 28 cm ……………(½ m)

ν= ……………(½ m)

= 1.7 x 107 Hz = 17 MHz ……………(½ m)

K.E = ½ m v2 = ½ [9 × 10-31 x (3 ×107)2] = 40.5 x 10-17 J 4 x 10-16 J .…………(½ m)
= = 2.5 x 103 eV = 2.5 keV ……………(½ m)
2) An alpha particle and proton enter a region of uniform magnetic field which is
perpendicular to their direction of motion. Find the ratio of radii of circle described by
them if they have same velocity.
qvB=  The radius of the circular path is given by, r =
same velocity & uniform magnetic field  r
( )
= = x = x =
( )

3) An alpha particle and proton are having same kinetic energy entering uniform magnetic
field normally. What is the ratio of radii of path described by alpha particle to proton?
½ mα vα2 = ½ mp vp2
=√ =√ =√ = ………..….(½ m)

r= ………..….(½ m)
= x = x =2 = 2 x = 1: 1 ………..….(1 m)

4) Two protons A and B are entering uniform magnetic field with same speed by making
angle of 30o and 60o with respect to magnetic field. What is the ratio of radius of the path
described by these protons A and B?
B q v sinθ = r= ………..….(1 m)
√
= = = =√ ………..….(1 m)
5) Why is the work done by the magnetic force on a charge particle moving normal to the
magnetic field zero?
W = ⃗ . ⃗ = q (⃗ x ⃗ ) . ⃗
The magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity due to which magnetic force is
perpendicular to the displacement also. [W = F S cosθ = F S cos 90 = 0]
Hence, the work done by the magnetic force on a charge particle moving normal to
the magnetic field zero.
6) A proton and an electron travelling along parallel paths enter a region of uniform
magnetic field, acting perpendicular to their paths. Which of them will move in a circular
path with higher frequency?
Electron moves in circular path with higher frequency. ……………(½ m)
Frequency, ν = .
“q” is same for both proton and an electron.
me < mp and ν  νe > νp ……………(½ m)

7) Write the condition under which an electron will move undeflected in the presence of
crossed electric and magnetic fields.
|⃗ | = |⃗ | or v = , where v is speed of the electron ……………(1 m)
8) A proton and alpha particle are accelerated by same accelerating potential V and are
allowed to pass through a uniform magnetic field of strength B perpendicular to their
direction motion. Compare the radii of their circular paths.
qvB=  The radius of the circular path is given by, r =

K.E = ½ m v2 = q V  v2 = v=√

Substituting this in the equation of radius, we get, r = = √ =√

√
= =√ x√ =√ =√ =√
√

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT ELEMENT - BIOT-SAVART LAW:

1) State Biot-Savart's law.
According to Biot-Savart‟s law, the magnitude of the magnetic field ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is proportional
to the current I, the element length |d |, and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance r.
Its direction is perpendicular to the plane containing d and . ……………(1 m)

2) An element Δl = Δx ̂ is placed at the origin and carries a large current I = 10 A (as shown
in figure). What is the magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5 m. Δx = 1 cm.
dB = ……………(½ m)
θ = 90  sinθ = 1
dB = = 4 x 10-8 T .…………(1 m)

The direction of the field is in the +z – direction…..(½ m)

MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOP:
1) (i) Derive an expression for the magnetic field at point on the axis of a current carrying
circular loop.
(ii) A coil of 100 turns (tightly bound) and radius 10 cm, carries a current of 1 A. What is
the magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil.
(i) Consider a circular loop carrying a steady current I placed in the y-z plane with its
centre at the origin O and has a radius R. Let x be the distance of P from the centre O of
the loop.

diagram with explanation ……………(1 m)

The magnitude dB of the magnetic field due to a conducting element d is given by the
⃗
Biot-Savart law: dB =
= dl r sinθ = dl r (where θ = 90o  sin θ = 1)
dB = = = ……………(1 m)
The direction of dB is is perpendicular to the plane formed by and . It has an x-
component dBx and a component perpendicular to x-axis, dB⊥. When the components
perpendicular to the x-axis are summed over, they cancel out and we obtain a null result.
Thus, only the x-component survives. ……………(½ m)
The net contribution along x-direction can be obtained by integrating dBx = dB cos θ
over the loop.
dBx = dB cos θ = cos θ = = ………(1 m)
The magnetic field at P due to entire circular loop is,
⃗ =∫ ̂=∫ ̂= ̂ ……………(½ m)

(ii) B = = = 6.28 ×10−4 T ……………(1 m)

2) A current of 10 A flows through a semi-circular wire of radius 2 cm as shown in

figure(a). What is direction and magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of
semicircle? Would your answer change if the wire were bent as shown in figure (b)?

(a) ⃗⃗⃗ and for each element of the straight segments are parallel. Therefore, ⃗⃗⃗ × = 0.
Straight segments do not contribute to |⃗ |.
For all segments of the semicircular arc, ⃗⃗⃗ × are all parallel to each other (out of the
plane of the paper). All such contributions add up in magnitude. Hence direction of B for
 a semicircular arc is given by the right-hand rule and magnitude is half that of a circular
loop.
B=½ = = 3.14 × 5 × 10-5 = 15.7 × 10-5 = 1.57 × 10-4 T
Thus ⃗ is 1.57 × 10-4 T normal to the plane of the paper coming out of it. ………(2 m)
(b) Same magnitude of ⃗ but opposite in direction to that in (a). ……………(½ m)
Thus ⃗ is 1.57 × 10-4 T normal to the plane of the paper going into it. ……………(½ m)

3) A current „I‟ enters a uniform circular loop of radius „R‟ at point M and flows out at N as
shown in the figure. Obtain the net magnetic field at the centre of the loop.


I1 = I; I2 = I

B1 = I1 (inwards) = I

B2 = I2 (outwards) = I
Thus, net B = B1 – B2 = 0

4) If magnetic field at the centre a current carrying coil is 16 T, calculate its value along the
axis of same coil at a distance √3 times of the radius of coil.
Magnetic field at the centre a current carrying coil, Bc = = 16 T
magnetic field at a point on the axis, Ba =

Given: x = (√ ) R  Ba = = = =
( )
= =  Ba = Bc = x 16 = 2 T
( )

AMPERE‟S CIRCUITAL LAW:

1) State ampere‟s circuital law.
The line integral ∮⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ for a closed curve is equal to μo times the net current Ie
through the area bounded by the curve. ……………(1 m)
2) Write the expression of Magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight current carrying
conductor placed in vacuum.
B=
B  magnetic field at a point P
μo  permeability of free space
I  current flowing through the conductor
r  distance of the point P from the conductor ……………(1 m)
3) (a) A long straight wire of a circular cross section of radius carries a steady current I. The
current is uniformly distributed across the cross-section. Apply ampere‟s circuital law to
calculate the magnetic field at a point r in the region for (i) r < a and (ii) r > a. plot a
graph showing the nature of this variation.
(b) Calculate the ratio of magnetic field at a point a/2 above the surface of the wire to that
at a point a/2 below its surface. What is the maximum value of field of this wire?
(a) (i) Magnetic field at a point inside the wire for r < a:

The Amperian loop is a circle labelled 1.

For this loop, taking the radius of the circle to be r, L = 2 π r.
The current enclosed Ie is not I, but is less than this value. Since the current distribution is
uniform, current density Je = J
=  Ie = π r2 =
Using Ampere‟s law, B L = μo Ie
B (2 π r) = μo 
B=  B r (r < a)
(ii) Magnetic field at a point outside the wire for r > a:
The Amperian loop, labelled 2, is a circle concentric with the cross-section. For this loop,
L=2πr
Ie = Current enclosed by the loop = I
Using Ampere‟s law, B L = μo Ie
B (2π r) = μo I
B= B (r > a)

..……….….(3 m)
(b) Magnetic field at a point above the surface of the wire:
From the second case of (a), B1 = = = =
( ) ( )

Magnetic field at a point above the surface of the wire:

( ) ( )
From the first case of (a), B2 = = = =
( )
= = ..……….….(2 m)
( )
THE SOLENOID:
1) A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of 500 turns. It carries a
current of 5 A. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid?
B = μo n I ……………(½ m)
= μo I
= 4 π x 10-7 x x 5 = 6.28 x 10-3 T ……………(1 ½ m)
FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS, THE AMPERE:
1) Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady
current Ia and Ib separated by a distance d. If the
currents are flowing in the same direction, show how
the magnetic field set up in one produces an attractive
force on the other. Obtain the expression for this force.
Figure shows two long parallel conductors a and b
separated by a distance d and carrying (parallel)
currents Ia and Ib, respectively.
Diagram with explanation …………(½ m)
The conductor „a‟ produces, the same The conductor „b‟ produces, the same
magnetic field ⃗ a at all points along the magnetic field ⃗ b at all points along the
conductor „b‟. conductor „a‟.
According to right hand rule, the The direction of this field is upwards.
direction of this field is downwards
(when the conductors are placed
horizontally).
Its magnitude is given from Its magnitude is given by,
Ampere‟s circuital law,
Ba = Bb =
The conductor „b‟ carrying a current The conductor „a‟ carrying a current Ia
Ib will experience a sideways force due will experience a sideways force due to the
to the field Ba. field Bb.
The force on a segment L of „b‟ due The force on a segment L of „a‟ due to
to „a‟ is given by, Fba = Ib L Ba „b‟ is given by, Fab = Ia L Bb
= L ….(1) = L ….(2)
The direction of this force is towards The direction of this force is towards the
the conductor „a‟. conductor „b‟.
From (1) and (2), Fba = Fab.
ba = - ab ……………(2 ½ m)
Alternate diagram:
2) Define ampere.
The ampere is the value of that steady current which, when maintained in each of the
two very long, straight, parallel conductors of negligible cross-section, and placed one
metre apart in vacuum, would produce on each of these conductors a force equal to 2 ×
10–7 newtons per metre of length. ……………(1 m)

3) A straight wire of length π/2 m is bent into a circular shape. If the wire were to carry a
current of 5 A, calculate the magnetic field due to it before bending at a point distant 0.01
times the radius of the circle formed from it. Also calculate the magnetic field at the
centre of the circular loop formed for the same value of current.
Length of the given wire, L = m, current, I = 5 A, [known: μo = 4πx 10-7 H/m]
When it is bent into circular loop, L = circumference (2πR) =  R = m
distance, d = 0.01 x radius = 0.01 x R = = x 10-2 m
Before bending, it was just a straight wire:
Magnetic field at a distance d before bending = = = 2 x 4 x 10-5 x 5
= 40x10-5 = 4x10-4 T
Magnetic field at centre after bending = = = 2 π x 4 x 10-7 x 5
= 40π x 10-7 T = 4π x 10-6 T
TORQUE ON CURRENT LOOP, MAGNETIC DIPOLE:
1) With a neat diagram, compute the torque experienced by a rectangular current loop in a
uniform magnetic field when the plane of the loop is kept parallel to the magnetic field.

Diagram……………(1 m)
The rectangular loop is placed such that the uniform magnetic field B is in the plane of
the loop (shown in figure).
The field exerts no force on the two arms AD and BC of the loop.
The field is perpendicular to the arm AB of the loop and exerts a force
F1. Its magnitude is, F1 = I b B
Similarly it exerts a force F2 on the arm CD and the magnitude of F2 is.
F2 = I b B = F1 = F
F1 is directed into the plane of the loop and F2 is directed out of the
plane of the loop. Thus, the net force on the loop is zero.
There is a torque (τ) on the loop due to the pair of forces F1 and F2.
τ tends to rotate the loop anti-clockwise.
Magnitude of τ = F x a = I b B a = I A B
Where A = ab is the area of the loop. ……………(2 m)
2) A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross-section 1.6 × 10–4 m2, carrying
a current of 4.0 A, is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal
plane.
(a) What is the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid?
(b) What is the force and torque on the solenoid if a uniform horizontal magnetic field of
7.5×10–2 T is set up at an angle of 30° with the axis of the solenoid?
(a) M = N I A = 2000 x 4 x 1.6 x 10-4 = 1.28 A m2. ……………(½ m)
(b) Force = zero ……………(½ m)
Torque τ = M B sinθ = 1.28 x 7.5×10–2 x sin30 = 4.8×10–2 N m. ……………(1 m)
3) A rectangular current carrying loop EFGH is kept in a uniform magnetic field as shown
in the figure.

i) What is the direction of the magnetic moment of the current loop?

ii) When is the torque acting on the loop maximum?
iii) When is the torque acting on the loop minimum?
(i) Perpendicular to the plane of the loop INWARDS.
(ii) Torque is maximum when the dipole moment vector is perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field.
(iii) Torque is minimum when the dipole moment vector is parallel or anti-parallel to
the direction of magnetic field.

THE MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER:

1) a) Explain principle and working of a moving coil galvanometer. Derive an expression
for current sensitivity.
b) Justify the necessity of using i) Radial magnetic field and ii) And phosphor bronze
suspension strip in it [previous question].
c) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity. Explain giving reason.
a) Principle:
Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in a
magnetic field, it experiences a torque.
Construction and working:
The galvanometer consists of a coil, with many turns, free
to rotate about a fixed axis (Figure), in a uniform radial
magnetic field. There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not
only makes the field radial but also increases the strength of
the magnetic field. When a current flows through the coil, a
torque acts on it.
This deflecting torque is given by, τ = N I A B sinθ
=NIAB
Since the field is radial by design, we have taken sin θ = 1 in the above expression for the
torque.
 A spring Sp provides a counter torque i.e. restoring torque k that balances the
magnetic torque NIAB; resulting in a steady angular deflection .
In equilibrium position of the coil, Deflecting torque = Restoring torque,
k = NI AB
where k is the torsional constant of the spring; i.e. the restoring torque per unit twist. The
deflection is indicated on the scale by a pointer attached to the spring.
Current sensitivity:
Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is the deflection per unit current flowing through
it.
k = N I A B  current sensitivity, = [Its unit is rad/A or div/A.]….….….(3 m)
b) i) With the help of the radial magnetic field, the angle between the plane of the coil
and the magnetic field is maintained zero in all the directions of the coil. [sinθ=sin90=1].
Radial component of the magnetic field is used to generate uniform torque to maintain
uniformity in a magnetic field.
ii) Phosphor-Bronze wire is used for suspension in a moving coil galvanometer because it
has small restoring torque per unit twist and high tensile strength and hence improves the
current sensitivity. ……………(1 m)
c) Increasing the current sensitivity:
Current sensitivity, = and voltage sensitivity, = =
If N → 2N, i.e., we double the number of turns, the current sensitivity doubles.
However, the resistance of the galvanometer is also likely to double, since it is
proportional to the length of the wire.
N →2N, and Rg →2 Rg, [Both numerator and denominator equally increases]
Thus the voltage sensitivity, remains unchanged. ……………(1 m)
2) Compare between moving coil galvanometer and moving magnet galvanometer.
Moving coil galvanometer Moving magnet galvanometer
The deflection in moving coil It is also known as tangent galvanometer. The
galvanometer is proportional to the current flowing through the tangent
current flowing through it. galvanometer is directly proportional to the
deflection in the coil.
Its sensitivity is high Its sensitivity is low
Moving coil galvanometer is based on the Moving magnet galvanometer is based on the
fact that when a current carrying coil is tangent law.
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences
a torque.
..……….….(1 m)
3) Why don‟t you connect galvanometer as such to measure current in a circuit? Give
reason.
The galvanometer cannot as such be used as an ammeter to measure the value of the
current in a given circuit. This is for two reasons:
(1) Galvanometer is a very sensitive device, it gives a full-scale deflection for a current of
the order of μA. ………..….(½ m)
(2) For measuring currents, the galvanometer has to be connected in series, and as it has a
large resistance, this will change the value of the current in the circuit. ...……..….(½ m)
4) How to convert a galvanometer into (i) a voltmeter and (ii) an ammeter?
i) A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting high resistance in series
with galvanometer. ……………(½ m)
ii) A galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in
parallel with the galvanometer. This low resistance is called shunt resistance S. ..…(½ m)

5) An ammeter of resistance 0.80 Ω can measure current up to 1.0 A.

(i) What must be the value of shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to measure current
up to 5.0 A?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt?
Given: Ra = 0.80 Ω, I1 = 1 A and I2 = 5 A.
Combined resistance (R) =
Potential difference (V) = I1 Ra = I2 R
= 1 x 0.8 = 5 x
0.16 =
= 0.16
= = 0.2
=
+1=5
= 5 – 1 = 4  rs = 0.8/4 = 0.2 Ω ……………(1 ½ m)
Combined resistance (R) = = = 0.16 Ω ……………(½ m)

6) To convert a given galvanometer into a voltmeter of ranges 2V, V and V/2 resistances
R1, R2 and R3 ohm respectively are required to be connected in series with the
galvanometer. Obtain the relationship between R1, R2 and R3.
The resistance connected in series with the galvanometer can be related to
galvanometer resistance as, R = - Rg.
 R1 = - Rg.
 R2 = - Rg.  R1 - R2 = - Rg - + Rg = ……….(1)
 R3 = - Rg.
 R3 = - Rg  substituting from equation (1), we get
= (R1 - R2) - Rg
7) The resistance of the voltmeter is 1200 ohm. What is the
current flowing through voltmeter in the circuit shown and
what does the voltmeter read?
Voltmeter and 400 Ω resistor are connected in parallel.
RP = = = = 300 Ω
This equivalent resistance is in series with 300 Ω resistor.
Rs = 300 + 300 = 600 Ω
Current, I = = = 0.1 A.
Voltmeter reading across 300 Ω resistor is = 0.1 x 300 = 30 V
Voltmeter reading across 400 Ω resistor will also be = 30 V [as the total is 60 V]
Current flowing through voltmeter =
= = 0.025 A