Brittonia Formatting Instructions Jan2024
Brittonia Formatting Instructions Jan2024
Formatting Instructions
All manuscripts must be formatted according to the requirements outlined below. Failure to
properly format your manuscript will result in its return without review.
A. GENERAL
1. All manuscripts must be written in English.
2. All nomenclatural actions involving Linnean names must comply with the rules (and
preferably also the recommendations) of the current International Code of Nomenclature for
algae, fungi, and plants (ICN; https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php).
3. New scientific names of fungi and lichens, including names of new taxa, new
combinations, new statuses, and/or replacement names—must be registered in a repository
recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, and the identifier number for each
new name issued by the repository must be cited in the final manuscript.
4. All taxa newly described in the manuscript must be illustrated, and whenever possible
the illustrations should show the essential characters that distinguish the new taxon from
close relatives. Illustrations must be assembled as one or more figures and submitted in
electronic form. They may consist of line drawings, photographs, paintings, shaded artwork,
etc., but authors should avoid mixing photographs (and other halftones) with line art in the
same figure.
5. It is expected that all taxonomic and nomenclatural treatments will be supported by
examination and citation of a suitable range (both with respect to geographical coverage
and morphological variation) of representative specimens deposited in internationally
accessible herbaria, as well as relevant nomenclatural types. Taxon identifications tied to
DNA sequences, tissue collections, geographical occurrence records, etc., must be supported
by citation of voucher specimens.
6. Use Times New Roman, 12-point font throughout (except where otherwise indicated).
7. Double-space throughout. Use page numbers (centered in the footer of each page).
8. All paragraphs are formatted either with indents (general text, figure captions, and table
headings) or hanging indents (nomenclature paragraphs, literature citations). The only
exception to this rule is the title page (in which the title, author names and addresses,
abstract, and keywords are all flush left).
9. To format indents, use the indent guides in the ‘Ruler’ in MS Word (not spaces or tabs).
10. Text (except centered headings) should be “left aligned” (i.e., do not use “full justification”
of the text to both the left and right margins).
11. Do not italicize common Latin words, phrases, or abbreviations, such as: e.g., et al., i.e.,
sensu lato, etc. When abbreviating “sensu lato” and “sensu stricto”, “s. lat.” and “s. str.” are
preferred to “s.l.” or “s.s.”
B. SECTIONS
1. The “Manuscript Text” should be a single MS Word document containing the following
elements: (1) Title Page (with title, authors and addresses, abstract, and keywords), (2)
Main Text, (3) Acknowledgments, (4) Declarations, (5) Literature Cited, and (6) Figure
Captions.
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2. Tables (with corresponding table headings) and Figures are submitted as separate files
through Editorial Manager (see instructions below).
3. Appendices formatted as tables should also be submitted as separate files (see instructions
for preparing tables, below); otherwise, they may be submitted as part of the Manuscript
Text file, placed after the Literature Cited section, and before the Figure Captions. They
should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are cited
in the text (Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.).
4. The online submission system will prompt authors to enter the Title, Authors, and Abstract
in online forms. These are for the purpose of soliciting reviews and do not replace the need
to include these elements in the Manuscript Text file.
C. TITLE PAGE
1. At the top of the title page, include a Running Head, in all capital letters (this will appear
at the top of each page when published). Start with the last name(s) of the author(s) (but use
“ET AL.” for papers having more than two authors), followed by a colon (:), then a brief
title. The author name(s) and the brief title should be short enough to fit on a single line
when published (maximum number of characters not to exceed 65). Include one blank line
between the Running Head and before the Title.
2. The Title of the paper should be flush left at the top of the first page, in sentence case (i.e.,
only the first word of the title plus any proper nouns should be capitalized), using bold, 16-
point font. Scientific names at genus level or lower should be italicized in the title. Include
a blank line after the title and before the authors.
3. Author names follow. They are linked to their corresponding addresses by numbered
footnotes (the numbers appearing as superscripts). Use 14-point font. Include a blank line
after the names of the authors.
4. Author addresses are presented next, each one preceded by the corresponding superscript
number that follows the author names. Use a semi-colon (;) to separate postal addresses
from email addresses.
5. The final superscript number should indicate “Author for correspondence”.
6. Inclusion of ORCID identifiers is optional; authors wishing to include them should enter
these numbers in the author profiles in Editorial Manager (not on the manuscript itself).
7. The Abstract should be brief but include statements about the paper's intent, approach,
results, and significance of findings. This section always starts with: Abstract: [in bold
typeface, followed by a colon (:)], and is not indented.
8. Reference citations, taxonomic authorities, and abbreviations should not be used in the
abstract (or title). Indicate all new taxonomic names in boldface (bold-italics for taxa at or
below genus level), including any new combinations, at their first appearance in the abstract.
9. List in alphabetical sequence up to six (6) Keywords that do not appear in the title of the
article. This section always starts with the word Keywords: [in bold typeface, followed by a
colon (:)]. The keywords themselves should be in non-bold typeface, the first one
capitalized, and the others in lowercase (unless they are proper nouns); the Keywords
section is not indented.
10. On the last line of the title page, enter: “Associate Editor: ____________”. (The name of
the associate editor will be added after review.)
An example of the elements of the title page follows (but should be double spaced):
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Running head: MITCHELL ET AL.: NEW GENERA OF ANACARDIACEAE
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Cited. Each reference cited in the text must be listed in the Literature Cited section, and
vice versa.
7. Citations in the main text should appear as follows:
• One author: Moran (2005) or (Moran, 2005).
• Two authors: Thomas & Boom (2005) or (Thomas & Boom, 2005).
• More than two authors: Henderson et al. (2005) or (Henderson et al., 2005).
• Manuscripts accepted for publication but not yet published: Daly (in press) or
(Daly, in press).
• Unpublished materials and personal communications: M.C. Pace (unpubl. data),
(M.C. Pace, pers. comm.).
8. To separate different citations within parentheses, use a semicolon (Armstrong, 2017;
Naczi, 2021). Cite references in chronological order. Use a, b, c (and so forth) for two or
more papers by same author(s) published in a single year (e.g., Torke, 2010b; Karol et al.,
2005a, 2005b).
9. Write out uncommon abbreviations the first time they are used in the text, such as: Indian
Ocean Basin (IOB), and thereafter use IOB.
10. Abbreviate units of distance and size measurements without a period throughout the text
(e.g., km, mm, ft, mi). Use a space between the value and the unit (e.g., 2 km, not 2km).
11. Give authors of all scientific names at the rank of genus and below where the name first
appears in the text. For plant names, use the standard author abbreviations found in the
IPNI’s Author Query (ipni.org). For fungal and lichen names, use the standard author
abbreviations found in Index Fungorum (indexfungorum.org).
12. Italicize all scientific names at the level of genus and below.
13. Spell out genus names the first time they are used in each paragraph, and whenever a genus
name starts a new sentence.
14. Do not use footnotes. Include all such information in the main body of the General Text.
15. Numbers: spell out “one” to “nine” (unless using these digits in a measurement or
description; see below), as well as any numbers appearing at the beginning of a sentence;
otherwise, use digits for numbers 10 and greater.
16. Use a separating comma in numbers with more than three digits (1,000, 10,000, etc., not
1000 or 10000). Use leading zeros for numbers less than 1 (e.g., 0.5, not .5). Use the “%”
symbol rather than writing out “percent” (e.g., 5.6%, not 5.6 percent).
17. Ranges (e.g., measurements, percentages) given in general text should be separated by the
word “to”, and the numbers should each be followed by a unit of measurement. For
example,“Pollen ranged in diameter from 620 μm to 1,020 μm”. Use an “en-dash” (–), not a
hyphen (-) to indicate numerical ranges in diagnoses, descriptions, keys, tables, and
literature citations (e.g., 8–11 cm, not 8-11 cm).
18. The “times” symbol should be indicated with “×” (not the letter X or x).
E. TAXONOMIC TREATMENTS
1. Nomenclatural paragraphs
a. These paragraphs are formatted using hanging indents. For each species treated, the
nomenclatural paragraph begins with the name accepted by the author(s), new or
otherwise. The accepted name should be in bold and italics, and may be numbered
(especially if more than a small number of species are treated in the study).
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b. All new taxa and new combinations, as well as all changes in status, must include the
correct Latin designation, in boldface: sp. nov., comb. nov., hybrid nov., syn. nov., etc.
c. Following the accepted name (and its protologue citation), all homotypic synonyms
(and their protologue citations) follow in the same paragraph, after which the TYPE is
cited.
d. If there are heterotypic synonyms, they follow in separate paragraphs (also formatted
with hanging indents). Each paragraph contains the names (and protologue citations)
derived from a particular basionym (i.e., based on the same type).
e. Brittonia does not use double/triple equal signs (=, º) for designations of
homotypic/heterotyptic synonyms in the nomenclatural paragraphs; use separate
paragraphs, as detailed above.
f. Within these paragraphs, synonyms are ordered chronologically, starting with the
basionym; paragraphs with heterotypic synonyms are ordered chronologically by
basionym.
g. In citing type specimens, it is required to indicate which duplicates (holotypes, isotypes,
etc.) were or were not examined by the authors of the study. For duplicates examined
in person, use an exclamation mark inside of square brackets: [!]; for specimens seen
only as images (e.g., from online resources), use: [image!]; for specimens that have not
been examined, use: [n.v.]; for missing specimens, use: [lost] or [destroyed]. See below
for examples.
h. Include the initials of type-specimen collector(s); if there were more than two collectors,
use “et al.” after the name of the first collector.
i. For typifications, cite accession or barcode numbers whenever these are available
(specify which and include all characters that make up barcode numbers); for example:
NY, barcode 0005000; MO, accession 0005000, or P, barcode P0005000.
j. When designating a lectotype [or neotype], use the following format after the specimen
citation: (lectotype [or neotype], here designated: NY, barcode 0005000). If citing a
lectotype [or neotype] designated previously, use the following format: (lectotype,
designated by Moran [1991: 234]: NY, barcode 0005000), and add the citation for the
lectotype to the Literature Cited section.
k. Otherwise, references cited only in nomenclatural paragraphs are not included in the
Literature Cited section.
l. Use Index Herbariorum (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/) for herbarium codes.
m. In the nomenclatural paragraphs (but not in the Literature Cited section), journal and
book titles should be abbreviated (but not italicized), using standard abbreviations (e.g.,
for plants, use the Publication Query in IPNI; ipni.org).
n. Collector names and numbers should be in italics, without spaces between their initials
[but with a space between the initial(s) and the surname].
o. In geocoordinates, use minute and second symbols (′, ″), not apostrophes (’) and
quotation marks (”); do not use spaces between elements within values of latitude and
longitude.
p. It is highly desirable to report phenological stage [as (fl.), (fr.), (st.), etc., for flowering,
fruiting, and sterile material, etc.]. If relevant, staminate and carpellate material can also
be indicated, as ♂ or ♀, respectively [e.g., (♀ fl.)].
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NEW GENUS
Frodinia Lowry & G.M. Plunkett, gen. nov. TYPE: Frodinia tremula (Krug & Urb.)
Lowry & G.M. Plunkett.
NEW SPECIES
Miconia complanata Jan. M. Burke, Michelang. & D. Fernández, sp. nov. TYPE:
Ecuador: Zamora-Chinchipe, Reserva Estación Científica San Francisco,
03˚58′05.8″S, 79˚04′19.5″W, 2,330 m, 30 Aug 2005 (fl.), J. Homeier 1578
(holotype: QCNE, accession 195377 [!]; isotypes: GOET [n.v.], LOJA [!],
NY, barcode 1796555 [image!]). Figs. 1, 2.
NEW COMBINATION
Platylepis goudotii (Ormerod & Cavestro) M.C. Pace, comb. nov. Goodyera
goudotii Ormerod & Cavestro, Taiwania 51: 154–156, f. 2 (2006). TYPE:
Madagascar: [without specific locality], 20 Jan 1836, J. Gaudot s.n.
(holotype: G, barcode G00012872 [!]).
LECTOTYPIFICATION
Lippia hederifolia Mart. & Schauer, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 11: 593 (1847).
TYPE: Brazil: Minas Gerais, 1833, A.-C. Vauthier 196 (lectotype, here
designated: G, barcode G00366431 [!]; isolectotypes: MPU, barcode
MPU012502 [image!]; P (3 sheets), barcodes P00713682 [!], P00713683 [!],
P00713684 [!]; W, accession 0021569 [image!]).
NEOTYPIFICATION
Elaphoglossum horridulum (Kaulf.) J. Sm., Bot. Voy. Herald [Seemann] 6: 232
(1854). Acrostichum horridulum Kaulf., Enum. Filic., p. 58 (1824). TYPE:
Brazil: [without specific locality or date], C.F.E. Otto s.n. (holotype: C
[lost]); Brazil: Paraná, Paranaguá, Picadão Cambará-Colônia Limeira, 50–
100 m, 14 Feb 1968, G. Hatschbach 18608 (neotype, here designated:
MBM, accession 6438 [!]; isoneotypes: K, barcode K000544040 [image!];
NY, barcode 01015636 [!]; S, accession 11-6923 [!]).
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(holotype: RB, accession 62840 [!]; isotypes: K, barcode K000450015
[image!]; MO, accession 2192049 [n.v.]; NY, barcode 01546568 [!]).
2. Diagnoses
a. The ICN requires that a diagnosis or a description be provided for all new taxa, either in
Latin or English, but Brittonia strongly recommends that both diagnoses and
descriptions be included for new taxa.
b. The diagnosis is a statement which, in the opinion of the author(s), distinguishes the
new taxon from other taxa to which it is closely related (and/or similar). It begins with
the heading “Diagnosis.”, and is indented normally (i.e., not with a hanging indent).
c. A diagnosis must be self-contained. It should include a short enumeration of essential
characters (and their states) that distinguish the new taxon within a specified taxonomic
context (for example, in the case of a new species, by contrasting it with one or more
closely related or similar species or by stipulating its distinction within its genus or
specified infrageneric group).
d. Tables are often useful tools to augment the Diagnosis, helping to summarize the
similarities and differences among the new taxon and related/similar taxa.
1. Descriptions
a. Descriptions of taxa begin a new paragraph with the heading “Description.” It should be
parallel to other descriptions in the same manuscript (i.e., the same structures are
described in the same order with consistent punctuation).
b. Within descriptions, the conventional order of characters from base to apex should be
followed. For the whole plant, the general order starts with habit, then proceeds from
roots, rhizomes or other underground organs, to stems, leaves, inflorescences, bracts,
flowers, fruits, seeds, seedlings. Within the description of flowers, the order is from
general characters through calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. Do not place
character names in bold or italics.
2. Specimens examined
a. Immediately following the Description, all specimens examined by the author(s) are
listed, grouped under a separate subheading headed with “Additional Specimens
Examined.” Use 10-point font. Do not use the heading “Paratypes” for new species.
b. If a complete list of specimens is unduly long and repetitive, the alternative heading
“Selected Specimens Examined.” may be used instead. In revisionary studies, a
common, widespread taxon should be represented by the citation of selected specimens
that document the morphological and geographical ranges of the taxon. It is especially
useful to cite specimens that were treated differently in earlier publications, are widely
accessible in major herbaria, and/or are of historical value.
c. When describing or treating species or infraspecific taxa that belong to a taxonomic
complex, in addition to citing specimens of the treated taxa, it may be advisable to also
cite specimens examined of other taxa of the complex that are discussed but not fully
treated in the manuscript, in which case the specimens examined of the latter taxa should
be placed in an appendix.
d. Specimen duplicates (other than types) that were not examined in person or as images
should not be cited.
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e. Specimen citations should include locality, latitude and longitude when available,
elevation (converted to meters, in square brackets, if necessary), collection date,
collector name(s) (first initials optional, and use “et al.” when more than two
collectors), collector’s number, and herbaria of deposit. In this section, it is
encouraged (but optional) to include an indication of the reproductive state of the
specimen in parentheses after the collection date, such as (bud), (fl.), (fr.), (♂ fl.), (♀ fl.,
fr.), (st.), etc.
f. Provide locality data in the original language, without translation. Any locality data
not recorded on the specimen label but inferred from other sources, such as estimated
geographical coordinates, should be placed in square brackets (e.g., [03˚58′S,
79˚04′W]).
g. Other label data, such as morphological descriptions of specimens and ecological
descriptions of habitats, should not be included in specimen citations.
h. Countries are cited in alphabetical order, in bold and all capitals, followed by a
period; each country begins a new paragraph. Primary national political subdivisions
are cited in alphabetical order within countries, in bold, followed by a colon. Collectors
are presented in alphabetical order within these subdivisions. Although not required,
collections within primary national political subdivisions may also be grouped by
secondary political subdivisions, such as canton, municipality, county, etc., in which
case, the category of the political subdivision must be indicated (e.g., Davis Co., Mun.
Belterra, etc.).
i. For collection dates, use three letter abbreviations for months without a period (e.g., 2
Jan 1983, 29 Feb 1905, 15 Mar 2010, 31 Jul 2023, etc.)
j. Authors are encouraged to provide first initials of collectors.
k. Semicolons are used to separate individual collection citations within political
subdivision groupings, periods to separate the political subdivision groupings
themselves. Commas are used to separate collection numbers that otherwise have
identical collection data (e.g., R.C. Moran et al. 6250, 6251).
l. In long lists of specimen citations, the abbreviation “ibid.” may be used to indicate
repeated locality data from the previously listed collection.
m. Use the following format (font, punctuation, data sequence, abbreviated compass
directions, elevation, and spacing in coordinates) for citation of specimens:
Additional specimens examined. COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: Cantón Buenos Aires: Pan American
Highway South, at Río Volcán, 9°10'35"N, 83°25'36"W, 395 m, 22 May 2005 (fr.), B.M. Torke & D.
Santamaría 380 (INB, MO). Cantón Golfito: Rancho Quemado, sector norte, Fila a Estero Guerra,
8°43'30"N, 83°34'40"W, 350 m, 17 Feb 1992 (fl.), J. Marín 339 (CR); 5.2 km W of Rincón, 8°42'5"N,
83°30'53"W, 90 m, 23 May 2005 (fr.), B.M. Torke et al.382, 384 (INB, MO). San José: Cantón Puriscal:
Zona Protegida La Cangreja, Cuenca del Tulín, sobre sendero principal después de la Quebrada Grande,
9°41'50"N, 84°22'55"W, 300–400 m, 19 Sep 2000 (im. fr.); L. Acosta 2638 (INB); Parque Nacional La
Cangreja, along Sendero Rio Negro, which departs from park reception area, near little and big waterfalls
of Quebrada Grande and Quebrada Encanto, respectively, 9°41'21.5"N, 84°22'5.2"W, 430 m, 21 May 2005
(st.), B.M. Torke & D. Santamaría 379 (INB, MO).
PANAMA. Bocas del Torro: Bosque Protector Palo Seco, Carretera Chiriquí–Almirante, antes del
km 9, 9°4'31"N, 79° 39'32"W, 60 m, 01 Feb 2005 (fr.), R. Aizprúa 2832-RA (COL, F); Water Valley,
vicinity of Chiriqui Lagoon, 21 Nov 1941 (st.), H. von Wedel 1727 (US).
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a. Following the Description of a taxon, any of the following or similarly titled paragraphs
may be included: Distribution & Habitat., Ecology., Phenology., Etymology.,
Vernacular Names., Uses., and Preliminary Conservation Status. These headings
should be in bold and italic typeface, followed by a period, and indented on the same
line as the text that follows them (all in 12-point font). Do not include headings for
which data are lacking.
b. Conservation assessments are encouraged, but must follow published guidelines (such
as the IUCN Red List categories and criteria), and these guidelines must be cited and
carefully followed. Note that measures of AOO and/or EOO alone are not sufficient to
determine Red List status using Criterion B, but the conditions that follow B1 and/or B2
must also be assessed and reported. All assessments should be labeled “preliminary”
until submitted, reviewed, and published by the regulating organization (e.g., IUCN).
c. General discussion section(s) may follow, each headed with an appropriate heading (e.g.,
Notes., Phylogenetic Affinities., Infraspecific Variation., etc.).
4. Keys
a. Keys (if needed) should be titled using the format for secondary headings (i.e., bold, 12-
point, left aligned, on its own line).
b. Keys must be dichotomous and in bracketed format (do not use indented-key format).
c. Couplets must be parallel, and should be numbered, not lettered (with the numbers
followed by periods and without other distinguishing characters (i.e., use 1./1., 2./2., not
1a/1b, or 2/2', or 2'/2", etc.).
d. Insert a blank line following each couplet.
e. Authors of taxa are included in keys only if they are not given elsewhere in the
manuscript. Species are not numbered in the key unless they are not presented in
alphabetical sequence in the taxonomic treatment.
f. Verify that all measurements and descriptive information provided in the key matches
the information in the descriptions.
g. Format keys as follows:
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F. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1. If there are illustrations by any individual(s) other than the author, the illustrator(s) should
be cited in the Acknowledgments.
2. Authors should thank manuscript reviewers and acknowledge sources of funding (or a
funding statement may be included in the Declarations, see below).
G. DECLARATIONS
1. Declarations are statements written and approved by all authors, which provide transparency
about interests (and other issues) directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for
publication, particularly any competing interests (financial or nonfinancial) that could be
perceived to undermine the content, objectivity, and/or integrity of the work.
2. A declaration of competing interests (or conflicts of interest) must be included in the
submitted manuscript and will appear in the published article between the
Acknowledgements and Literature Cited sections. If the authors have nothing to declare, a
brief statement to that effect (such as given below) will suffice. Additional information
about competing interests is available on the publisher’s website at:
https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests
3. Although not required, additional declarations may also be added, including statements
about funding, and/or authors’ contributions for multi-authored papers. If these other types
of declarations are included, format the Declarations section as in the example below:
Declarations
Competing interests. The authors have no competing interests to declare that are
relevant to the content of this article.
Funding. A portion of the research was funded by a grant from the National Science
Foundation of the United States (DEB-000000000, P.I.: MJB).
Author’s contributions. The contributions of the authors were roughly equal. MJB
conceived the study, compiled the geographical data, and contributed to data analysis and
writing; BLR collected the molecular data and contributed to data analysis and writing;
JMT led the fieldwork, collected the morphological data, and wrote the taxonomic
treatment.
H. LITERATURE CITED
1. Verify all entries against sources, including journal titles, accents, diacritical marks, and
spelling, especially in languages other than English.
2. Each citation is formatted using a hanging indent.
3. Cite references in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.
4. List works by the same author(s) chronologically, beginning with earliest date of
publication.
5. Cite references by a single author before multi-authored references by the same first author.
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6. Multi-authored references are listed in alphabetical order of authors. Those with two
authors should be listed before others with three or more authors.
7. Provide complete surnames for all authors; use initials for first and middle names, each
initial followed by a period. Do not use spaces between initials, but include a space
between the initials and the surname. Do not use bold face for author names.
8. Type out names even when repeated in subsequent citations (i.e., do not use dashes or
underscores to indicated authors repeated from the preceding citation).
9. “In press” citations must have been accepted for publication; give name of journal or
publisher.
10. Titles of journal articles and book chapters are written in sentence case (i.e., with only the
first word and proper nouns capitalized). For example: Two new genera and a new species
of Anacardiaceae from northern South America.
11. Titles of journals, books, theses/dissertations, computer programs, and websites are
written out in full (without abbreviation), using title case (capitalizing the first letters of all
major words in the name/title), and in italics. For example: Systematic Botany, or Taxon, or
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
12. For websites and other online materials with evolving content (but not static online
publications), specify the date (day, month, and year) that the content was accessed (for
examples, see below).
13. DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) should be provided for electronic-only publications; for
other publications, DOIs are encouraged, but not required, and should be used in a consistent
manner (e.g., provided for all articles and documents that have them). They are placed at the
end of the citation.
B. BOOKS
Henderson, A., G. Galeano & R. Bernal. 1995. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Wallace, A. 1853 [1854]. Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses. Van Hoorst, London.
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Salinas, N.R. 2015. Systematics and Biogeography of Orthaea kloztsch (Ericaceae:
Vaccinieae). Doctoral dissertation. City University of New York, New York.
D. SERIES
Burret, M. 1933–1934. Bactris und verwandte Palmengattungen. Repertorium Specierum
Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 34: 167–184 [1933], 185–253 [1934].
Glassman, S. 1972. A revision of B. E. Dahlgren's index of American palms.
Phanerogamarum Monographiae 6: 1–294.
Turland, N.J., J.H. Wiersema, F.R. Barrie, W. Greuter, D.L. Hawksworth, P.S. Herendeen,
S. Knapp, W.-H. Kusber, D.-Z. Li, K. Marhold, T.W. May, J. McNeill, A.M.
Monro, J. Prado, M.J. Price & G.F. Smith (eds). 2018. International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile
159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten.
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POWO. 2023. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (Accessed: 5 December 2023).
H. SOFTWARE
Nylander, J.A.A. 2004. MrModelTest, version 2. Computer program distributed by the
author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
http://people.scs.fsu.edu/~nylander (Downloaded: 12 February 2021).
R Development Core Team. 2018. R: a Language and Environment for Statistical
Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.R-
project.org (Downloaded: 2 March 2018).
J. FIGURE CAPTIONS
1. Captions for figures are placed at the end of the Manuscript Text file, starting on a new page
(insert a page break to separate these captions from the rest of the manuscript text).
2. Captions should be brief, self-contained explanations of the figures.
3. Number figures consecutively (using Arabic numerals), in the order that they are cited in the
text.
4. Type captions as separate paragraphs, use bold typeface for the figure number heading, and
bold capitals for the letters corresponding to different parts of the same figure, following the
example below:
5. The specimen(s) on which the illustrations are based must be noted in the caption (see above
examples).
6. Do not include non-alphanumeric symbols (lines, dots, stars, etc.) in captions; label them on
the figure itself or refer to them by name in the caption.
7. Identify previously published material by providing the original source in the form of a
reference at the end of the caption.
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K. PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF TABLES
1. Each table (with its heading) must be uploaded to Editorial Manger as a separate file. The
file name should contain the table number.
2. Use the “table” formatting tool in MS Word to design each table (so that each datum has
its own cell, but without the grid showing). Do not use tabs to create the table.
3. Other than overall size, tables should be formatted such that they appear as intended in the
final publication. Tables can be formatted in portrait (preferred) or landscape orientations,
and will be printed across either 1- or 2-columns; plan accordingly.
4. Tables should be numbered consecutively (using Arabic numerals) in the order that they are
cited in the text.
5. Table headings should be justified to the left margin, above the table, and should use
Times New Roman, 12-point, bold typeface for the table number (e.g., Table 1.), followed
by non-bold type for the remainder of the heading.
6. Text within table cells should also be in Times New Roman font, of a size large enough
that it will be clearly readable in the final publication. Text in the first column is flush left;
text in all other columns are centered.
7. Headings should be self-contained. Definitions for non-common abbreviations or other
explanations should be included at the end of the heading. Use of superscript numbers to
explain table elements is permitted, but should be explained at the end of the heading (not as
footnotes following the table).
8. Data in tables should match perfectly those in the text and keys.
9. References cited in tables must be included in the Literature Cited.
10. An example of a Table formatted for Brittonia follows:
Lateral
leaflet Leaflet Leaflet Flower bud Larger
pair apex undersurface diameter stamen Ovary
Species number shape pubescence (mm) number indument
S. kuhlmannii 4–10 acute to erect 6.7–9.7 6–15 densely
acuminate sericeous
S. prolata 14–19 obtuse to appressed 9.5–11 ca. 16 glabrous
rounded
S. psilonema 5–11 retuse or erect 5.8–10.3 4 densely
rounded sericeous
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3. For figures that contain photographs, the photographer (or copyright holder) must be
acknowledged in the figure caption.
4. Figures should not have large amounts of unused space; crop out unused white borders.
5. Each taxon newly described in the manuscript must be illustrated, and whenever
possible, the illustrations should show the essential characters that distinguish the new taxon
from close relatives.
6. Illustrations may consist of line drawings, photographs, paintings, shaded artwork, etc., but
photographs and other halftones should not be mixed with line art in the same figure,
if avoidable.
7. The publisher reserves the right to reduce or enlarge illustrations, hence scale bars are used
rather than magnification factors.
8. Parts of a plate or line drawing should be labeled with uppercase letters (i.e., A, B, C,
etc.), not numbered as separate figures.
9. Maps should have a border, an indication of latitude/longitude, and a distance scale. They
should not have a large amount of unused area.
10. Two widths for figures are possible, 6.2 cm (single column) or 13.8 cm (full-page width).
Figures must not exceed 20 cm long, and space should be left within that 20 cm for the
caption. Please prepare figures at the correct size and proportions for publication.
11. Color figures are published without charge in Brittonia.
12. Figure captions are included at the end of the Manuscript Text (see above), but the figures
themselves are submitted as separate files, not integrated within the text. The file name
should include the figure number.
13. As a guide, line art should be scanned and submitted at 600 dpi; halftones (e.g., photographs
and paintings) at 300 dpi. Lines, text, and images in figures should not appear blurry or
highly pixilated when zoomed.
14. High-resolution scanning of non-electronic artwork is the responsibility of the author. Line
art should be scanned as grayscale or bitmap.
15. The preferred final formats are EPS for vector graphics exported from a drawing
program and TIFF for halftones and line drawings. EPS files must always contain a
preview in TIFF of the figure. Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts
embedded in the files. Save color figures as RGB (8 bits per channel).
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5. Legends should be brief, self-sufficient explanations of the ESM and must be included in the
same file as the ESM to which the legend pertains.
6. Each ESM file should not exceed 2 MB in size.
N. DATA
1. The Editorial Board and Publisher of Brittonia expect that authors will make data
underlying their published articles publicly available. Any impediments to data sharing
should be brought to the attention of the editors at the time of submission.
2. Papers in disciplines such as anatomy, ethnobotany, cytology, phytochemistry, and
molecular systematics must cite voucher specimens.
3. DNA, RNA, or protein sequences corresponding to >200 nucleotides and not provided in
the text of manuscripts must be archived in an appropriate data bank, preferably GenBank;
data-bank accession numbers for these sequences must be provided in the final, revised
version of the manuscript. Sequences of <200 nucleotides can be submitted in an appendix
or as supplementary material.
4. Data matrices/alignments used in phylogenetic studies should be uploaded to public data
repositories, such as Dryad (https://datadryad.org/), and the accession number(s) cited in the
final manuscript.
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