2

3
— Eukaryotic
— Photosynthetic
— Multicellular
— Live on land
— Autotroph
— Cell walls contain
cellulose
— Embryo develops
within the female

4
1. Obtaining — Fromsoil and air
Resources through roots & shoots
2. Standing — Rigid
cell walls provide
Upright support
3. Maintaining — Waxy coating and pores
Moisture on leaves
4. Reproducing — Protection
and dispersal
for gametes and
offspring
5
—Shoots are
above-ground
structures
— Stems support
plants and hold
leaves up toward
the sun
— Leaves use carbon
dioxide and
sunlight for
photosynthesis
6
—Rootsare
below-ground
structures
— Obtain water and
minerals from
soil
— Anchor the plant

7
—Most plants
transport
materials between
roots & shoots
through vascular
tissue composed
of tube-shaped
cells

8
—Lignin is a polymer
that hardens plant
cell walls and
allows plants to
stand upright
—Redwood trees can
grow over 350
feet tall because
of lignin

9
—A cuticle is a
waxy, waterproof
coating on the
shoots of land
plants
—Prevents excess
water loss
—Some plants have
a thicker cuticle
than others
10
—Microscopic pores
on the leaf
surface that allow
for the exchange
of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
—Theycan be
closed to prevent
water loss by
evaporation

11
—Plant gametes are
encased in protective
cells to keep them
from drying out
—Most plants produce
sperm within pollen
grains and
—Eggs are fertilized
within female plant
structures
12
—The fertilized egg
or zygote of a plant
develops into an
embryo inside the
female parent
—Most plant embryos
are dispersed in
seeds with a
protective coat

13
— Bryophytes –
mosses
— Pteridophytes –
ferns
— Gymnosperms –
conifers
— Angiosperms –
flowering plants

14
15
—Smaller gametophyte –
diploid sporophyte is
much more highly
developed
—Pollen – male
gametophytes contain
cells that develop into
sperm
—Seeds – Contain plant
embryo, food supply
and a protective coat
16
17
— Mostconifers produce
both male and female
cones on the same tree
— Malecones produce
pollen and are typically
located at the top of the
tree
— Female cones produce
eggs and are usually
located on the lower half
of the tree
18
—Mature pollen cones
release a cloud of
millions of pollen
grains
—Pollination
occurs
when pollen grains
land on and enter a
female cone

19
— Anovule is a female
reproductive structure that
develops into the seed
when fertilized.
— Theseed includes the
embryo, a food supply for
the embryo and a
protective seed coat.
— Seedsare shed about two
years after pollination.

20
—Each cone scale
contains two
ovules which will
develop into
seeds
—Winged seeds
are dispersed by
wind

21
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23
24
25
26
27
—Malegametophytes,
pollen grains, are
produced within
stamens.
—Two parts of stamen:
— Anther: sac-like
structure that
contains pollen
— Filament: stalk that
holds anthers

28
Pollen grains are
held by hairs on
the stamen until
they are picked
up by insects,
birds, or other
animals.

29
—Female
gametophytes,
embryo sacs, are
produced in carpels.
—3 Parts of a carpel:
— Stigma – sticky tip
— Style – slender stalk
— Ovary – protective
chamber containing
one or more ovules
30
—A diploid cell in each ovule
undergoes meiosis to form
four haploid spores
—One of these spores
undergoes three cycles of
mitosis to form the
embryo sac which consists
of seven cells
—One of the seven cells is
the egg cell

31
 Question:

Identify the numbered

parts of this flower.

32
 Answer:

Identify the numbered

parts of this flower.

33
—The transfer of
pollen from anther
to stigma is
pollination.
—Most angiosperms
depend on insects
or other animals to
transfer their pollen.
—But,
some rely on
wind.
34
 — Once on a stigma, a
pollen grain absorbs
water and extends a
structure called a pollen
tube.
—A pollen tube grows
down the style toward
the ovary while two
sperm cells are
developing inside.
— The pollen tube reaches the embryo sac inside
the ovule where it releases the sperm cells.
35
—Pollination occurs when a pollen grain
lands on a stigma.
—Fertilization occurs when sperm cells
unite with cells in the embryo sac.

36
37
—The ovary
develops into
the fruit
—Ovules develop
into the seeds

38
1. Buds Form
2. Buds Grow
3. Flowers
Develop
4. If Pollinated,
Flowers Die as
Fruit Develops
5. Fruit Grows
6. Fruit Fully
Ripens to Aid
in Seed
Dispersal
39
40
41
42
 — Wind spreads
small, light, or
winged seeds
— Animals carry
sticky seeds on
their bodies
— Seeds eaten in
fruit are
— Some floating seeds, dropped in
such as coconuts, can waste in new
be dispersed by water. location
43
44
— Begins when the seed
takes up water
— Hydrated seed will
expand and rupture
the seed coat
— Plant embryo begins
growing again
— New plant survives on
stored food until it is
capable of
photosynthesis
45
For example…
— Some desert plants
germinate only after a
heavy rainfall
— In harsh winter
climates, seeds only
germinate after a long
exposure to cold
temperatures
— Other seeds require
exposure to the
intense heat of a forest
fire before germinating

46
—One cotyledon or —Two cotyledons or
embryonic seed seed leaves
leaf —Most angiosperms
—Examples: are dicots
orchids, —Examples: most
bamboos, palms, shrubs and trees,
lilies, grasses ornamental and
food crops

47
48
 Monocots, such as corn,
have a protective sheath to
protect the growing shoot.

In some dicots, such as

peas, the tip of the stem
remains hooked to
protect the shoot until it
breaks through the soil.
49
— Many plants are Primary Benefits
capable of asexual Propagate crops
reproduction, which is or decorative
also called vegetative plants more
quickly
propagation.
— The offspring, or
Duplicate desired
traits exactly
clones, are genetically
identical to the
original plant.
— Can occur naturally or
with human help.
50
— Some plants, such
as cacti, drop
pieces of stem
that develop into
clones
— Many trees and
shrubs send out
shoots from the
base of the trunk
that will grow into
new plants
51
—Annuals – life cycle
takes place over one
year
—Biennials
– life cycle
takes 2 years
—Perennials– grow
and flower for more
than 2 years; some
for decades

52
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