JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Jagatpura, Jaipur

Computer Networks
TCP/IP Model
Unit – 1
Lect- 5
By: Shilpi Kulshrestha
 Course Name: Computers Networks
Detailed Syllabus

•Components of Data Communication

•Network Classification
•Network Topologies
•Network Protocol
•Layered Network Architecture
•Overview of OSI Reference Model
• Overview of TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 TCP/IP Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
 The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.
 The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.
 The TCP/IP model consists of five layers.
 TCP/IP model, it was designed and developed by Department of Defence
(DoD) in 1960s and is based on standard protocols.
 It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
 TCP/IP Model

There are the four layers. Each layer has different functions.

1. Process/Application Layer

2. Host-to-Host/Transport Layer

3. Internet Layer/ Network Layer

4. Network Access/Link Layer

 TCP/IP Model
There are the five layers. Each layer has different functions.
1. The Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer and
5. Physical Layer
Diagrammatic Comparison of the TCP/IP and OSI Model
Functions of TCP/IP layers:
 Network Access Layer (Layer 1)

1. A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.

2. A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data

Link layer defined in the OSI reference model.

3. It defines how the data should be sent physically through the

network.
 Network Access Layer (Layer 1)

1. This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between
two devices on the same network.
2. The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram
into frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP addresses into
physical addresses.
3. The protocols used by this layer are Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25,
frame relay.

**Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

 Internet Layer (Layer 2)
1. An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.
2. An internet layer is also known as the network layer.
3. The main responsibility of the internet layer is to send the packets from
any network, and they arrive at the destination irrespective of the route
they take.
4. This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the
protocols which are responsible for logical transmission of data over the
entire network.
 Protocols used in Internet Layer are -

A. IP Protocol
IP protocol is used in this layer, and it is the most significant part of the entire

TCP/IP suite. The main responsibilities of this protocol:

IP Addressing: This protocol implements logical host addresses known as IP

addresses. The IP addresses are used by the internet and higher layers to identify the

device and to provide internetwork routing.

 Protocols used in Internet Layer are -

B. ARP Protocol
1. ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.

2. ARP is a network layer protocol which is used to find the physical address

from the IP address.

B. RARP Protocol
1. RARP is an abbreviation for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.

2. RARP is a TCP/IP protocol that is responsible for the translation of Physical

Address (e.g. – Ethernet address) to be translated into an IP address.

3. RARP is a protocol based on computer networking which is employed by a client

computer to request its IP address from a gateway server’s Address Resolution

Protocol table or cache.

 Protocols used in Internet Layer are -
C. ICMP Protocol
1. ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
2. It is a mechanism used by the hosts or routers to send notifications
regarding datagram problems back to the sender.
3. A datagram travels from router-to-router until it reaches its destination. If
a router is unable to route the data because of some unusual conditions
such as disabled links, a device is on fire or network congestion, then the
ICMP protocol is used to inform the sender that the datagram is
undeliverable.
 Protocols used in Internet Layer are -

C. IGMP Protocol
1. IGMP is acronym for Internet Group Management Protocol.
2. IGMP is a communication protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers for
multicasting communication with IP networks and uses the resources
efficiently to transmit the message/data packets.
3. Multicast communication can have single or multiple senders and
receivers and thus, IGMP can be used in streaming videos, gaming or web
conferencing tools.
 Transport Layer (Layer 3)

The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control, and

correction of data which is being sent over the network.

The two protocols used in the transport layer are

• User Datagram protocol and

• Transmission control protocol.

 Transport Layer (Layer 3)

UDP consists of the following fields:

 Source Port Address: The source port address is the address of the application

program that has created the message.

 Destination Port Address: The destination port address is the address of the

application program that receives the message.

 Total Length: It defines the total number of bytes of the user datagram in bytes.
 Transport Layer (Layer 3)

UDP consists of the following fields:

 Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field used in error detection.

 UDP does not specify which packet is lost. UDP contains only checksum; it

does not contain any ID of a data segment.

 Transport Layer (Layer 3)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
1. It provides a full transport layer services to applications.
2. It creates a virtual circuit between the sender and receiver, and it is active for
the duration of the transmission.
3. TCP is a reliable protocol as it detects the error and retransmits the damaged
frames. Therefore, it ensures all the segments must be received and
acknowledged before the transmission is considered to be completed and a
virtual circuit is discarded.
 Transport Layer (Layer 3)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

4. At the sending end, TCP divides the whole message into smaller units known

as segment, and each segment contains a sequence number which is required

for reordering the frames to form an original message.

5. At the receiving end, TCP collects all the segments and reorders them based

on sequence numbers.
 Application Layer (Layer 4)
1. An application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model.

2. It is responsible for handling high-level protocols, issues of

representation.

3. This layer allows the user to interact with the application.

4. When one application layer protocol wants to communicate with

another application layer, it forwards its data to the transport layer.

 Protocols used in Application Layer are -
1. HTTP: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. This protocol allows
us to access the data over the world wide web. It transfers the data in the
form of plain text, audio, video. It is known as a Hypertext transfer
protocol as it has the efficiency to use in a hypertext environment where
there are rapid jumps from one document to another.
2. SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a
framework used for managing the devices on the internet by using the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
 Protocols used in Application Layer are -

3. SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. The TCP/IP
protocol that supports the e-mail is known as a Simple mail transfer
protocol. This protocol is used to send the data to another e-mail address.

4. DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address is used to

identify the connection of a host to the internet uniquely. But, people
prefer to use the names instead of addresses. Therefore, the system that
maps the name to the address is known as Domain Name System.
 Internet Layer (Layer 2)

5. TELNET: It is an abbreviation for Terminal Network. It establishes the

connection between the local computer and remote computer in such a

way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote system.

6. FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a standard internet

protocol used for transmitting the files from one computer to another

computer.
 Thank You…
All the Best
Be Prepared!!!