CE427 – FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 2

Design of Footing

Problem 1: The rectangular footing shown is subjected to factored axial load of 𝑃𝑢 =

3600𝑘𝑁, factored moment 𝑀𝑢 = 660𝑘𝑁𝑚. The effective depth of footing is 𝑑 = 650𝑚𝑚.
(a) Calculate the critical nominal wide-beam shear stress due to axial load only.
(b) Calculate the nominal punching shear stress due to axial load only.
(c) Calculate the critical nominal wide-beam shear stress due to axial load and moment.

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𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 650𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑢 = 3600𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢 = 660𝑘𝑁𝑚

Parts a & b: Wide-beam and punching-shear stress due to axial load only:
𝑃𝑢 = 3600𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 /𝐵𝐿
𝑞𝑢 = 3600/(3 × 2.5)

𝑞𝑢 = 480𝑘𝑃𝑎

Wide-beam shear:
1
𝑥1 = (3 − 0.6) − 0.65 = 0.55𝑚
2
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 480 × 𝐿 × 𝑥1
𝑉𝑢 = 480 × 2.5 × 0.55
𝑉𝑢 = 660𝑘𝑁

Φ𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑛 =
Φ
660
𝑉𝑛 =
0.85
𝑉𝑛 = 776.47𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑛 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
776,470
𝑉𝑛 =
(2500 × 650)
𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟖𝐌𝐏𝐚

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Punching shear:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 480 × [𝐵𝐿 − (0.6 + 𝑑)2 ]

𝑉𝑢 = 480 × [3(2.5) − (0.6 + 0.65)2 ]

𝑉𝑢 = 2,850𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑛 =
Φ
2850
𝑉𝑛 =
0.85
𝑉𝑛 = 3,352.94𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑛 = =
𝑏0 𝑑 4(𝑐 + 𝑑)𝑑
3,352,940
𝑉𝑛 =
[4(600 + 650) × 650]
𝐕𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝐌𝐏𝐚

Part c: Wide-beam shear due to axial load and bending moment:

𝑃𝑢 6𝑀𝑢
𝑞𝑢 = − ±
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐵2
3600 6(660)
𝑞𝑢 = − ±
2.5(3) 2.5(3)2
𝑞𝑢1 = −656𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢2 = −304𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑐
𝑥2 = + 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓
2
1
𝑥2 = (0.6) + 0.65
2
𝑥2 = 0.95𝑚

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 𝑞𝑢1 − 𝑞𝑢2 𝐵
𝑞𝑢3 = 𝑞𝑢2 + ( + 𝑥2 )
𝐵 2
656 − 304
𝑞𝑢3 = 304 + (1.5 + 0.95)
3
qu3 = 591.467kPa

1
𝑉𝑢 = (𝑞𝑢1 + 𝑞𝑢3 )(1.5 − 𝑥2 ) × 𝐿
2
1
𝑉𝑢 = (656 + 591.467)(1.5 − 0.95) × 2.5
2
𝑉𝑢 = 857.63𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑛 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
857,630
𝑉𝑛 =
2,500(650)
𝐕𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝐌𝐏𝐚

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Problem 2: A square footing is shown in the figure. The footing is to support a 350𝑚𝑚 ×
400𝑚𝑚 column that carried an axial dead load of 740kN and an axial live load of 460kN.
Use 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 20.7𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 275𝑀𝑃𝑎. Main bar diameter is 20mm, concrete cover from
centroid of main bars = 90mm.
(a) Calculate the factored shear on footing at critical section for wide-beam action.
(b) Calculate the factored shear on footing at critical section for two-way action.
(c) Determine the required number of 20mm bars.

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 1.4(740) + 1.7(460)
𝑃𝑢 = 1,818𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑓
1,818
𝑞𝑢 =
2.4(2.4)
𝑞𝑢 = 315.625𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 450 − 90 = 360𝑚𝑚

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(Part 1) Wide-beam shear:
1
𝑥= (2.4 − 0.35) − 𝑑 = 0.665𝑚
2
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 315.625 × (2.4)(0.665)
𝑽𝒖 = 𝟓𝟎𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝒌𝑵

(Part 2) Punching Shear:

𝑥1 = 0.4 + 𝑑 = 0.76𝑚
𝑥2 = 0.35 + 𝑑 = 0.71𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 315.625 × [2.42 − 0.76(0.71)]
𝑽𝒖 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟒𝟕. 𝟕𝒌𝑵

Part 3
1
𝑥= (2.4 − 0.35) = 1.025𝑚
2
𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (2.4)(𝑥) ( )
2
1.025
𝑀𝑢 = 315.625(2.4)(1.025) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 397.924𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑢 =
Φ𝑏𝑑 2
397.924 × 106
𝑅𝑢 =
0.90(2400)(360)2
𝑅𝑢 = 1.421𝑀𝑃𝑎

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 0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

0.85(20.7) 2(1.421)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
275 0.85(20.7)

𝜌 = 0.0054

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
275
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00509
Since 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 0.00504
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00504(2400)(360)
𝐴𝑠 = 4663𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑁=
𝐴𝑏
𝑁 = 14.8 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟏𝟓 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

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Problem 3: An isolated rectangular footing is subjected to a vertical load of P and a
horizontal force of H as shown in the Figure. For this problem, 𝑃 = 2,100𝑘𝑁 and 𝐻 =
120𝑘𝑁.
(a) What is the maximum soil pressure at the base of the footing?
(b) What is the minimum soil pressure at the base of the footing?
(c) What is the minimum permissible foundation pressure?

𝑃 = 2100𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 120(0.5 + 1.5 + 0.7)
𝑀 = 324𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 =
𝑃

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 324
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 =
2100
𝐵
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑒 = 0.154 <
6
𝑃 6𝑀
𝑞=− ± 2
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐵

2100 6(324)
𝑞1 = − −
2.5(3) 2.5(3)2
𝑞1 = −𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

2100 6(324)
𝑞2 = − +
2.5(3) 2.5(3)2
𝑞2 = −𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟔𝒌𝑷𝒂 (𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

Part 3: Minimum permissible soil pressure

𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝑦𝑐 ℎ𝑐 − 𝑦𝑠 ℎ𝑠
366.4 = 𝑞𝑎 − 24(0.7) − 17(1.5)
𝒒𝒂 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖. 𝟕𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂

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Problem 4: A 2.4m square footing concentrically supports a 350𝑚𝑚 × 400𝑚𝑚
rectangular column. The footing has an effective depth of 650mm. Use 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 20.7𝑀𝑃𝑎
and 𝑓𝑦 = 275𝑀𝑃𝑎.

(a) Calculate the maximum factored load that the footing can support considering wide-
beam shear stress.
(b) Calculate the maximum factored load that the footing can support considering two-
way (punching) shear stress.
(c) Using the load in the second part, calculate the required number of 22mm diameter
reinforcing bars to resist moment at critical section along the 400mm side of the column.

𝑏𝑤 = 𝐵 = 2.4𝑚
𝑑 = 650𝑚𝑚
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 20.7𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 275𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑑𝑏 = 22𝑚𝑚

1
𝑥= (2.4 − 0.35)
2
𝑥 = 1.025𝑚

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𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 𝑑
𝑥1 = 0.375𝑚

Part 1: Wide-beam shear

1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
1
𝑉𝑐 = √20.7(2400)(650)
6
𝑉𝑐 = 1,182.93𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = Φ𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 0.85(1182.93)
𝑉𝑢 = 1005.49𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐵𝑥1 )
1005.49 = 𝑞𝑢 (2.4 × 0.375)
𝑞𝑢 = 1,117.21𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔

𝑃𝑢 = 1,117.21(2.4)2
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟔, 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝒌𝑵

Part 2: Punching Shear

𝑏𝑜 = 2[(𝑐1 + 𝑑) + (𝑐2 + 𝑑)]
𝑏𝑜 = 2[(400 + 650) + (350 + 650)]
𝑏𝑜 = 4,100𝑚𝑚

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 1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑜 𝑑
3
1
𝑉𝑐 = √20.7(4100)(650)
3
𝑉𝑐 = 4,041.67𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = Φ𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 0.85(4041.67)
𝑉𝑢 = 3,435.42𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × [𝐵 2 − (𝑐1 + 𝑑)(𝑐2 + 𝑑)]
3435.42 = 𝑞𝑢 [2.42 − (0.4 + 0.65)(0.35 + 0.65)]
𝑞𝑢 = 729.39𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔

𝑃𝑢 = 729.39(2.4)2
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟒, 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵

Part 3: Number of 22mm bars using the result in Part 2.

1
𝑥= (2.4 − 0.35) = 1.025𝑚
2
𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐵)(𝑥) ( )
2
1.025
𝑀𝑢 = 729.39(2.4)(1.025) ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 = 919.58𝑘𝑁𝑚

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 𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑢 =
Φ𝑏𝑑 2
919.58 × 106
𝑅𝑢 =
0.90(2400)(650)2
𝑅𝑢 = 1.008𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

0.85(20.7) 2(1.008)
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
275 0.85(20.7)

𝜌 = 0.00378
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
275
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00509
Since 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00509
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00509(2400)(650)
𝐴𝑠 = 7940𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
𝑁=
𝐴𝑏
7940
𝑁=𝜋
(22)2
4
𝑁 = 20.9 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟐𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔

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Problem 5: A rectangular footing is 3meters along the y-axis and 4m along the x-axis.
The footing has a total thickness of 900mm and supports the following loads:
Axial Loads: Moment about y-axis:
D = 1080Kn D = 240kNm
L = 480kN L = 60kNm
E = 140kN E = 88kNm

The height of the fill above the footing is 1.8m, unit weight of soil is 17𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 and of the
concrete is 23.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚3. Determine the following:
(a) The eccentricity of the load measured from the y-axis.
(b) The maximum soil pressure due to loads.
(c) The minimum required allowable soil bearing pressure.

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Part 1

𝑃𝐷 = 1080𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐿 = 480𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐸 = 140𝑘𝑁

𝑀𝐷 = 240𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝐿 = 60𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝐸 = 88𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑃𝐸
𝑃 = 1700𝑘𝑁

𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀𝐷 + 𝑀𝐿 + 𝑀𝐸

𝑀𝑦 = 388𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑦
𝑒=
𝑃
388
𝑒= = 0.228𝑚
1700
𝒆 = 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎
Part 2: Foundation Pressure
𝐵
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒 <
6
𝑃 6𝑀𝑦
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − −
𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐵2
1800 6(388)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − −
3(4) 3(4)2
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒌𝑷𝒂

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Part 3: Allowable soil bearing pressure

𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎 − 𝑦𝑐 ℎ𝑐 − 𝑦𝑠 ℎ𝑠
190.167 = 𝑞𝑎 − 23.6(0.9) − 17(0.9)
𝒒𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑷𝒂

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Problem 6: A 2m square footing supports a 400-mm square column. The column
supports an axial dead load of 1250𝑘𝑁 and an axial live load of 1860𝑘𝑁. Concrete
strength f ′ c = 21MPa and steel yield strength fy = 275MPa. Use 25mm bars and 75mm
concrete cover.
(a) Determine the thickness based on wide-beam shear.
(b) Determine the thickness based on punching shear.

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𝑃𝐷 = 1250𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝐿 = 1860𝑘𝑁
𝑑𝑏 = 25𝑚𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 75𝑚𝑚
𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 = 275𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑢 = 1.4𝑃𝐷 + 1.7𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑢 = 1.4(1250) + 1.7(1860)
𝑃𝑢 = 4,912𝑘𝑁

𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
4912
𝑞𝑢 =
22
𝑞𝑢 = 1228𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1.228𝑀𝑃𝑎

Part 1: Thickness based on wide-beam shear

1
𝑥1 = (2000 − 400) − 𝑑
2
𝑥1 = 800 − 𝑑

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 1.228(2000)(800 − 𝑑)
𝑉𝑢 = 2456(800 − 𝑑)

1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
1
𝑉𝑐 = √21(2000)𝑑
6
𝑉𝑐 = 1527.53𝑑

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𝑉𝑢 = Φ𝑉𝑐
2456(800 − 𝑑) = 0.85(1527.53𝑑)
𝑑 = 523.3𝑚

1
𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
2
1
𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 523.3 + (25) + 75
2
𝑭𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟔𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝒎𝒎

Part 2: Thickness based on punching shear

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 = 1.228 × [20002 − (400 + 𝑑)2 ]

1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑜 𝑑
3
1
𝑉𝑐 = √21[4(400 + 𝑑)]𝑑
3
𝑉𝑐 = 6.11(400𝑑 + 𝑑2 )

𝑉𝑢 = Φ𝑉𝑐
1.228[20002 − (400 + 𝑑)2 ] = 0.85[6.11(400𝑑 + 𝑑 2 )]
𝑑=

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