Scribd
Upload
11 views

CFF Module 5

Uploaded by

Parvathi Ganesan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

CFF Module 5

Uploaded by

Parvathi Ganesan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

COMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOW

Module 04
INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE
FLOW AND ISENTROPIC FLOW
INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE
FLOW AND ISENTROPIC FLOW
➢ Review of Thermodynamics
➢ Compressibility
➢ Velocity of Sound
➢ Speed of travel of Pressure Disturbance
➢ Mach number
➢ Concept of Mach cone
➢ Entropy change in ideal gas
➢ Basics of Wave Propagation
➢ Isentropic relations
➢ Discharge from the reservoir
➢ Flow through Convergent- Divergent Nozzle
➢ Critical Conditions
➢ Performance under various back pressure and occurrence of normal and
oblique shocks
➢ Dynamic Head Measurement and Correction of Pitot Static Tube for
Subsonic
➢ Mach Numbers
➢ Pressure Coefficient
Compressibility

Compressibility is the phenomenon of which the flow changes its density with change in speed.

A quantitative measure of compressibility is the volume modulus of Elasticity E, defined as

Where ∆p is change in static pressure, ∆V is change in volume, and Vi is the initial volume. For
ideal gas
Mach Number
The Mach Number M is defined as the ratio of the local flow speed to the local speed of sound.
Speed of Sound
The speed of sound ‘a’ is given by

Recall,
Cp, Cv – Specific heat at constant pressure and volume respectively
Isentropic Relation
Thermodynamics of fluids

The first law of thermodynamics states that the heat added minus the work done by the
system equals to the change in internal energy of the system.

Adiabatic flow process

The second law of thermodynamics


Propagation of disturbance wave

The region inside the cone as the zone of action, and the region outside the cone is zone of silence.
The line at which the pressure disturbance is concentrated and which generates the cone are mach
lines or mach wave. The angle between the mach line and the direction of flow is called mach angle µ.
Discharge from the reservoir

Bernoulli's equation can be written as

This is the form of energy equation for isentropic flow process of gases

Incompressible Bernoulli's equation


Critical Values – flow changes to supersonic from subsonic
Area – Velocity relation
Flow through Convergent- Divergent Nozzle

At the throat the flow is sonic.


Dynamic Head Measurement for compressible flow
Total or Stagnation Pressure- the pressure when the flow brough to rest isentropically
Static Pressure – acts equally in all direction in space.
Dynamic Pressure – the difference between total and static pressure. Pressure because of flow.

Pressure ratio behind the shock wave


Pitot Pressure Probe

Normal shock relation

Rayleigh Supersonic Pitot formula

Static Pressure Probe

The static pressure p, total pressure P02 are known, M can be calculated
Correction of Pitot Static Tube

Compressibility correction of dynamic pressure

For compressible flow,


Expand by binomial series and retain only upto fourth power of M we get,

When M = 0, we get the Bernoulli's equation for incompressible flow


Pressure Coefficient
The pressure Coefficient is given by
Problems
1. For an aircraft flying at a speed of 1000 kmph the variation in the speed of sound a, and
Mach number M with altitude as follows: At sea level, T = 150 C and at 11000 m altitude
where T = -56.50 C.

2. During a flight, the fighter aircraft attains its cruise speed 600 m/s at 10 km altitude after
taking off at 150 m/s at sea level. Assume the speed increase linearly with altitude during
climb. Find the variation in mach number with altitude.

3. A fighter aircraft attains its maximum speed of 2160 kmph at an altitude of 12 km. The
take-off speed at the sea level is 270 kmph. If the flight speed increase linearly with altitude,
compute the variation in stagnation temperature with altitude for climb upto maximum
speed.

4. Air at the stagnation state of 3 atm and 300 K is accelerated to 200 m/s. Determine the
pressure, temperature and mach number of the flow.

5. The storage tank of the compressor is maintained at 1.8 atm and 200C. The surrounding
ambient pressure is 1 atm. Calculate the velocity of the flow, and mass flow rate per unit
area.
Problems
6. The storage tank supplies high pressure air to pneumatic machine. It is found that there is an
unavoidable leakage at the joints and the total area through which the leakage occurs is
estimated to be 1 cm2. Calculate the quantity of air leaking if the chamber is maintained at 5
atm and 200C.

7. A De Laval nozzle has to be designed for an exit mach number of 1.5 with an exit diameter of
200 mm. Find the required ratio of throat area to the exit area. Given p0= 1 atm T0 = 200C.
Find the maximum mass flow rate through the nozzle and what will be the exit pressure and
temperature.

8. A mach 2 CD nozzle run by settling chamber at 300 K is discharging to the atmosphere.


Determine the settling chamber pressure at a) correctly expanded state, b) maximum possible
over expansion, c) normal shock at the exit, d) determine the settling chamber pressure
required to position the normal shock in divergent potion of the nozzle at the area 15. times
the throat area. What will be the flow speed behind the nozzle?

9. Calculate the dynamic pressure of the flow if the free stream velocity is 175 m/s, pressure is 1
atm, temperature is 298 K. What will be error percentage of the flow is treated as
incompressible?

You might also like