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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Levine, David M.
Business statistics : a first course / David M. Levine, Timothy C. Krehbiel, Mark L. Berenson.—6th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-13-280726-5
1. Commercial statistics. 2. Industrial management—Statistical methods. I. Krehbiel, Timothy C.
II. Berenson, Mark L. III. Title.
HF1017.B382 2013
519.5—dc23 2011045734

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-280726-2

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-280726-5
 To our wives,
Marilyn L., Patti K., and Rhoda B.

and to our children,

Sharyn, Ed, Rudy, Rhonda, Kathy, and Lori
About the Authors

Photo courtesy of Rudy Krehbiel

The textbook authors meet to discuss statistics at a Mets

baseball game. Shown left to right: David Levine, Mark
Berenson, and Tim Krehbiel.

David M. Levine is Professor Emeritus of Statistics and Computer Infor-

mation Systems at Baruch College (City University of New York). He received B.B.A. and
M.B.A. degrees in Statistics from City College of New York and a Ph.D. from New York
University in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. He is nationally recognized
as a leading innovator in statistics education and is the co-author of 14 books, including
such best-selling statistics textbooks as Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel,
Basic Business Statistics: Concepts and Applications, Business Statistics: A First Course,
and Applied Statistics for Engineers and Scientists Using Microsoft Excel and Minitab.
He also is the co-author of Even You Can Learn Statistics: A Guide for Everyone Who Has
Ever Been Afraid of Statistics, currently in its 2nd edition, Six Sigma for Green Belts and
Champions and Design for Six Sigma for Green Belts and Champions, and the author of
Statistics for Six Sigma Green Belts, all published by FT Press, a Pearson imprint, and
Quality Management, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin. He is also the author of Video
Review of Statistics and Video Review of Probability, both published by Video Aided
Instruction, and the statistics module of the MBA primer published by Cengage Learning.
He has published articles in various journals, including Psychometrika, The American
Statistician, Communications in Statistics, Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative
Education, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Journal of Systems Management, Quality
Progress, and The American Anthropologist, and given numerous talks at the Decision
Sciences Institute (DSI), American Statistical Association (ASA), and Making Statistics
More Effective in Schools and Business (MSMESB) conferences. Levine has also received
several awards for outstanding teaching and curriculum development from Baruch College.

Timothy C. Krehbiel is Professor of Management and Senior Associate

Dean of the Farmer School of Business at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He teaches
undergraduate and graduate courses in business statistics. In 1996, he received the presti-
gious Instructional Innovation Award from the Decision Sciences Institute. He has also
vi
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS vii

received the Farmer School of Business Effective Educator Award and has twice been
named MBA professor of the year.
Krehbiel’s research interests span many areas of business and applied statistics. His work
has appeared in numerous journals, including Quality Management Journal, Ecological
Economics, International Journal of Production Research, Journal of Purchasing and
Supply Management, Journal of Applied Business Research, Journal of Marketing
Management, Communications in Statistics, Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative
Education, Journal of Education for Business, Marketing Education Review, Journal of
Accounting Education, and Teaching Statistics. He is a co-author of three statistics text-
books published by Prentice Hall: Business Statistics: A First Course, Basic Business
Statistics, and Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel. Krehbiel is also a co-author
of the book Sustainability Perspectives in Business and Resources.
Krehbiel graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. in history from McPherson College and
earned an M.S. and a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Wyoming.

Mark L. Berenson is Professor of Management and Information Systems at

Montclair State University (Montclair, New Jersey) and also Professor Emeritus of
Statistics and Computer Information Systems at Bernard M. Baruch College (City
University of New York). He currently teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in sta-
tistics and in operations management in the School of Business and an undergraduate
course in international justice and human rights that he co-developed in the College of
Humanities and Social Sciences.
Berenson received a B.A. in economic statistics and an M.B.A. in business statistics from
City College of New York and a Ph.D. in business from the City University of New York.
Berenson’s research has been published in Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative
Education, Review of Business Research, The American Statistician, Communications in
Statistics, Psychometrika, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Journal of
Management Sciences and Applied Cybernetics, Research Quarterly, Stats Magazine, The
New York Statistician, Journal of Health Administration Education, Journal of Behavioral
Medicine, and Journal of Surgical Oncology. His invited articles have appeared in The
Encyclopedia of Measurement & Statistics and Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. He is
co-author of 11 statistics texts published by Prentice Hall, including Statistics for
Managers Using Microsoft Excel, Basic Business Statistics: Concepts and Applications,
and Business Statistics: A First Course.
Over the years, Berenson has received several awards for teaching and for innovative con-
tributions to statistics education. In 2005, he was the first recipient of The Catherine A.
Becker Service for Educational Excellence Award at Montclair State University.
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents
Preface xix
1 Introduction 2
2 Organizing and Visualizing Data 24
3 Numerical Descriptive Measures 92
4 Basic Probability 140
5 Discrete Probability Distributions 176
6 The Normal Distribution 200
7 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 226
8 Confidence Interval Estimation 256
9 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests 294
10 Two-Sample Tests and One-Way ANOVA 334
11 Chi-Square Tests 402
12 Simple Linear Regression 430
13 Multiple Regression 486
Online Chapter: 14 Statistical Applications in Quality Management
Appendices A–G 523
Self-Test Solutions and Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Problems 567
Index 589

ix
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xix ORGANIZING DATA 27
2.2 Organizing Categorical Data 28
The Summary Table 28
The Contingency Table 28

1 Introduction 2 2.3 Organizing Numerical Data 31

Stacked and Unstacked Data 31
USING STATISTICS @ GT & M Holdings 3 The Ordered Array 32
The Frequency Distribution 33
1.1 Reading, Writing, and Statistics? 4
The Relative Frequency Distribution and the Percentage
1.2 Statistics: Fundamental for Business 4 Distribution 35
How Statistics Has Become So Important 5 The Cumulative Distribution 36
Reconsidering the GT&M Holdings Scenario-I 5
VISUALIZING DATA 39
1.3 Data and Variables 6
2.4 Visualizing Categorical Data 39
Types of Variables 6
The Bar Chart 40
1.4 Basic Vocabulary of Statistics 7 The Pie Chart 41
1.5 Statistical Applications for Desktop Computing 9 The Pareto Chart 42
1.6 How to Use This Book 10 The Side-by-Side Bar Chart 44
Checklist for Getting Started 10 2.5 Visualizing Numerical Data 47
USING STATISTICS @ GT&M Holdings Revisited 12 The Stem-and-Leaf Display 47
SUMMARY 12 The Histogram 48
KEY TERMS 12
The Percentage Polygon 49
The Cumulative Percentage Polygon (Ogive) 51
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 12
END-OF-CHAPTER CASES 14
2.6 Visualizing Two Numerical Variables 54
The Scatter Plot 54
LEARNING WITH THE DIGITAL CASES 14
The Time-Series Plot 56
REFERENCES 15
2.7 Organizing Multidimensional Data 58
CHAPTER 1 EXCEL GUIDE 16
Multidimensional Contingency Tables 58
EG1.1 Getting Started with Excel 16 Adding Numerical Variables 59
EG1.2 Entering Data and Variable Type 17
EG1.3 Opening and Saving Workbooks 17 2.8 Misuses and Common Errors in Visualizing Data 61
EG1.4 Creating and Copying Worksheets 18 USING STATISTICS @ Choice Is Yours, Part I Revisited 64
EG1.5 Printing Worksheets 18 SUMMARY 65
EG1.6 Worksheet Entries and References 19 KEY EQUATIONS 65
EG1.7 Absolute and Relative Cell References 20 KEY TERMS 66
EG1.8 Entering Formulas into Worksheets 20 CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 66
EG1.9 Using Appendices D and F 20 MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 72
CHAPTER 1 MINITAB GUIDE 21 DIGITAL CASE 73
MG1.1 Getting Started With Minitab 21 REFERENCES 73
MG1.2 Entering Data and Variable Type 21
CHAPTER 2 EXCEL GUIDE 74
MG1.3 Opening and Saving Worksheets
and Projects 22
EG2.2 Organizing Categorical Data 74
MG1.4 Creating and Copying Worksheets 23 EG2.3 Organizing Numerical Data 76
MG1.5 Printing Parts of a Project 23 EG2.4 Visualizing Categorical Data 78
MG1.6 Worksheet Entries and References 23 EG2.5 Visualizing Numerical Data 80
EG2.6 Visualizing Two Numerical Variables 82
MG1.7 Using Appendices D and F 23
EG2.7 Organizing Multidimensional Data 83
CHAPTER 2 MINITAB GUIDE 85
2 Organizing and MG2.2 Organizing Categorical Data 85
MG2.3 Organizing Numerical Data 85
Visualizing Data 24 MG2.4 Visualizing Categorical Data 86
MG2.5 Visualizing Numerical Data 87
USING STATISTICS @ Choice Is Yours, Part I 25 MG2.6 Visualizing Two Numerical Variables 90
2.1 Data Collection 26 MG2.7 Organizing Multidimensional Data 91
xi
xii CONTENTS

3 Numerical Descriptive 4 Basic Probability 140

Measures 92 USING STATISTICS @ M&R Electronics World 141
4.1 Basic Probability Concepts 142
USING STATISTICS @ Choice Is Yours, Part II 93
Events and Sample Spaces 143
3.1 Central Tendency 94
Contingency Tables and Venn Diagrams 144
The Mean 94
Simple Probability 145
The Median 96
Joint Probability 146
The Mode 97
Marginal Probability 146
3.2 Variation and Shape 98 General Addition Rule 147
The Range 98
The Variance and the Standard Deviation 99
4.2 Conditional Probability 151
The Coefficient of Variation 103 Computing Conditional Probabilities 151
Z Scores 104 Decision Trees 152
Shape 105 Independence 154
VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring Descriptive Multiplication Rules 155
Statistics 107 Marginal Probability Using the General Multiplication
Rule 156
3.3 Exploring Numerical Data 109
Quartiles 109 4.3 Bayes’ Theorem 159
The Interquartile Range 111 THINK ABOUT THIS: Divine Providence and Spam 162
The Five-Number Summary 111 4.4 Counting Rules 163
The Boxplot 113 Counting Rule 1 163
3.4 Numerical Descriptive Measures for a Population 116 Counting Rule 2 164
The Population Mean 117 Counting Rule 3 164
The Population Variance and Standard Deviation 117 Counting Rule 4 165
The Empirical Rule 118 Counting Rule 5 165
The Chebyshev Rule 119 4.5 Ethical Issues and Probability 167
3.5 The Covariance and the Coefficient of USING STATISTICS @ M&R Electronics World Revisited 168
Correlation 121 SUMMARY 168
The Covariance 121
KEY EQUATIONS 168
The Coefficient of Correlation 123
KEY TERMS 169
3.6 Descriptive Statistics: Pitfalls and Ethical
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 169
Issues 127
DIGITAL CASE 171
USING STATISTICS @ Choice Is Yours, Part II Revisited 127
REFERENCES 172
SUMMARY 128
CHAPTER 4 EXCEL GUIDE 173
KEY EQUATIONS 128
EG4.1 Basic Probability Concepts 173
KEY TERMS 129
EG4.2 Conditional Probability 173
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 129 EG4.3 Bayes’ Theorem 173
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 134 EG4.4 Counting Rules 174
DIGITAL CASE 134 CHAPTER 4 MINITAB GUIDE 174
REFERENCES 134 MG4.1 Basic Probability Concepts 174
CHAPTER 3 EXCEL GUIDE 135 MG4.2 Conditional Probability 174
EG3.1 Central Tendency 135 MG4.3 Bayes’ Theorem 174
EG3.2 Variation and Shape 135 MG4.4 Counting Rules 174
EG3.3 Exploring Numerical Data 136
EG3.4 Numerical Descriptive Measures for a
Population 136
EG3.5 The Covariance and the Coefficient of
Correlation 137
5 Discrete Probability
CHAPTER 3 MINITAB GUIDE 137 Distributions 176
MG3.1 Central Tendency 137
MG3.2 Variation and Shape 137 USING STATISTICS @ Saxon Home Improvement 177
MG3.3 Exploring Numerical Data 138 5.1 The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random
MG3.4 Numerical Descriptive Measures for a Variable 178
Population 138 Expected Value of a Discrete Random Variable 178
MG3.5 The Covariance and the Coefficient of Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random
Correlation 138 Variable 179
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 CONTENTS xiii

5.2 Binomial Distribution 182

5.3 Poisson Distribution 189 7 Sampling and Sampling
USING STATISTICS @ Saxon Home Improvement Distributions 226
Revisited 193
SUMMARY 193 USING STATISTICS @ Oxford Cereals 227
KEY EQUATIONS 193 7.1 Types of Sampling Methods 228
KEY TERMS 194 Simple Random Samples 229
Systematic Samples 231
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 194
Stratified Samples 231
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM
SERVICES 196 Cluster Samples 232
REFERENCES 196 7.2 Evaluating Survey Worthiness 233
CHAPTER 5 EXCEL GUIDE 197 Survey Error 233
EG5.1 The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Ethical Issues 234
Variable 197 THINK ABOUT THIS: New Media Surveys/Old Sampling
EG5.2 Binomial Distribution 197 Problem 234
EG5.3 Poisson Distribution 197 7.3 Sampling Distributions 236
CHAPTER 5 MINITAB GUIDE 198 7.4 Sampling Distribution of the Mean 236
MG5.1 The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random The Unbiased Property of the Sample Mean 236
Variable 198 Standard Error of the Mean 238
MG5.2 Binomial Distribution 199 Sampling from Normally Distributed Populations 239
MG5.3 Poisson Distribution 199 Sampling from Non-Normally Distributed Populations—
The Central Limit Theorem 242
VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring Sampling Distributions 243
7.5 Sampling Distribution of the Proportion 245
6 The Normal Distribution 200 USING STATISTICS @ Oxford Cereals Revisited 248
SUMMARY 248
USING STATISTICS @ OurCampus! 201
KEY EQUATIONS 248
6.1 Continuous Probability Distributions 202
KEY TERMS 249
6.2 The Normal Distribution 202 CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 249
Computing Normal Probabilities 204
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 251
THINK ABOUT THIS: What Is Normal? 212
DIGITAL CASE 251
VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring the Normal
Distribution 213 REFERENCES 252

6.3 Evaluating Normality 214 CHAPTER 7 EXCEL GUIDE 253

Comparing Data Characteristics to Theoretical EG7.1 Types of Sampling Methods 253
Properties 215 EG7.2 Evaluating Survey Worthiness 253
Constructing the Normal Probability EG7.3 Sampling Distributions 253
Plot 216 EG7.4 Sampling Distribution of the Mean 253
USING STATISTICS @ OurCampus! Revisited 219 EG7.5 Sampling Distribution of the Proportion 254
SUMMARY 219 CHAPTER 7 MINITAB GUIDE 254
KEY EQUATIONS 219 MG7.1 Types of Sampling Methods 254
KEY TERMS 220
MG7.2 Evaluating Survey Worthiness 255
MG7.3 Sampling Distributions 255
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 220
MG7.4 Sampling Distribution of the Mean 255
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM
SERVICES 222
DIGITAL CASE 222
REFERENCES 222 8 Confidence Interval
CHAPTER 6 EXCEL GUIDE 223
EG6.1 Continuous Probability
Estimation 256
Distributions 223 USING STATISTICS @ Saxon Home Improvement 257
EG6.2 The Normal Distribution 223
8.1 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean
EG6.3 Evaluating Normality 223 (s Known) 258
CHAPTER 6 MINITAB GUIDE 224 Can You Ever Know the Population Standard
MG6.1 Continuous Probability Deviation? 263
Distributions 224
8.2 Confidence Interval Estimate for the
MG6.2 The Normal Distribution 224 Mean (s Unknown) 264
MG6.3 Evaluating Normality 224 Student’s t Distribution 264
xiv CONTENTS

Properties of the t Distribution 265 9.5 Potential Hypothesis-Testing Pitfalls and Ethical Issues 323
The Concept of Degrees of Freedom 266 Statistical Significance Versus Practical Significance 323
The Confidence Interval Statement 266 Reporting of Findings 323
8.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Proportion 272 Ethical Issues 324
8.4 Determining Sample Size 275 USING STATISTICS @ Oxford Cereals, Part II Revisited 324
Sample Size Determination for the Mean 275 SUMMARY 325
Sample Size Determination for the Proportion 277 KEY EQUATIONS 325
8.5 Confidence Interval Estimation and Ethical Issues 281 KEY TERMS 325
USING STATISTICS @ Saxon Home Improvement CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 325
Revisited 282 MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 328
SUMMARY 282 DIGITAL CASE 328
KEY EQUATIONS 283
REFERENCES 328
KEY TERMS 283
CHAPTER 9 EXCEL GUIDE 329
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 283 EG9.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis-Testing Methodology 329
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 287 EG9.2 t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean (s Unknown) 329
DIGITAL CASE 288 EG9.3 One-Tail Tests 330
REFERENCES 288 EG9.4 Z Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion 331
CHAPTER 8 EXCEL GUIDE 289 CHAPTER 9 MINITAB GUIDE 332
EG8.1 Confidence Interval Estimate for the MG9.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis-Testing Methodology 332
Mean (s Known) 289 MG9.2 t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean (s Unknown) 332
EG8.2 Confidence Interval Estimate for the MG9.3 One-Tail Tests 332
Mean (s Unknown) 289
MG9.4 Z Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion 333
EG8.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Proportion 290
EG8.4 Determining Sample Size 290
CHAPTER 8 MINITAB GUIDE 291
MG8.1 Confidence Interval Estimate for the
10 Two-Sample Tests and
Mean (s Known) 291 One-Way ANOVA 334
MG8.2 Confidence Interval Estimate for the
Mean (s Unknown) 292 USING STATISTICS @ BLK Beverages 335
MG8.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Proportion 292 10.1 Comparing the Means of Two Independent
MG8.4 Determining Sample Size 293 Populations 336
Pooled-Variance t Test for the Difference Between Two
Means 336
9 Fundamentals of Confidence Interval Estimate for the Difference Between
Two Means 341
Hypothesis Testing: t Test for the Difference Between Two Means Assuming
Unequal Variances 342
One-Sample Tests 294 THINK ABOUT THIS: “This Call May Be Monitored ... ” 342

USING STATISTICS @ Oxford Cereals, Part II 295

10.2 Comparing the Means of Two Related Populations 345
Paired t Test 346
9.1 Fundamentals of Hypothesis-Testing Methodology 296
Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Difference 352
The Null and Alternative Hypotheses 296
The Critical Value of the Test Statistic 297
10.3 Comparing the Proportions of Two Independent
Populations 354
Regions of Rejection and Nonrejection 298
Z Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions 354
Risks in Decision Making Using Hypothesis Testing 298
Confidence Interval Estimate for the Difference Between
Hypothesis Testing Using the Critical Value Approach 301 Two Proportions 358
Hypothesis Testing Using the p-Value Approach 303
10.4 F Test for the Ratio of Two Variances 361
A Connection Between Confidence Interval Estimation and
Hypothesis Testing 306 10.5 One-Way Analysis of Variance 366
Can You Ever Know the Population Standard Deviation? 306 One-Way ANOVA F Test for Differences Among More
Than Two Means 366
9.2 t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean (s Unknown) 308
Multiple Comparisons: The Tukey-Kramer Procedure 372
The Critical Value Approach 308
ANOVA Assumptions 374
The p-Value Approach 310
Levene Test for Homogeneity of Variance 375
Checking the Normality Assumption 310
9.3 One-Tail Tests 314 USING STATISTICS @ BLK Beverages Revisited 380
The Critical Value Approach 315 SUMMARY 380
The p-Value Approach 316 KEY EQUATIONS 381
9.4 Z Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion 319 KEY TERMS 382
The Critical Value Approach 320 CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 383
The p-Value Approach 321 MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 387
 CONTENTS xv
DIGITAL CASE 388 The Least-Squares Method 435
REFERENCES 389 Predictions in Regression Analysis:
CHAPTER 10 EXCEL GUIDE 390 Interpolation Versus Extrapolation 437
EG10.1 Comparing the Means of Two Independent Computing the Y Intercept, b0 and the Slope, b1 438
Populations 390 VISUAL EXPLORATIONS: Exploring Simple Linear Regression
EG10.2 Comparing the Means of Two Related Coefficients 440
Populations 392 12.3 Measures of Variation 443
EG10.3 Comparing the Proportions of Two Independent Computing the Sum of Squares 443
Populations 393 The Coefficient of Determination 444
EG10.4 F Test for the Ratio of Two Variances 394 Standard Error of the Estimate 446
EG10.5 One-Way Analysis of Variance 395 12.4 Assumptions 448
CHAPTER 10 MINITAB GUIDE 398 12.5 Residual Analysis 449
MG10.1 Comparing the Means of Two Independent Evaluating the Assumptions 449
Populations 398
12.6 Measuring Autocorrelation: The Durbin-Watson
MG10.2 Comparing the Means of Two Related Statistic 453
Populations 398
Residual Plots to Detect Autocorrelation 453
MG10.3 Comparing the Proportions of Two Independent
Populations 399 The Durbin-Watson Statistic 454
MG10.4 F Test for the Ratio of Two Variances 399 12.7 Inferences About the Slope and Correlation
MG10.5 One-Way Analysis of Variance 400 Coefficient 457
t Test for the Slope 458
F Test for the Slope 459
11 Chi-Square Tests 402 Confidence Interval Estimate for
the Slope 460
USING STATISTICS @ T.C. Resort Properties 403 t Test for the Correlation Coefficient 461
11.1 Chi-Square Test for the Difference Between Two 12.8 Estimation of Mean Values and Prediction of Individual
Proportions 404 Values 464
The Confidence Interval Estimate 465
11.2 Chi-Square Test for Differences Among More Than Two
Proportions 411 The Prediction Interval 466
11.3 Chi-Square Test of Independence 415 12.9 Pitfalls in Regression 468
THINK ABOUT THIS: By Any Other Name 471
USING STATISTICS @ T.C. Resort Properties Revisited 421
USING STATISTICS @ Sunflowers Apparel
SUMMARY 421
Revisited 471
KEY EQUATIONS 422
SUMMARY 472
KEY TERMS 422
KEY EQUATIONS 473
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 423
KEY TERMS 474
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES 425
CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 474
DIGITAL CASE 426
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM
REFERENCES 426 SERVICES 479
CHAPTER 11 EXCEL GUIDE 427 DIGITAL CASE 479
EG11.1 Chi-Square Test for the Difference Between REFERENCES 480
Two Proportions 427
CHAPTER 12 EXCEL GUIDE 481
EG11.2 Chi-Square Test for Differences Among More EG12.1 Types of Regression Models 481
Than Two Proportions 427
EG12.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression
EG11.3 Chi-Square Test of Independence 428 Equation 481
CHAPTER 11 MINITAB GUIDE 429 EG12.3 Measures of Variation 482
MG11.1 Chi-Square Test for the Difference Between Two EG12.4 Assumptions 482
Proportions 429 EG12.5 Residual Analysis 482
MG11.2 Chi-Square Test for Differences Among More EG12.6 Measuring Autocorrelation: The Durbin-Watson
Than Two Proportions 429 Statistic 482
MG11.3 Chi-Square Test of Independence 429 EG12.7 Inferences About the Slope and Correlation
Coefficient 483
EG12.8 Estimation of Mean Values and Prediction
12 Simple Linear of Individual Values 483
CHAPTER 12 MINITAB GUIDE 484
Regression 430 MG12.1 Types of Regression Models 484
MG12.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression
USING STATISTICS @ Sunflowers Apparel 431 Equation 484
12.1 Types of Regression Models 432 MG12.3 Measures of Variation 484
12.2 Determining the Simple Linear Regression MG12.4 Assumptions 484
Equation 434 MG12.5 Residual Analysis 484
xvi CONTENTS

MG12.6 Measuring Autocorrelation: The Durbin-Watson

Statistic 485 Online Chapter:
MG12.7 Inferences About the Slope and Correlation
Coefficient 485
14 Statistical Applications
MG12.8 Estimation of Mean Values and Prediction
of Individual Values 485
in Quality Management
USING STATISTICS @ Beachcomber Hotel
14.1 The Theory of Control Charts
13 Multiple Regression 486 14.2 Control Chart for the Proportion: The p Chart
14.3 The Red Bead Experiment: Understanding Process
USING STATISTICS @ OmniFoods 487 Variability
13.1 Developing a Multiple Regression Model 488 14.4 Control Charts for the Range and the Mean
Visualizing Multiple Regression Data 488 The R Chart
Interpreting the Regression Coefficients 488 The X Chart
Predicting the Dependent Variable Y 491 14.5 Total Quality Management
13.2 r2, Adjusted r2, and the Overall F Test 494 14.6 Six Sigma
Coefficient of Multiple Determination 494 The DMAIC Model
Adjusted r2 495
Roles in a Six Sigma Organization
Test for the Significance of the Overall Multiple
Regression Model 495 USING STATISTICS @ Beachcomber Hotel Revisited
13.3 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression SUMMARY
Model 498 KEY EQUATIONS
13.4 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression KEY TERMS
Coefficients 500 CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS
Tests of Hypothesis 500 THE HARNSWELL SEWING MACHINE COMPANY CASE
Confidence Interval Estimation 501 MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM SERVICES
13.5 Using Dummy Variables and Interaction Terms in REFERENCES
Regression Models 503 CHAPTER 14 EXCEL GUIDE
Dummy variables 503 EG14.1 The Theory of Control Charts
Interactions 505 EG14.2 Control Chart for the Proportion: The p Chart
USING STATISTICS @ OmniFoods Revisited 510 EG14.3 The Red Bead Experiment: Understanding
SUMMARY 510 Process Variability
KEY EQUATIONS 512 EG14.4 Control Charts for the Range and the Mean
KEY TERMS 512 CHAPTER 14 MINITAB GUIDE

CHAPTER REVIEW PROBLEMS 512

MG14.1 The Theory of Control Charts
MG14.2 Control Chart for the Proportion: The p Chart
MANAGING ASHLAND MULTICOMM
SERVICES 516 MG14.3 The Red Bead Experiment: Understanding
Process Variability
DIGITAL CASE 516
MG14.4 Control Charts for the Range and the Mean
REFERENCES 516
CHAPTER 13 EXCEL GUIDE 517 Appendices 523
EG13.1 Developing a Multiple Regression A. Basic Math Concepts and Symbols 524
Model 517
EG13.2 r2, Adjusted r2, and the Overall F Test 518 A.1 Rules for Arithmetic Operations 524
EG13.3 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression A.2 Rules for Algebra: Exponents and Square Roots 524
Model 518 A.3 Rules for Logarithms 525
EG13.4 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression A.4 Summation Notation 526
Coefficients 519
EG13.5 Using Dummy Variables and Interaction Terms A.5 Statistical Symbols 529
in Regression Models 519 A.6 Greek Alphabet 529
CHAPTER 13 MINITAB GUIDE 520 B. Basic Computing Skills 530
MG13.1 Developing a Multiple Regression B.1 Objects in a Window 530
Model 520
MG13.2 r2, Adjusted r2, and the Overall F Test 521 B.2 Basic Mouse Operations 531
MG13.3 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression B.3 Dialog Box Interactions 531
Model 521 B.4 Unique Features 533
MG13.4 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression C. Online Resources 534
Coefficients 521
MG13.5 Using Dummy Variables and Interaction Terms C.1 About The Online Resources for This Book 534
in Regression Models 521 C.2 Accessing the Online Resources 534
 CONTENTS xvii

C.3 Accessing the MyStatLab Course Online 534 E.8 Control Chart Factors 558
C.4 Details of Downloadable Files 535 E.9 The Standardized Normal Distribution 559
D. Software Configuration Details 540 F. Additional Excel Procedures 560
D.1 Checking for and Applying Updates 540 F.1 Enhancing Workbook Presentation 560
D.2 Concise Instructions for Installing PHStat2 540 F.2 Useful Keyboard Shortcuts 561
D.3 Configuring Excel for PHStat2 Usage 541 F.3 Verifying Formulas and Worksheets 562
D.4 Using the Visual Explorations Add-in F.4 Chart Formatting 562
Workbook 543 F.5 Creating Histograms for Discrete Probability
D.5 Checking for the Presence of the Analysis Distributions 563
ToolPak 543 F.6 Pasting with Paste Special 563
E. Tables 544 G. PHStat2, Excel, and Minitab FAQs 565
E.1 Table of Random Numbers 545 G.1 PHStat2 FAQs 565
E.2 The Cumulative Standardized Normal G.2 Excel FAQs 565
Distribution 547
G.3 FAQs for Minitab 566
E.3 Critical Values of t 548
E.4 Critical Values of x2 550
E.5 Critical values of F 551 Self-Test Solutions and Answers to Selected
E.6 Critical Values of the Studentized Range, Q 555 Even-Numbered Problems 567
E.7 Critical Values dL and dU of the Durbin-Watson
Statistic, D 557 Index 589
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
Educational Philosophy
Seeking ways to continuously improve the teaching of business statistics is the core value that
guides our works. We actively participate in Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), American Statistical
Association (ASA), and Making Statistics More Effective in Schools and Business (MSMESB)
conferences. We use the Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction (GAISE) reports as well as our
reflections on teaching business statistics to a diverse student body at several large universities.
These experiences have helped us identify the following key principles:

1. Show students the relevance of statistics Students need a frame of reference when learning
statistics, especially when statistics is not their major. That frame of reference for business
students should be the functional areas of business, such as accounting, finance, information
systems, management, and marketing. Each statistics topic needs to be presented in an
applied context related to at least one of these functional areas. The focus in teaching each
topic should be on its application in business, the interpretation of results, the evaluation of
the assumptions, and the discussion of what should be done if the assumptions are violated.
2. Familiarize students with the statistical applications used in the business world
Integrating these programs into all aspects of an introductory statistics course allows the
course to focus on interpretation of results instead of computations. Introductory business sta-
tistics courses should recognize that programs with statistical functions are commonly found
on a business decision maker’s desktop computer, therefore making the interpretation of
results more important than the tedious hand calculations required to produce them.
3. Provide clear instructions to students for using statistical applications Books should
explain clearly how to use programs such as Excel and Minitab with the study of statistics,
without having those instructions dominate the book or distract from the learning of statisti-
cal concepts.
4. Give students ample practice in understanding how to apply statistics to business Both
classroom examples and homework exercises should involve actual or realistic data as much as
possible. Students should work with data sets, both small and large, and be encouraged to look
beyond the statistical analysis of data to the interpretation of results in a managerial context.

New to This Edition: Enhanced Statistical Coverage

This 6th edition of Business Statistics: A First Course builds on previous editions with these new
and enhanced features:
• The use of the DCOVA (Define, Collect, Organize, Visualize, and Analyze) framework as an
integrated approach for applying statistics to help solve business problems.
• Many new applied examples and exercises, with data from The Wall Street Journal, USA
Today, and other sources.
• “Managing Ashland MultiComm Services,” a new integrated case that appears at the ends of
chapters throughout the book (replacing the Springville Herald case).
• “Digital Cases,” interactive PDF files that create a new series of cases that appear at the
ends of chapters throughout the book (replacing the Web Cases).
• An expanded discussion of using Excel and Minitab to summarize and explore multidimen-
sional data.
• Revised and updated “Think About This” essays (formerly entitled “From the Author’s
Desktop”) that provide greater insight into what has just been learned and raise important
issues about the application of statistical knowledge.
• Additional in-chapter Excel and Minitab results.

xix
xx PREFACE

New to This Edition: Expanded Excel and Minitab Guides

In this 6th edition of Business Statistics: A First Course, the instructions for using Excel and
Minitab have been revised, reorganized, and enhanced in new end-of-chapter guides and back-of-the
book appendices. These sections support students by:
• Providing a readiness checklist and orientation that guide students through the process of get-
ting ready to use Excel or Minitab (see Chapter 1 and the Chapter 1 Excel and Minitab Guides).
• Incorporating Excel Guide workbooks that serve as models and templates for using Excel for
statistical problem solving. These free and reusable workbooks, annotated examples of
which appear throughout the chapters of this book, can be used by students in their other
courses or in their jobs.
• Allowing students to use Excel with or without PHStat2 and with or without the Analysis
ToolPak (an Excel component that is not available in Mac Excel 2008).
• Expanding the scope of Minitab Guide instructions.
• Reviewing common operations, such as opening, saving, and printing results (see Chapter 1
Excel and Minitab Guides).
• Explaining the different types of files available online that support this book and how to
download those files (Appendix C).
• Providing a separate appendix that discusses software configuration issues, including how to
check for Excel and Minitab updates and how to configure Excel for use with PHStat2 or the
Analysis ToolPak (Appendix D).
• An appendix that discusses formatting and other intermediate-level Excel operations
(Appendix F).
• Answering frequently asked questions about Excel, PHStat2, the Pearson statistical add-in
for Microsoft Windows–based Excel versions, and Minitab (the new Appendix G).
• In Appendix Section C.4, offering a complete list of all downloadable files for this book. (See
“Student Resources” on page xxii for more details about the files and programs that can be
downloaded.)

Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the 6th Edition

The 6th edition features Excel and Minitab Guides at the end of each chapter that replace the software
appendices of the previous edition. Organized by in-chapter subsections for easy cross-reference,
these new guides contain an expanded discussion of how to apply Excel and Minitab to the statistical
methods discussed in a chapter. The Excel Guides present instructions for using Excel without
employing an add-in (In-Depth Excel); instructions for using PHStat2, the add-in that allows students
to focus on the results that Excel creates; and, when appropriate, instructions for using the Analysis
ToolPak, the Microsoft Office add-in that is included in most versions of Excel. The Minitab Guides
have been greatly expanded to better match the scope of the material covered by the Excel Guides.
The 6th edition also contains a number of other global changes. End-of-chapter Digital Cases that
use interactive PDF documents update and replace the Web Cases. A new integrated case, “Managing
Ashland MultiComm Services,” replaces the “Managing the Springville Herald” case in Chapters 2, 3,
5, 6, 7, and 9 through 13. End-of-chapter summaries and roadmaps have been enhanced in selected
chapters. And Appendices B through D and F and G have been revised and reorganized to provide
enhanced help for students seeking answers to questions about using the software and online resources
for this book. Highlights of the changes to the individual chapters are as follows:
Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 and 1.2 have been rewritten to focus on the increasing role of statistics in
business. The 5th edition’s Section 1.5 has been moved to Chapter 2. Section 1.4 has been rewrit-
ten and retitled “How to Use This Book” and now includes the “Checklist for Getting Started”
(with Excel or Minitab). There are new undergraduate and graduate surveys.
Chapter 2 This chapter has been completely reorganized. Section 1.5 of the previous edition, “Data
Collection,” has been moved to this chapter. This chapter opens by introducing the DCOVA approach
(for Define, Collect, Organize, Visualize, and Analyze) for solving business problems. The material
on tables and charts has been reorganized so that the sections on organizing data into tables is pre-
sented first, in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, followed by sections on visualizing data in graphs in Sections
2.4–2.7. There is a new section on organizing multidimensional data (Section 2.7) and new Excel and
 PREFACE xxi

Minitab Guide sections that discuss multidimensional data. There are also new examples throughout
the chapter, and the chapter uses a new data set that contains a sample of 184 bond mutual funds.
Chapter 3 The section “Numerical Measures for a Population” has been moved after the section on
quartiles and boxplots. For many examples, this chapter uses the new bond mutual funds data set
that is introduced in Chapter 1.
Chapter 4 The chapter example has been updated. There are new problems throughout the chapter.
The “Think About This” essay about Bayes’ theorem has been condensed and updated. Counting
rules have been added. In combinations and permutations, x is used instead of X to be consistent
with binomial notation in Chapter 5.
Chapter 5 This chapter has revised notation for the binomial and Poisson distributions. It uses
lower-case x and includes the parameter after an | sign in the equation. To reduce the size of
the book, the tables of the binomial and Poisson distributions (Tables E.6 and E.7) have been
placed online. There are new problems throughout the chapter.
Chapter 6 This chapter has an updated Using Statistics scenario. The “Think About This” essay on
the importance of the normal distribution has been revised.
Chapter 7 A new “Think About This” essay replaces and expands on the pros and cons of web-
based surveys, using a famous historical example.
Chapter 8 This chapter includes problems on sigma known in Section 8.1.
Chapter 9 This chapter includes problems on sigma known in Section 9.1.
Chapter 10 This chapter has a new example on the paired t-test on textbook prices.
Chapter 11 This chapter has new problems throughout the chapter.
Chapter 12 The chapter now includes the section “Measuring Autocorrelation: The Durbin-Watson
Statistic.” The “Think About This” essay has been revised. There are new problems throughout
the chapter.
Chapter 13 This chapter has various new problems.
Chapter 14 This chapter has been edited for conciseness without any loss of concepts or clarity. This
chapter has been published as an online topic that is available for download from this book’s down-
load page. (To download this chapter, see the instructions in Appendix Section C.2 on page 534.)

Hallmark Features
We have continued many of the traditions of past editions and have highlighted some of these
features below.
Using Statistics Business Scenarios—Each chapter begins with a Using Statistics example that
shows how statistics is used in the functional areas of business—accounting, finance, informa-
tion systems, management, and marketing. Each scenario is used throughout the chapter to pro-
vide an applied context for the concepts. The chapter concludes with a Using Statistics Revisited
section that reinforces the statistical methods and applications discussed in each chapter.
Emphasis on Data Analysis and Interpretation of Software Results—We believe that
the use of computer software is an integral part of learning statistics. Our focus empha-
sizes analyzing data by interpreting results while reducing emphasis on doing compu-
tations. For example, in the coverage of tables and charts in Chapter 2, the focus is on
the interpretation of various charts and on when to use each chart. In our coverage of
hypothesis testing in Chapters 9 through 11, and regression and multiple regression in
Chapters 12 and 13, extensive computer results have been included so that the p-value
approach can be emphasized.
Pedagogical Aids—An active writing style is used, with boxed numbered equations, set-off
examples to provide reinforcement for learning concepts, problems divided into “Learning
the Basics” and “Applying the Concepts,” key equations, and key terms.
Answers—Many answers to the even-numbered exercises are included at the end of the book.
Other documents randomly have
different content
hablauan, ni en el puesto ni
meneo mostrauan algun
descuydo deshonesto, y
solamente se reyan de aquellos
que hasta entonçes por solo el
hábito, estado y opinion
venerauan honrrauan y obedeçian
pensando que en si fuessen de
algun valor y preçio: y agora se
acusan por verdaderos ydiotas
engañados, pues ven por
experiençia desto sus desmanes,
su poco recogimiento y poca
vergüença. Quando los ven tan
desordenados, descomedidos en
su comer y beber, tan infames y
disolutos en sus injurias, con
tantas vozes y grita por tan façiles
y ligeras ocasiones venir á las
manos y cabello; y sobre todo me
admiraua ver aquel monstruo de
naturaleza Alcidamas cura de San
Nicholas tan desbaratado en su
vibir y costumbres, obras,
conuersaçion, que nos dexó
confusos y admirados a quantos
estauamos alli. Sin empacho
ninguno de las dueñas hazia
cosas de su cuerpo y partes
vergonçosas, y dezia de su
lengua que avn avria empacho de
lo dezir y hazer vn muy profano
joglar.
Miçilo.—Por çierto que me has
admirado, gallo, con tu tan
horrenda historia, o por mejor
dezir, atroz tragedia. ¡Quán
comun cosa es faltar los hombres
de su mayor obligaçion!
Supliquemos a nuesto Señor los
haga tan buenos que no
herremos en los imitar, y
merezçan con su ofiçio inpetrar
graçia de nuestro Señor para sí, y
para nos, y auisemos de oy más a
todos los perlados que pues en la
iglesia son pastores deste ganado
no permitan que en los tales
auctos y çelebridades de misas
nueuas aya estos ayuntamientos,
porque vengan a tanto desman.
Gallo.—Ya, Miçilo, quiero dexar
guerras y contiendas y heridas y
muertes de honbres con las
cuales te he escandalizado hasta
aqui, y quiero que agora oyas la
más alta y más feliçissima
nauegaçion que nunca a honbres
aconteçio. En fin oyras vna
admirable ventura que te quiero
contar, la qual juntamente con el
prospero suçeso te dara tanto
deleyte que holgarás
grandemente de le [980] oyr; y
pues es ya venido el dia abre la
tienda, que en el canto que se
sigue lo oyras.

Fin del deçimo septimo canto del

gallo.
 NOTAS:
[845] G., segun tengo entendido por tu esperimentada narraçion
es la mejor y más segura.
[846] me ha pareçido.
[847] G., que comunmente en semejantes lugares suelen passar
[848] G., monstruosas y prodigiosas.
[849] G., puedan entretener el tiempo.
[850] R., Jambulo.
[851] R., de oçeano.
[852] G., escriuan.
[853] G., y.
[854] G., del dezir.
[855] G., poeta.
[856] G., con tu.
[857] G., prometiste.
[858] G., en ello hago ser publico el desorden y poca templança
con que esta gente consagrada toma semejantes ayuntamientos;
los quales les auian de ser vedados por sus perlados y juezes, y
a estos querria yo ser destos relactor, porque lo podrian remediar,
antes que no a tí; porque en contartelo solo doy ocasion con mi
lengua a que auiendo tú plazer, te rias y mofes de aquella
consagrada caterua qne está en la tierra en lugar de la diuina
magestad.
[859] G., que jures de no lo.
[860] G., será.
[861] G., el fundamento.
[862] G., fiesta.
[863] G., tenía.
[864] G., llamaua.
[865] G., que no se si le conoçiste. Este mançebo.
[866] G., y el.
[867] G., de su parte.
[868] G., eran muchos.
[869] G., de la historia.
[870] G., del año.
[871] G., solenidad.
[872] G., boluimonos.
[873] G., alli.
[874] G., auia otra.
[875] G., el missa cantano.
[876] G., otra mano.
[877] G., de San Julian.
[878] G., su.
[879] G., gran.
[880] G., se sento.
[881] G., fueron.
[882] G., por ser más viejo.
[883] G., que la sçiençia son canas en el hombre.
[884] G., asentó.
[885] G., asento.
[886] Y luego dixo.
[887] G., de la Gramatica.
[888] R. (Nota marginal) Gramatica. Figura antiptosis est casus
pro casu posi.
[889] G., notandolos de ambiçiosos, glotones y de poco sosiego:
fingiendose todos tener cuenta con el plato, pero más la tenian
con lo que entre los clerigos pasaua.
[890] G., tras.
[891] G., que rodauan.
[892] G., pastel.
[893] G., de la sala.
[894] G., agora, como sali.
[895] G., apresuré por acabar presto lo misa, que avu no me
sufria.
[896] G., ser.
[897] G., entre.
[898] R. (Tachado) has de saber que.
[899] G., la arroxo.
[900] G., quebro.
[901] G., y no.
[902] G., rodeaua.
[903] G., por todas.
[904] G., a las.
[905] G., grande.
[906] G., prestando y cambiando auia adquerido.
[907] G, y vituperaua.
[908] G., mugeres; y ansi, pensandolo remediar Aristeneto
dandole muy bien a beber y que con esto le haria su amigo, ansi
mando.
[909] G., y en alta voz, que todos con silençio le oyeron,
hablando con la muger de Aristeneto, madre de misa cantano:
señora Magençia (que ansi se llamaua) yo bebo a tí; y mira que
has de beber otro tanto del vaso como yo bebiere, so pena que
no lo beuiendo se arroxe lo que quedare sobre ty; y alçando la
copa bebio della casi vn azumbre y luego la mando tornar a
enchir, y estendiendo el braço la dio a Magençia, diziendola que
sino beuia incurreria en la pena puesta y que la abrá de executar;
y Magençia encogiendose con gran verguença, diziendo que no
acostumbraua beuer, reusó el vaso con miedo que Alçidamas no
la afrontasse; y teniendo lo mesmo los combidados trabajaron
por le apartar fuera, pero él juró por sus ordenes que sino daua
vn fiador que beuiesse por ella que se lo auia de derramar
acuestas; y el cura de San Miguel, que alcançaua buena parte
deste menester se leuantó y dando a entender que lo hazia por
defender a la señora huespeda y empedir que no la afrontasse
Alçidamas, pues este se leuantó de su lugar y saliendo en el
medio de la sala dixo a Alçidamas: dame acá la copa, que yo
quiero cumplir por la señora Magençia; y ansi tomando el vaso en
sus manos beuio vn terrible golpe, que a juizio de todos igualó.
[910] G., amago determinado de arrojar sobre Magençia lo que
en el vaso quedó, pero el cura.
[911] G., tomó.
[912] G., y hizole.
[913] G., y Eustochio, cura de San Martin, porque a todos auia
injuriado con sus donayres; y por el contrario, en fabor de
Alçidamas, por ser sus vezinos y amigos viejos se leuantaron el
sacristan de San Miguel y el cura de San Juan y el cura de San
Pedro y el cura de Santa Marina.
Miçilo.—Que, alli vino el cura de San Pedro? no faltarian
gargajos y importunidad en su vejez.
Gallo.—Alli vino con asco y desgraçia de todos; que en vna silla
le truxieron porque estaua muy enfermo.
[914] G., arroxadas.
[915] G., como graniço.
[916] G., en.
[917] G., a que las damas çerrassen las orejas y avn los ojos.
[918] G., y ansi a este tono si.
[919] G., este tiempo.
[920] G., con vna cuerda.
[921] G., de la sala, començaron.
[922] G., de sautoriçada.
[923] G., y proçedio el.
[924] G., por mi amor.
[925] G., hazian.
[926] G., dexauan.
[927] G., limpiarse el.
[928] G., suçias maneras de festejar, porque avn viles joglares se
desdeñarian tratarlas, por no perder credito con el auditorio.
Estando en esto que todos callauan.
[929] Falta este epígrafe en el ms.
[930] G., ayas.
[931] G., mio.
[932] G., fue infamado con peligro y jatura de mi honrra.
[933] G., que tenía.
[934] G., injurias.
[935] G., los.
[936] diziendo tú a todos que.
[937] G., los.
[938] G., en.
[939] G., ay estan en tu.
[940] G., bueluas.
[941] G., lo.
[942] G., dixe.
[943] G., la oyste.
[944] G., començaron todos a murmurar.
[945] G., vnos dezian que era aguda, a lo menos los amigos de
Etemocles, y dezian que era muy sabiamiente escripta, que bien
pareçia ser de letrado. Los contrarios dezian que no era muy
cuerda y acusauan a Etemocles de hombre gloton y dezian que
la auia escripto como afrontado por no le aver combidado a la
fiesta y comida. Estando...
[946] G., graciosa.
[947] G., representó ingeniosamente la proçesion que hacen los
portugueses el dia de Corpus Cristi y predicó el sermon que ellos
suelen predicar el dia que celebran la batalla del Aljubarrota.
[948] G., despues tañendo con su laud començó en copla de
repente a motejar a todos quantos estauan en la mesa, sin
perjudicar ni afrontar a ninguno, y reyendo donayres.
[949] G., con el.
[950] G., dexando el.
[951] G., procuró por le.
[952] G., tomo.
[953] G., osasse.
[954] G., y cruel como de la Farsalia.
[955] G., acudio.
[956] G., y que el xoglar auia dado a Alçidamas con el palo vn
gran golpe que le descalabró mal. De manera que todos aquellos
curas fueron por el semejante heridos, qual en la cabeça, qual en
el rostro; por lo qual fue neçesario que todos los lleuassen a sus
posadas a los curar. Pues echada toda aquella gente arriscada
fuera de la sala, se alçaron las mesas y se tornaron los que
quedaron a sosegar. Pero como el diablo nunca sosiega de meter
mal y dar ocasion a que suçeda siempre peor, suçedio que
Cleodemo, padrino, boluiendo a la carta de Etemocles, porque
sintio afrontado a Aristeneto y avn a aquellos religiosos que junto
a si tenía, dixo: ¿qué os parecede las elegantes razones de
Etemocles?
[957] G., torta.
[958] G., el.
[959] G., la.
[960] G., que la carta venia elegante muy cuerdamente escripto y
como de letrado.
[961] G., por lo qual.
[962] G., principalmente porque en lo que yo he dicho ninguna
injuria le hize, pues de todos es conoçido Etimoclides bien de
quantos aqui estan, y no me marauillo que responda por él, pues
ambos tienen hecho liga y monipodio en el trato de sus
feligreses, y ansi an jurado ambos a dos de no enterrar a ninguno
en su feligresia.
[963] G., le dio con la copa de vino en el rostro, que le enuistio
todo del, y luego Zenotemides tomó a Cleodemo por la
sobrepelliz y le truxo al suelo y hizole dar con el rostro y cabeça
en vn vanco, de que mal le descalabró. En fin los frayles y misa
cantano y los demas los apartaron, y fue neçesario que
Cleodemo se fuesse luego a su casa a curar, y tambien
Zenothemides se fue. Pues purgada la casa de todos aquellos
arriscados y belicosos capitanes, porque todos fueron de tres
recuentros heridos y sacados del campo, como te he contado...
[964] G., enbobeçidos.
[965] G., ver en gente de tanto exemplo tanto desman.
[966] G., pensaron que hazer.
[967] G., como fue echada.
[968] G., llegosse.
[969] G., Dionico al misa cantano.
[970] G., entiznole.
[971] G., y llenaronle fuera de.
[972] G., del.
[973] G., homo. Misçilo. Propriamente lo pudo dezir.
[974] G., todo el lugar.
[975] G., Dime, gallo, en el entretanto que estas cosas pasauan,
¿que pensauas tú?
[976] G., cosas se çelebrauan pensaua yo otras muchas.
[977] G., alta.
[978] G., letras.
[979] G., ellas.
 ARGUMENTO
DEL DEÇIMO
OCTAUO CANTO
DEL GALLO

En el deçimo octauo canto o

sueño que se sigue el auctor
muestra los grandes daños
que en el mundo se siguen por
faltar la verdad[981] de entre
los hombres.

Miçilo.—Pues por tu buena

ventura, gallo, o Pithagoras, o
como más te quisieres llamar, de
todas las cosas tienes esperiençia
que en el çielo y en la tierra
pueden aconteçer agora: yo
deseo mucho de ti saber me
declares vna admirable dubda
que grauemente atormenta mi
spiritu sin poder hallar quién me
satisfaga con bastante respuesta.
¿De dónde prouiene en algunos
vna insaçiable cobdiçia de mentir
en quanto hablan, en tanta
manera que a sí mesmos con
sumo deleyte se saborean, como
sepan que todo es vanidad
quanto dizen, y con suma
efficaçia tienen en atençion los
animos de los oyentes?
Gallo.—Muchas cosas son ¡o
Micilo! las que fuerçan algunas
vezes los hombres a mentir.
Como es en los belicosos y
hombres de guerra se tiene por
ardid saber con mentira engañar
al enemigo, como en esta arte fue
muy sagaz y industrioso Ulises; y
tanbien lo vsan los cobdiçiosos de
riquezas y honrras mundanas por
vender sus mercaderias y
auentajarse en sus
contrataçiones. Pero avnque todo
esto sea ansi te ruego me digas la
ocasion que a saberlo te mueue?
Miçilo.—Todo eso se sufre que
me has dicho por ofreçerse en
esos casos intereses que a mentir
os[982] mueue. Pero donde no se
les ofreçe interes de más que
satisfazer[983] su apetito, ¿de
dónde les viene la inclinaçion a
tan nefando y odioso viçio? Que
ay hombres que en ninguna cosa
ponen más arte, cuydado y
industria que en mentir sin algun
interes como al presente te quiero
contar. Bien conoçes a
Demophon nuestro vezino.
Gallo.—¿Es este rico que está
en nuestra vezindad?
Miçilo.—Ese mesmo. Ya sabes
que abrá ocho dias que se le
murio su muger. Pues a esta
causa por ser mi vezino y amigo
que sienpre me combidó a sus
çenas y çelebridades, quisele yr
la noche passada a visitar y
consolar en su viudez.
Gallo.—Antes auias de dezir[984]
a le dar la buena pro haga.
Miçilo.—Pues auianme dicho
que con el gran pessar que tenía
de la muerte de su muger estaua
enfermo, y ansi le hallé en la
cama muy afligido y llorando, y
como yo entré y le saludé me
reçibio con alguna liberalidad
mandandome sentar en vna silla
que tenía muy cerca de sí, y
despues que le vbe dicho
aquellas palabras que se suelen
dezir en el comun: señor,
pessame de la muerte de vuestra
muger y de vuestro mal;
començele a inportunar me
dixesse qué era la causa que de
nueuo le hazia verter lagrimas
auiendo ya algunos dias que se le
auia muerto la muger. A lo qual
me respondio, que no se le
ofreçia cosa que más nueua le
fuesse que auersele muerto la
muger, su compañera la que él
tanto amó[985] en esta vida y de
que tanto se deuia perpetuamente
acordar[986], y dixome que
estando alli en su cama solo la
noche passada en consideraçion
de la[987] soledad y miseria que le
quedaua sin su[988] amada
Feliçia, que ansi se llamaua su
muger, pessandole mucho por
auerla desgraçiado[989] poco
antes de su muerte[990], porque
rogandole ella que le renouasse
çiertas joyas de oro y faldrillas
que ella tenía de[991] otro tiempo,
no lo auia hecho, y que estando
muy apesarado pensando en
esto, por no le auer complazido le
apareçio Feliçia increpandoles
porque auiendole sido en todo
muy cunplido y liberal, auia sido
muy corto en lo que más
hazia[992] a su honrra, porque en
su entierro y obsequias no la
auian acompañado el cabildo
mayor y cantores con musica, y
porque no la auian tañido las
campanas con solenidad, que
llaman enpino, y que la lleuaron al
tenplo en vnas comunes andas
auiendola de lleuar en ataud; y
otras cosas dixo del paño que
ençima de si lleuaua[993], si era
de brocado, luto o seda. Lo qual
todo pareçiendome muy grandes
disparates y liuiandades me reí
diziendo que se consolasse
mucho, que buen remedio tenía
tornando de nueuo a hazer las
obsequias; y por pareçerle que yo
no lo creya lo trabajó apoyar con
grandes juramentos, y por que via
que mientra él más juraua yo
menos le creya, se leuantó en
camisa de la cama y se abajó
inclinado de rodillas en el suelo
señalándome con el dedo las
señales de sus pies que alli auia
dexado y imprimido, y estaua todo
el suelo tan llano y tan igual que
no se hallara vn cabello de
differençia aunque tuuierades
ojos de linçe; y ansi por me
persuadir su sueño se tornó a la
cama donde sentado y
mandándose encorporar de[994]
almohadas que le tuuiessen
proçedio en cosas tan
monstruosas y tan sin orden
acerca de su sueño y vision, y en
loor de su mujer que no
huviera[995] en el mundo tan vano
juizio que las creyera[996], hasta
que quebrada la cabeça de le
oyr[997] me despedi dél y me
vine[998] acostar.
Gallo.—Verdad es ¡o, Miçilo! que
esas cosas que Demophon ay te
conto no son de creer de
razonable juizio, porque ya te he
dicho lo que en la buelta de las
almas de los defuntos ay[999].
Pero mira bien no incurras tú en
vn genero de incredulidad que
tienen algunos hombres, que
ninguna cosa les dizen por façil y
comun que sea que la quieran
creer; pero marauillandose de
todo, se espantan y santiguan y
todo dizen que es mentira y
monstruosidad. Lo qual todo es
argumento de poca esperiençia y
saber. Porque como no han visto
nada, ni han leydo nada,
qualquiera cosa que de nueuo
vean les pareçe ser hecho[1000]
por arte de encantamiento o
embaymiento, y por el semejante,
qualquiera cosa que de nueuo
oyan y[1001] les digan se
encogen, espantan y admiran, y
tienen por aueriguado que la
fingen siendo mentira por vurlar
dellos y los engañar. Pero los
sabios, los que todo lo han visto,
los que todo lo han leydo, todo lo
menospreçian, todo lo tienen en
poco, y ansi passando adelante lo
rien y mofan y tachan y
reprehenden, mostrando auer
ellos visto mucho más sin
comparaçion. Ansi agora tú
considera que no es peor
estremo, no creer nada, que
creerlo todo, y piensa que
ninguna cosa puede imaginar el
entendimiento humano que no
pueda ser, y que marauilla es que
todo lo que puede ser, sea de
hecho ya y acontezca. Pues ansi
agora yo, Miçilo, me temo si no
quieres creer cosa de quantas
hasta agora te he dicho, y pienses
y sospeches que todo ha sido
mentira y fingido por te dar
passamiento, y ansi creo que
menos creras vn admirable
aconteçimiento que agora te
queria contar, porque junto con lo
que hasta aqui te he contado
exçede en admiraçion sin
comparaçion alguna a lo que
Demophon tu vezino te persuadio
auer visto.
Miçilo.—Mira, gallo, que
entendido tengo que todas las
cosas verdaderas que se dizen si
bien se quieren mirar muestran en
sí vna verisimilitud que fuerçan al
entendimiento humano a las
creer; porque luego representan y
reluze en ellas aquella deidad de
la verdad que tienen en sí, y
después desto tiene gran fuerça
la auctoridad del que las dize, en
tanta manera que avn la mesma
mentira es tenida por verdad. Ansi
que por todas estas razones soy
forçado a que lo que tú dixeres te
aya yo de creer; por lo qual, di, yo
te ruego, con seguridad y
confiança, que ninguna cosa que
tú dixeres dubdaré,
prinçipalmente que no ay
marauilla alguna que me
marauille despues que vi a tí
siendo gallo hablar nuestra
lengua; por lo qual me persuades
a creer que tengas alguna deydad
de beatitud, y que por esta no
podras mentir.
Gallo.—Por cierto yo queria
çesar ¡o Miçilo! de mi narraçion
por auerla interrumpido con
alguna señal de dubda. Dexaras
en verdad de gozar de la más alta
y más feliçissima historia que
nunca hasta agora ingenio de
historiador ha[1002] escripto, y
prinçipalmente por narrartela yo
que soy el que la passé. Pero por
la seguridad que al credito y fe
me tienes dada quiero proçeder,
porque no quiero pribarte del
gusto y deleyte admirable que en
oyrla gozarás, y verás despues
que la ayas oydo de quanto sabor
te pribarás si por ignorar antes lo
que era menos preçiaras de lo
oyr, y conoçerás quanto amigo te
soy y buen apaniguado y familiar,
pues no estimando la injuria que
me hazias con tu dubdar te
comunico tan gran beatitud. Por
tanto prestame atençion, que oy
verás quan elegante rectorico soy.
Tú sabras, que en vn tiempo
siendo mançebo y cobdiçioso de
ver, vino nueua en Castilla que se
auian ganado en las partes
oçidentales aquellas grandes
tierras de la Nueua España[1003]
que nueuamente ganó aquel
animoso marques del Valle,
Cortés, y por satisfazer en alguna
manera el insaçiable animo de mi
deseo que tenía de ver tierras y
cosas nueuas determinéme de
enbarcar, y auenturarme a esta
nauegaçion, y ansi en este
mesmo deseo me fue para la
çiudad y ysla de Caliz donde se
hazia el flete mas conueniente y
natural para semejante xornada; y
llegado alli[1004] hallé diez
conpañeros que con el mesmo
affecto y voluntad eran venidos
alli, y como en aquella çiudad
venian muchos de aquella nueua
tierra y nos dezian cosas de
admiraçion, creçianos mas el
apetito de caminar. Deziannos el
natural de las gentes, las
costumbres, atauio y dispusiçion;
la diuersidad de los animales,
aues, frutas y mantenimientos y
tierra. Era tan admirable lo que
nos dezian juntamente con lo que
nos mostrauan los que de allá
venian que no nos podiamos
contener[1005], y ansi juntandonos
veynte compañeros todos
mançebos y de vna edad, hecho
pacto entre nosotros inuiolable de
nunca nos faltar, y çelebradas las
çerimonias de la[1006] amistad con
juramento solene fletamos vn
nauio vezcayno velero y ligero,
todos de bolsa comun, y con
prospero tiempo partimos vn dia
del puerto, encomendados a Dios,
y ansi nos continuó siete dias
siguientes hasta que se nos
descubrieron las yslas fortunadas
que llaman de Canaria. Donde
tomado refresco[1007] despues de
vista la tierra, con prospero
tiempo[1008] tornamos a salir de
alli y caminando por el mar al
terçero dia de nuestro camino dos
horas salido el sol haziendo claro
y sereno el çielo dixeron los
pilotos ver vna ysla de la qual no
tenian notiçia ni la podian
conoçer, de que estauan
admirados y confusos por no se
saber determinar, poniendonos en
gran temor ansi a deshora,
admirauanse más turbados de ver
que la ysla caminaua más
veniendo ella azia[1009] nosotros
que caminauamos nosotros para
ella. En fin en breue tiempo nos
venimos tanto juntando que
venimos a conoçer que aquella
que antes nos pareçia ysla era vn
fiero y terrible animal. Conoçimos
ser vna vallena de grandeza
increyble, que en sola la frente
con un pedaço del çerro que se
nos descubria sobre las aguas del
mar juzgauamos auer quatro
millas. Venia contra nosotros
abierta la boca soplando muy
fiera y espantosamente que a
diez millas haçia retener el nauio
con la furia de la ola que ella
arroxaua de sí; de manera que
viniendo ella de la parte del
poniente, y caminando nosotros
con prospero leuante nos forçaua
calmar, y avn boluer atras el
camino. Venia desde lexos
espumando y turbando el mar con
gran alteraçion; ya que estuuimos
más çerca que
alcançauamos[1010] a verla más
en particular pareçiansele los
dientes tan terribles cada vno
como vna montaña[1011] de
hechura de grandes palas;
blancos como el fino marfil.
Venimos adelante a juzgar por la
grandeza que se nos mostró
sobre las aguas, ser de longura
de dos mil leguas. Pues como nos
vimos ya en sus manos y que no
le podiamos huyr[1012]
començamonos a abraçar entre
los compañeros, y a darnos las
manos con grandes lagrimas y
alarido, porque viamos el fin de
nuestra vida y compañia estar en
aquel punto sin remedio alguno, y
ansi dando ella un terrible
empujon por el agua adelante y
abriendo la boca nos tragó tan sin
embaraço ni estorbo de dientes ni
paladar que sin tocar en parte
alguna con gauia, velas, xarçia y
muniçion y obras muertas fuemos
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