JINJA JOINT EXAMINATIONS BOARD

MOCK EXAMINATIONS 2022

PHYSICS P510/1

MARKING GUIDE

1. (a) (i) Perfectly elastic collision – is one where kinetic energy is conserved and bodies
separate after collision while perfectly inelastic collision is one where kinetic
energy is not conserved and bodies stick together and move with a common
velocity after collision.
(ii) Examples;
– Perfectly elastic – collisions between ideal gas molecules
– Perfectly inelastic - Ballistic pendulum
- A bullet fired into a wooden block
- Head on collision between cars that stick together after
collision
(b) (i) It states that for a system of colliding bodies, the total momentum in a given
direction remains constant provided no external forces act.
(ii) When a gun fires a bullet, the bullet moves forward with a certain velocity, and
therefore, the bullet has a certain momentum. According to Newton’s third law
and conservation of linear momentum, the gun has now equal momentum to that
of the bullet but in opposite direction. The gun therefore recoils but the recoil
velocity is very small because of the mass of the gun is large compared to that of
the bullet.
(c) (i) By conservation of linear momentum

(ii) Heat generated = loss in kinetic K.E

= ( )

= ( )

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 =
(d) (i) Relative velocity – is the velocity of a body as measured by an observer from
another body assumed to be at rest.
(ii)

𝑣𝑠 𝑚𝑠
B Riverbank
𝑣𝑐 𝑚𝑠
VC
Let the course set be at 𝜃
d = 50m
𝑣𝑠 𝜃 𝑣𝑐
VS 𝜃
𝛼
𝜃
A Riverbank

Hence course is to the river banks.

Time taken

2. (a) S.H.M – is a periodic motion whose acceleration is directly proportional to the

displacement from a fixed point and it is directed towards that point.
(b) – It is periodic
– Its acceleration is directly proportional to displacement from a fixed point
– Its acceleration is always directly towards a fixed point in the lime of motion
– Mechanical energy is always conserved
(c) (i) The displacement of Q from O, . But

Velocity, and

Acceleration,

Hence Q executes S.H.M along AOB.

(ii) From ( )

( ) [ ]

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 (d) (i) Weightlessness – condition of zero normal reaction experienced by an astronaut
in an accelerating space craft. At a particular height of the orbit, it is possible for
the space craft to move such that its centripetal acceleration is equal to the
acceleration due to gravity, at that height;

(The astronaut therefore experience no reaction from the space craft

and so becomes weightless)
(ii) Consider the earth orbiting the sun, with as the radius of the earth’s orbit about
the sun.
Centripetal force = Gravitational force of
attraction
𝑚𝑒 𝑣 𝐺 𝑀𝑠 𝑚𝑒
Earth, me 𝑟𝑠 𝑟𝑠
𝜋𝑟𝑠
But 𝑣 𝑇
rs
𝜋 𝑟𝑠
𝑀𝑠
Sun, Ms 𝐺𝑇
𝜋 ( 𝑥 )
7𝑥 𝑥( 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑀𝑠 𝑥 𝑘𝑔

(ii) Due to friction of the earth’s atmosphere, the satellite does work against friction
and thus its total energy reduces and the radius of the orbit reduces. From
, potential energy reduces as well. From , k.e

increases and since , then velocity of satellite increases. If the total

energy is decreased to an extent that it can not overcome the friction, the satellite
may burn due to the heat produced by friction.

3. (a) (i) Pressure – force acting normally on a surface of area . S.I unit is .
(ii)

Liquid, 𝝆 h

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Cross sectional
 – weight of liquid above A = , But

– weight =

– pressure,

(iii) Gas pressure

v
7
v

(b) (i) Static pressure – pressure which the fluid would have if it were at rest. While
v
dynamic pressure is the pressure
v due to the fluid in motion
(ii) Consider an object of uniform cross sectional area A, and length, l in a liquid of
density

P1
h1

P2

– The pressure on the top surface,

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 – The pressure on the lower surface, ( )
– Force on the lower surface ( ) A
– The upthrust ( )
is the volume of the displaced liquid.
– Weight of liquid displaced ( )
Therefore, the upthrust is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.

(c) Initially, the drop has zero velocity. As it falls downwards three forces act on it; the
weight (w) (downwards), upthrust (upwards) and viscous drag (upwards). Its velocity
increases implying that it is accelerating but , viscous drag opposing its fall in
air also increases. This means that the net force ( ) decreases hence hitting
the ground with a less force than they should.

4. (a) (i) For a body in mechanical equilibrium,

v
the sum of clockwise moments about a
point is equal to the sum of the anti – clockwise moments about the same point.
(ii) Three holes are made near the edge of the cardboard. The cardboard is then
suspended from one of the holes and allowed to swing freely. A pendulum bob is
hung from the same point of suspension and the outline of the pendulum is traced
on the sheet. The procedure is repeated for cardboard suspended from the other
holes.
The point of intersection of the three lines is the center of gravity of the board.

(b) (i) Angle of projection; Angle between the direction of the projectile and the
v
horizontal
v
(ii) From ,

( ) v
v

Also
v v
(c) From strain ( ) ( )
v
v
Force, ( )
v

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 v
(d) Scalars – are physical quantities that have only magnitude
Vectors – are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction
(e) When a rider moves round a circular path, the friction at the ground provides the
centripetal force. This provides a moment about its center of gravity. The rider would
therefore have a tendency to fall off in a direction away from the center of the path if this
moment is not counter balanced. The rider therefore leans towards the center of the path
so that his reaction provides a moment about the center of gravity, which counter
balances the moment due to friction.

v
5. (a) (i) Isothermal change – Is one which takes place at a constant temperature while an
v
adiabatic change is one for which no heat is allowed to enter or leave the system.
(ii) Isothermal change - Gas system enclosed in a thin walled, highly conducting
vessel.
- Gas system is enclosed in a thick walled, poorly
conducting vessel. Any two each ½
- Carried out in slow steps to allow for heat exchange.
Adiabatic change - Gas enclosed in a thick walled, poorly conducting vessel.
- Carried out rapidly so that there is no time for heat to
enter or leave the system.
𝒙
(b)
v
F

When the gas expands by moving the piston through a small distance, such that
pressure remains constant, F = PA where P – pressure,
A – cross-sectional area
– work done, but change in volume
–
Total work done from V1 to V2 is got by;

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 ∫

(c) (i)

For an ideal gas; PV = nRT

v
v
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(ii) For adiabatic expansion, v

( ) ( ) ( ) v
v

(d) (i) States that matter consists of tiny particles which are always in constant vibration
for solids, continuous and random motion in liquids or gasses. If heat is supplied,
the energy of the particles increase hence their random velocity increases.
(ii) Smoke is confined in a smokevcell and viewed through a microscope. The smoke
is seen to be in continuous random motion.
Vv Something must be knocking the
v
smoke particles and this is something is the molecule of air.

6. (a) (i) S.h.c – amount of heat energy required to raise

v the temperature of 1kg by 1K.
(ii) Cooling correction; Is the extra temperature difference to be added to the
v
observed maximum temperature of the mixture to cater for heat lost to the
surrounding during heating.
(b) Let x = the expected new temperature
Assuming no heat losses to the surroundings, v

v v v
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( ) ( ) ( )

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(c) – Surrounding the calorimeter with
v a vacuum to prevent heat loss by conduction
– Lagging the calorimeter using an insulating
v
material.
– Surrounding the apparatus with a layer
v
of still air
– Supporting the calorimeter on an insulating stand to reduce conduction.
v

(d) (i)
High sensitive D.C millivoltimeter
X mV
mV
Y
Constantan / copper

Platinum
(iron)
Hot junction Ice – water mixture
(Test junction)
Cold junction

(ii) Neutral point of a thermocouple;

v – maximum temperature of a thermocouple just
below which its e.m.f vary linearly with temperature
(iii) The hot junction of the thermocouple
v is immersed in a mixture of pure ice, pure
water and pure steam existing in equilibrium. The voltmeter reading Etr is read
and recorded.
The above procedure is repeated when the hot junction of the thermocouple is
immersed in a liquid of unknown temperature, T, such that the voltmeter reading
ET is also read and recorded. v
Assuming e.m.f generated to vary linearly with temperature; then;
vvv
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vvv
(e) – It is not accurate and only used where high degree of accuracy is not required.
– E.m.f set up does not vary linearly with temperature (above neutral point).
vvv

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7. (a) (i) The total power radiated per unit area is directly proportional to the fourth power
vvv
of the absolute temperature of a body.
(ii) The wavelength, at which maximum energy is radiated is inversely
vvv
proportional to the absolute temperature.

Clear bulb
(b)
Incident infra-red
radiations
h Blackened bulb

Glass tube

Ether(liquid)

– A blackened and clear bulb are connected to a tube partially filled with ether; each
bulb contains a mixture of air and ether vapour.
– When the arrangement is exposed to infrared radiations absorbed by the blackened
bulb than those absorbed by the clear bulb.
– This raises the pressure inside the blackened bulb causing the ether liquid to be raised
in the clear bulb. The rise “h” is directly proportional to the incident radiation.

(c) (i) Solar constant: This is the energy (power per unit area) received from the sun to
vvv
the earth per second
(ii) Metals have free vvv
electrons. When heated the electrons at the hot end gain more
vvv with atoms in solid lattice. The
energy and transfer energy as they collide
mechanism of heat transfer by atomic vibrations
vvv also occurs in metals but its
effect is much smaller.

(d)
T2 𝛉 T1
k 2 , l2 k 1 , l1

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 Assuming that the rate of heat flow is uniform;
( ) ( ) vvv

( ) ( )

Substituting for in ( ) and simplifying,

vvv

( )
⁄ ⁄

(e)
Rate of heat flow through the metal = Rate at which ice gain heat
( ) vvv

( ) vvv

vvv

8. (a) (i) Photoelectric effect – is the emission of electrons from a clean metal surface when
vvv
it is illuminated to electromagnetic radiation of high frequency.
(ii) It postulates that light is emitted and absorbed in
vvvdiscrete packets called quanta. A
quanta of light is called a photon. When light is incident
vvv on a metal surface, each
photon of energy E = hf interacts with only one electron on the surface of the
metal giving it all its energy. The photon is vvv
absorbed if its energy is greater than
the work function and if it is less, the photon is rejected. Increasing intensity of
light only increases the number of photons in the radiation but the energy of each
vvv
photon remain the same, so maximum k.e is independent of the intensity.
Increasing the intensity increases
vvv the number of photons striking the surface per
second. Therefore, more electrons are emitted per second and the current
increases with intensity. vvv
Increasing the frequency increases the energy of each photon, therefore,
maximum k.e increases with the frequency.

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 vvv
(iii) From . But ⁄ .

vvv
7

vvv

(b) (i)
x – rays Cathode rays
- Electromagnetic radiation - Are fast moving electrons
- Have no charge - Negatively charged
- Can easily penetrate matter - Does not penetrate matter
- Are fast ( ) - Slow ( )
- Eject electrons from matter - Produce x – rays on striking matter
Any 2 each 1

(ii) ( ) vvv
vvv

7 7 vvv

(c)

Intensity Line spectrum

Continuous spectrum

𝝀𝒎𝒊𝒏 Wave length

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 - Continuous spectrum – Electrons make repeated collisions with the metal target
are decelerated losing energy in a continuous manner.
- Line spectrum – An electron loses all its energy to another in the inner shell of the
target metal atom. The recipient electron moves to a higher energy level making
the atom unstable when an electron falls from higher to occupy the vacancy in
lower energy, it loses energy form of line spectrum.

9. (a) (i) Thermionic emission – is the ejection of electrons from a metal surface of
vvv
relatively low work function when the metal is heated.
(ii)

𝐈𝐚 (𝐀)

𝑰𝑺𝟐
𝐓𝟏
𝐓𝟏 < 𝐓𝟐
𝐈 𝐒𝟏
𝐓𝟐

0 𝐕𝐚 (𝐕)
(iii)

Ra R
𝐕𝟎

𝝁𝑽𝒊 𝒆𝒎𝒇

- Total resistance in the circuit

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 - The e.m.f generated by the triode value where is called the
amplification factor

- The alternating current

But the output voltage

vvv

(b) Centripetal force magnetic force

()

Work – energy theorem; k.e = workdone

( )

( )

( ) ( )

(c)

Oil spray
To battery
P1
High intense
light d x - rays
P2

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 - Oil drops are spread through a holevvv
into the upper of the two parallel plates
separated by a known distance d,. the drops acquire a charge by friction/x – rays.
- A suitable drop is selected and its terminal velocity V0 is measured. vvv
- With the electric field off;
( ) ()

- The P.d is applied and varied so that drop remains stationary in an electric field.

( ) ( )

() ( )

vvv

(d)
- Are negatively charged
- Travel in straight lines
- Cause fluorescence In certain substances
- Produce x – rays when stopped suddenly by high density matter

10. (a) (i) These are streams of positively charged ions moving towards the cathode in
vvv
discharge tube.
vvv
(ii) Positive rays are produced when cathode rays in a discharge tube collide with the
vvv
gaseous atoms and strip off (knock out) some electrons from the atoms. The
positive ions formed are accelerated to the cathode and these streams
vvv of positive
ions constitute positive rays.
vvv
(b) – Most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil undeflected. This implies that
vvv
most of the space of an atom is empty.

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 vvv
– Few alpha particles were scattered through small angles. The small deflections were as
a result of electrostatic repulsion between the alpha particles and the positive charge at
vvv
the center of the atom.
vvv
– Very few alpha particles were scattered through angles greater than 900. It means that
vvv
the positive charge of the atoms is concentrated in a small region.
(c)
Ze
𝟒 𝒓𝟎
𝟐𝐇𝐞 (𝟐𝐞)

At distance of closest approach;

vvv
vvv
vvv( )( )

vvv

(d) (i)
∞
n=5
n=4
vvv n=3
Infrared

n=2
Visible spectrum Vvv

Vvv n=1
Ultraviolet
(ii)
Vvv Vvv
7

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END

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