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EC303_SIGNAL_Lecture 8

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EC303_SIGNAL_Lecture 8

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priyambanerjee2017
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 8:

Classification of Systems:

Systems are classified into the following categories:

linear and Non-linear Systems


Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
linear Time variant and linear Time invariant systems
Static and Dynamic Systems
Causal and Non-causal Systems
Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
Stable and Unstable Systems
linear and Non-linear Systems

A system is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and homogenate principles.


Consider two systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t), y2(t) respectively.
Then, according to the superposition and homogenate principles,
T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 T[x1(t)] + a2 T[x2(t)]
, T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)
From the above expression, is clear that response of overall system is equal to response
of individual system.
Example:
Check wheather the system is linear or not
y(t) = x2(t)
Solution:
y1 (t) = T[x1(t)] = x12(t)
y2 (t) = T[x2(t)] = x22(t)
T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = [ a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)]2
Which is not equal to a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t). Hence the system is said to be non linear.

Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

A system is said to be time variant if its input and output characteristics vary with time.
Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant.
The condition for time invariant system is:
y (n , t) = y(n-t)
The condition for time variant system is:
y (n , t) y(n-t)
Where y (n , t) = T[x(n-t)] = input change
y (n-t) = output change
Example:
y(n) = x(-n)
y(n, t) = T[x(n-t)] = x(-n-t)
y(n-t) = x(-(n-t)) = x(-n + t)

y(n, t) -t). Hence, the system is time variant.

linear Time variant (LTV) and linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems

If a system is both linear and time variant, then it is called linear time variant (LTV) system.
If a system is both linear and time Invariant then that system is called linear time invariant
(LTI) system.

Example:
Static and Dynamic Systems

Static system is memory-less whereas dynamic system is a memory system.


Example 1: y(t) = 2 x(t)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0). Here, the output is only dependent
upon present input. Hence the system is memory less or static.
Example 2: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0) + 3x(-3).
Here x(-3) is past value for the present input for which the system requires memory to get
this output. Hence, the system is a dynamic system.

Causal and Non-Causal Systems

A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon present and past inputs, and does not
depend upon future input.
For non causal system, the output depends upon future inputs also.
Example 1: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon present and past inputs. Hence, the system is
causal.
Example 2: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4) Here, the system
output depends upon future input. Hence the system is non-causal system.

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