FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Introduction to Fourier transform:

The human ear splits incoming sound waves into their component frequencies through
mechanical means by exploiting natural resonances: namely, different nerve endings in our ears are
sensitive to different frequencies. But it is also possible to analyze a sound mathematically to
determine its component frequencies. This can be done by an 18th century French mathematician
named Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier, known as a Fourier transform. In Mathematics, a
transformation of a function is a function that turns one function or graph into another.
Fourier transform is a mathematical transform that decomposes functions into frequency
components. [The Fourier Transform is a mathematical technique that transforms a function of time,
x(t), to a function of frequency, X(ω)]. Fourier Transform is a mathematical model which helps to
transform the signals between two different domains, such as transforming signal from time domain
to frequency domain or vice versa. Fourier transform has many applications in Engineering and
Physics, such as signal processing, signal analysis, communication, designing electrical circuits,
image processing & filtering. RADAR and so on.
 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤𝑎
Problem-1: Find the Fouriertransform of 𝑓 𝑥 = and hence
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 >𝑎
∞ sin x
evaluate
0
dx . Also find the Fourier transform f 3x and f x − 9 .
x
 1 − x2 for x ≤ 1
Problem-2: If f x = , find the Fourier transform of f(x)
0 for x > 1
 1 − 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ 1
Problem-3: Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓 𝑥 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1
∞ sin 2 t π
and hence deduce that 0
dx = .
t2 2
Problem-4: Find the Fourier transform of f 4x , f(x − 5) and f x cos3x
wheref x = e− x .
Problem-5: Findthe Fourier transform of f x = xe− x .
 Fouster coaine and FouTier 3tme
trans form3.

Infinite FouTier cosime trans tosm

o f f ) deflned a
FePc= F(u) =fu) =J f )cosuxdz

The imverse FouT er coSine transform

defined a
Cx) 2) Fc(u) cosux d

Infinite Fourier simetran3form

of fca) is defined as
Fsfca)}= F(u) =f ( ) = (fCx) sinuxd
O
The inver^e Fouvier 8ime toansfornb
defined a8
Cn) =2Fe(u)sinun du
O 0btain the Fourter Co&lme tvang fom
of the functHopn fa)=
Sdutton Ca)=4- 14 O

Founier cosine tvansfos3)

Fefc= fCn) co umd
eCu)=(4a c6urdn+ ((4-x) Cudi
FcCu) 4 ) (Sinuz)_-(4)(-cou)
+C4-(Stnuz-G)(-cosu
F(u) =
SinU-O (csu-1) +(0-3sinu)
CoS 4 u- cos u)
FcCu) 4SCn2+4(cosu-1) - 3sin

(cos 4U-coSu)
u2

ASu-4 - co4u+Cou
Fc Cu) = SinU

FcCu) = SCnu 5 cofu-c h U -

(2) Fimd the FouT er Bine a nd coiine
transform of
-

e 0.
Stution f(x) = e X7O
The FouTie sine trans form
Fsf } =Sfx) sinu dr
FsCu)
=Se"simum d
KT einbrdd easinby-bcsb2) =

a+b
F) -sinux-UN-ucsu)
+ u2
Fsu) = o -

e(-o -u)

Fs(u) =

The Fourier CoSine toanstOT

FeCu) Jfwcosund =J a*oux dz
O
FeCu) S (-dcdux+usinu)
) 4 U2
FCu) o - e(-&+o)
_ u
FcCu) = o
u
(3) Find the Fourder 8ine tgans fov
of) o
OLXL2
else
else cohe
cothe re,
Solutto The Fourier Bine
ce.
tran>toron
Fsf()} fCx) Sinund=

Fsu) =

di sCnUx 2
FsCa0 (-cokuz) -n(-Snu)
rs (4) -LU 2co Lu-o] + Sin2u-o)
feCu) Snau-2ucoi2u

4)Find the Fousier 8ime trans fovmn

ffCa =e ancl hence evaluate
9 Sn2 dr, m76
O +2
Sotutton f(x) = e*
t1= , OkL
Fodsier sine transfos m of Po) v

FsC Po simun dx
Feu) e sinu d
O

Flu) esinun da
 kKTesinbxd=e (asin by-bcdbx)
a+b2
Fs(au) e (-Istnux -u cduz)
(-1)u
Fe () = O- ()(o- u)
+u2
Fs u) =

inverse Fouier toaNSforw

fCn)=FCa) sinurdu
FCa) S- usinuxdu
+u2
uSinur du -2f()
O +u2
Take

P()=
f m ) =m

ehange to fon)=e
SSinm2 dz
O
= e m7o
5Find the Fou sier ige tranzform f
,arO

Solnf(x) = e
Fourier Sime tran&fosm u
Fs1f= fa)sinux dx
O
Fs(U) a cimud %
O

DifPn, wT t differentiatton under

integscul Sign
dFcun
du
e
Cou . d

oSuxd
a cosux+UGinux)
a)+ U2
O- e-a)
a+u2
aa
dyfx)
cd
du a44u -JHadx
Cu) du
a4u
Fs(u) ga.tan ()+G
FC4)= tan ()+C#
 Take U=O tim (

Fs(o) tanl(0) + Fson (0

Flo)= odr
= 0+C O

C =O Fslo)=O
Fro eanO

ECa)-tan (4)
(6) Finol the infenite Founer coine-toonsforn

Sotutton f(x) = e
Fouries cosine transtosm P ( a ) is
Fclfc (fa) cosurd
=

2
FeCu) =(ecsuxda
Dfg o Tt u by ulng leibsnitz rule
d(Fe(u)) e-sinu)
du
O
2
x da Jefradz=
stnux ë"(-2x) dz 2

O e)da="
sr2)fe*)
2
cos un u dz|
u csux dz
d F()
du Fu em
d FeCu)
-u d
FeCu)
FeCu) -Judu
Fclu)
2
kog FeCu) = - +G
2

Felu)= +C
FcCu) =e e
FcCu) = Ke 4 2

Ke FeCu)=e cosuxdx
Fc(a) =

Feto) =Sad
2
Ea,uctton educel to

Fectu)=e%| .u
shoo that e is Belfreipral
under the Fourie &ine
taansfom
Sdutton f«) = 7 e
ouries 2ine transfore f f (A)
-
Fsfxo} =
F(x) sinuz da
Fs (U) esinurda Sendr=
e-dy=e
Cau)- Stnux e - ) d
u)-(inat{e )}- cosaxue dr|
F(0 ueesuz E d
O

Fs(U) =
plu)-
u

ohere p(u) echurdx> =

Diff" co.Tt l by Leibntz Tule

bu) e (snun)Mda
du
S stnux e "-x)d
(SCnukle-Sucku e"d

ecsux dr
d dtu
d

d d= -(udu
Iog d(u)= u+C
C
PCu) = e t C ee

u)= ke h
PCo)=ke
Fsan Frn
2

d(u)= suxd
K e z .[ ,
Put
O (Q)e d
= t r =vt
dx=hctt
t

K
Egh Teduce to

u ) = ke e
FTOm (
Fsl 4) = U olu)
,

Fs (u) = ue
Ue

e 8el f recipodcal coith repect

to Fourier Sine toanafosm.
8) Find the imverse Founder 2ine
trans foron ation f f(«)= L e , a7o,
Sdutton (x) - , avo
2mveyse Fourier 8ine toanfoTm

x) T
GK)Lgn dd
fa) =2 (LEsin<n d 0
Dt49) co.Tt by leibaitzs Tule
ax
e Coi .d«

e -acoßAX + XGin««)
C-a) + 2
- (-a)7
a
dSt
dn

f(a)= 2 ( - dx =2 Ltan%)+c
a+ C

Fx)-tar (%a)+¢ -

Take 7=O Fsem

PCo) ltan o) +C fco)=o
o =o+c>/C-o

FranPtx)=2tan(A)|
(9 Solve the int eqral equation
FCx) cos KMdx= e
Sdution (fa) cofK xd z= e
Fefm (U) e
=

By inve sse cosine transtorm

.

M
2T e

- a CoßA+ZSind

-a)2+X2
O- (-a)7
a+z2
|FCa) T a+

(10 the fanction fx) 8uch that

Fid
o£«<I
tCn)sind nd =.0 I< <2
o
2
Sotution Fs) 201
4 =
2
B4 imveyse FouTier stne toqnstoy w
(n)=J FsG) sindzd
C) LSio stn<x dl+ S2stndn d
CX)214 coS -2c62x]
 est your Knowledge.
OFind the FouTder sime ard coine transprm
of(i) fx) = 2

Ci) P) = 2

(i)f C)=12- 142 O4XZ|

elsethere
2Fnd the Fourier costne tranitosm
ee and hence deduce the E Ouner
CoS Cme transfosn df 1 e . Furteer
evouluout e
coSAZ
2CLa
A
Find the Fouier cosine trans to

fa)=147 1+2

FCnd the Fou sies 8tne tsans torn

2 3X
5) Find the coSene tvansfosan af eq4e
(6) Find the coiine toansforn of
F(a) = Sax

Solve integal equattons

the
i) Sfcxy si
nn da o =

F n d flx) fos ahich Felo) a a-2, 04«<2a

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