FINAL YEAR PROJECT

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the

Islamic University of Lebanon
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Major: Civil Engineering

Prepared By:

ASMAA JAMAL GHADER (73506)

MOHAMMAD NASRI FAKIH (92058)
______________________________________________________________

Residential Building
Supervised by:

Dr. HASSAN AWADA

Defended on ………….in front of the jury:

………….. President

…………… Member

…………… Member

Page 1 of 217
 ‫شكر وتقدير‬

‫﷽‬
‫الحمدلله رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمدﷺ وعلى اله‬
‫وأصحابه الطيبين‪ ,‬أما بعد‪:‬‬

‫أكتب هذه الكلمات ألعبر عن شكري وامتناني العميق ألهلي األعزاء‪،‬‬

‫الذين كانوا السند والداعم األكبر لي خالل رحلتي األكاديمية‪.‬‬

‫الفضل لله أوال واخرا ثم الى كل من ساندني في هذه المرحلة المباركة‪.‬‬

‫أمي الحبيبة‪ ،‬كنِت دائًم ا مصدر القوة واإللهام لي‪ ،‬فقد علمتيني الصبر‬
‫واإلصرار‪.‬‬

‫إلى إخوتي وأخواتي األعزاء‪ ،‬لقد كنتم دائًم ا بجانبي‪ ،‬تقدمون لي‬
‫الدعم والتشجيع‪ ،‬وتعطونني القوة لمواصلة المسير‪ .‬أشكركم من أعماق‬
‫قلبي على حبكم واهتمامكم وتفانيكم‪.‬‬

‫أود أيًض ا أن أتقدم بجزيل الشكر الى الجامعة االسالمية كليةالهندسة ‪،‬‬
‫التي وفرت لي البيئة المثالية للتعلم والنمو‪ .‬شكًر ا لكل أساتذتي في كلية‬
‫الهندسة‪ ،‬قسم الهندسة المدنية‪ ،‬الذين لم يدخروا جهًدا في تقديم الدعم‬
‫األكاديمي واإلرشاد المهني‪ .‬لقد كان لدروسكم وتوجيهاتكم األثر الكبير‬
‫في تطوير مهاراتي ومعرفتي الهندسية‪.‬‬

‫إن هذه الخمس سنوات من حياتي كانت مليئة بالتحديات واإلنجازات‪ ،‬وال‬
‫يمكنني أن أنسى فضل كل من ساهم في دعمي وتشجيعي للوصول إلى‬
‫هذا اليوم‪ .‬لكم جميًعا كل التقدير واالحترام‪.‬‬

‫اسماء جمال غادر‬

‫‪Page 2 of 217‬‬
‫محمد نصري فقيه‬

‫‪Page 3 of 217‬‬
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to my esteemed supervisor, Dr. Hassan

Awada, for his invaluable guidance, insightful expertise, and unwavering support
throughout the course of this project. His mentorship has been a cornerstone of my
academic and professional growth.

I am equally grateful to the Head of the Civil Engineering Department, Dr. Abbas
Mgharbel, for his exemplary leadership and steadfast support, which have been
instrumental in fostering an environment conducive to success.

My heartfelt thanks extend to all the professors and engineers at the Faculty of
Engineering for their continuous encouragement, dedication, and contributions to my
academic journey. Their collective efforts have played a vital role in helping me
achieve my goals.

Page 4 of 217
 ABSTRACT

The Residential Building, located in Beirut, spans a total area of 950 m². With a

basement surface utilization rate of 80-100% and a general investment factor of 6,

this architectural landmark rises to a height of 56.9 meters above ground level,

encompassing 18 floors. The structure includes two basement levels, a ground floor,

a technical floor, 14 typical floors, a roof floor, and a top roof floor, showcasing a

sophisticated design tailored for urban living.

This project entails a comprehensive study focusing on structural and seismic

analyses, shoring systems, and foundation design to meet the rigorous demands of

high-rise residential construction. The structural analysis is designed to ensure the

building's integrity and stability under diverse loading conditions, including gravity

loads, wind forces, and seismic activities specific to the region.

Based on detailed architectural plans, an advanced 3D model of the Residential

Building was meticulously developed to facilitate thorough seismic and wind load

analyses. This modeling approach ensures the structure's resilience to dynamic lateral

forces and minimizes lateral displacements. To achieve optimal performance, a state-

of-the-art shear wall lateral resisting system was implemented, significantly

enhancing the building's resistance to seismic and wind forces while ensuring overall

structural stability and integrity.

Page 5 of 217
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This report presents a detailed analysis and calculation of the structural design
elements for the Residential Building, including columns, beams, slabs, and
basement walls.

The initial sections focus on the examination of fundamental design criteria,

encompassing applicable codes, loading conditions, and safety considerations,
thereby establishing a robust framework for the structural design. The methodologies
employed for analysis are meticulously outlined, ensuring full compliance with
industry standards and best practices.

A comprehensive 3D presentation model of the building was developed using

ETABS, ROBOT, and SAFE software, facilitating visualization and in-depth
evaluation of the structure's integrity and performance under diverse conditions.

Geotechnical studies were conducted based on data derived from the geotechnical
report, forming a critical foundation for structural calculations and design decisions.
Seismic analysis was performed using the ETABS software, leveraging advanced
algorithms to assess the building's response to seismic forces and implement
effective mitigation strategies.

Slabs and the raft foundation were precisely modeled and analyzed using SAFE
software to ensure optimal performance and structural efficiency. Additionally, the
staircase was designed utilizing ROBOT software, while shop drawings were
prepared with CSI Detailing and AutoCAD, ensuring precision and adherence to
design specifications.

By integrating advanced software simulations, rigorous analytical methods, and

geotechnical insights, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the structural
design, shoring systems, and geotechnical considerations essential for the successful
execution of the Residential Building project.

Page 6 of 217
 Table of Contents
Prepared By..........................................................................................................1
Residential Building.............................................................................................1
Supervised by:......................................................................................................1
Defended on ………….in front of the jury..........................................................1

CHAPTER 1 Architectural description............................................................23

1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................23
1. Site Location.............................................................................................23
1.2 Project Description...................................................................................24
1.3 Architectural plan.....................................................................................25
1.4 Areas and Heights....................................................................................37
CHAPTER 2 Material Properties and Modelling Criteria.............................39
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................39
2.2 Structural design.......................................................................................39
2.3 Codes used................................................................................................39
2.4 Design Softwares......................................................................................40
2.5 Material Characteristics............................................................................40
2.5.1 Concrete.....................................................................................................40
2.5.2 Steel...........................................................................................................41
2.6 Charges.....................................................................................................41
2.6.1 Gravity Loads............................................................................................42
2. Environmental Loads...............................................................................43
2.7 Load Combinations..................................................................................44
2.8 Stiffness modifiers....................................................................................45
CHAPTER 3 Geotechnical study......................................................................47
1. Introduction to Local Geology.....................................................................47
2. Geological Characteristics of the Region....................................................47
3. Zone 1 Considerations..................................................................................47
4. Rock and Soil Types in Hamra....................................................................48
5. Dynamic Soil Parameters.............................................................................48
6. Geotechnical Investigation and Testing......................................................48
7. Conclusions for Design.................................................................................49
 8. Geotechnical Recommendations...........................................................49

CHAPTER 4 Preliminary design......................................................................50

Page 7 of 217
 4.1 Slabs.........................................................................................................50
4.1.0 Introduction................................................................................................50
4.1.1 Types of Slabs............................................................................................50
Slab Type............................................................................................................52
selection..............................................................................................................52
4.1.1 Flat slab thickness......................................................................................55
4.1.2 horde slab...................................................................................................55
4.2 Columns....................................................................................................60
4.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................60
4.2.2 Tributary method.......................................................................................60
4.3 Shear Walls...............................................................................................66
4.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................66
4.3.2 Location of them........................................................................................66
4.3.1 Dimensions................................................................................................67
4.4 Preliminary assumption of Foundations...................................................68
4.4.1 Isolated footing..........................................................................................68
4.4.2 Raft foundation..........................................................................................70

CHAPTER 5 Modelling......................................................................................71
5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................71
5.2 Steps of modelling....................................................................................71
5.1.1 Codes and units..........................................................................................72
5.2.1 Materials....................................................................................................73
5.2.2 Sections......................................................................................................74
5.3 Loads........................................................................................................75
5.4 Loads Combination..................................................................................75
5.5 Modal cases..............................................................................................76
5.6 Mass source..............................................................................................77
5.7 Response Spectrum..................................................................................77
5.8 Load cases – Spec X and Spec Y.............................................................78
5.9 Walls pier Label.......................................................................................79
5.10 Walls Mesh...............................................................................................79
5.11 Floor mesh................................................................................................79
5.11 Adding vertical loads................................................................................80
5.12 Supports....................................................................................................80
5.13 Property modifier.....................................................................................80
5.14 Diaphragms..............................................................................................81
5.15 Check model.............................................................................................83
5.16 Run...........................................................................................................83

Page 8 of 217
 5.17 Models......................................................................................................84
CHAPTER 6 Seismic analysis............................................................................86
6.1 Introduction..............................................................................................86
6.2 Diaphragm................................................................................................86
6.3 Shear Walls...............................................................................................87
6.4 Seismic parameters...................................................................................87
6.5 Structural Verification..............................................................................94
6.5.1 Building Period “T”...................................................................................95
6.5.1.1 Period and mass participation check.......................................................96
6.5.2 Base Shear.................................................................................................97
6.5.3 Story Drift................................................................................................100
6.6 Eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of rigidity........................103

CHAPTER 7 Wind analysis.............................................................................105

7.1 Introduction............................................................................................105
7.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS..................................................................105
7.2.1 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure............................................................105
7.2.2 Method 2 – Analytical Procedure............................................................106
7.2.3 Wind Tunnel Procedure...........................................................................106
7.3 Wind Parameters....................................................................................106
7.3.1 Basic Wind speed....................................................................................106
7.3.2 Importance factor I..................................................................................106
7.3.3 Exposure type..........................................................................................108
7.3.4 Wind 1.1.1 Directionality Factor, Kd...................................................109
7.3.5 Guest Factor.............................................................................................109
7.4 Summary of Wind parameters................................................................110
7.5 Software results......................................................................................110
CHAPTER 8 Columns Design.........................................................................112
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................112
8.2 Design Recommendation.......................................................................112
8.2.1 For longitudinal reinforcement................................................................112
8.2.2 For Transversal Reinforcement...............................................................113
8.3 Design example and results....................................................................113
8.3.1 Design steps.............................................................................................113
8.4 Slenderness Effect..................................................................................119
8.5 Shop Drawings.......................................................................................120

Page 9 of 217
CHAPTER 9 : Shear Walls..............................................................................122
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................122
9.2 Preferable location..................................................................................122
9.3 Design constraints..................................................................................123
9.3.1 Shear Wall thickness................................................................................123
9.3.2 Reinforcing provisions.............................................................................123
9.4 Shear Wall Reinforcement.....................................................................124
9.5 Shear Wall Design Example...................................................................125
9.5.1 Define shape............................................................................................125
9.5.2 Wall Reinforcement.................................................................................126
9.5.3 Design Results.........................................................................................127

CHAPTER 10 Slab Design.................................................................................132

10.1 Introduction............................................................................................132
10.2 Deflection Control..................................................................................132
10.2.1 Short term deflection.............................................................................132
10.2.2 Long term deflection..............................................................................132
10.2.3 Maximum Allowable deflection............................................................133
10.3 Punching Shear.......................................................................................134
10.3.1 Strip Design...........................................................................................134
10.4 Design Methodology using Safe............................................................135
10.4.1 Design for flexure..................................................................................135
10.4.2 Determine Factored moment for the strip..............................................135
10.4.3 Design Flexural reinforcement for the strip...........................................136
10.4.4 Slab Reinforcement...............................................................................136
10.5 Slab Design Procedure...........................................................................138
10.5.1 Steps of 1.1.1 design using Safe............................................................138
10.5.2 Load Input..............................................................................................139
10.5.3 Check deflection....................................................................................140
10.5.4 Check Punching.....................................................................................141
10.5.5 Pre-dimension of the Beam...................................................................142
10.6 Recheck..................................................................................................143
10.6.1 Long term deflection..............................................................................143
10.6.2 Reinforcement........................................................................................143
10.7 Shop Drawings.......................................................................................146
10.8 Beam Design..........................................................................................148

Page 10 of 217
 10.8.1 Beams reinforcement (B2, B4)..............................................................148
10.8.2 Shop Drawings.......................................................................................149
10.8.3 Check Deflections..................................................................................159

CHAPTER 11 Foundations................................................................................165
11.1 Introduction............................................................................................165
11.1.1 Definition...............................................................................................165
11.1.2 Types of Foundation..............................................................................165
11.1.3 Choosing Foundation type in our project..............................................166
11.2 Geotechnical Characteristics..................................................................166
11.2.1 Layers properties...................................................................................167
11.2.2 Allowable bearing capacity...................................................................167
11.3 Raft Foundation......................................................................................168
11.3.1 Definition...............................................................................................168
11.3.2 Raft thickness.........................................................................................168
11.3.3 Soil Subgrade modulus..........................................................................169
11.3.4 Analysis.................................................................................................170
11.4 Reinforcement........................................................................................174
11.4.1 Raft reinforcement.................................................................................174
11.5 Shop Drawings.......................................................................................179
CHAPTER 12 Basement Wall (retaining wall)................................................182
12.1 Introduction............................................................................................182
12.2 Design Data............................................................................................183
12.2.1 Layer (05.4m)....................................................................................183
12.3 Design Reinforcement............................................................................183
12.3.1 layer (Rock)...........................................................................................183
12.4 Robot Analysis.......................................................................................184
12.4.1 Shear and moment diagrams..................................................................185
12.4.2 Shear check............................................................................................186
12.4.3 Wall Reinforcement...............................................................................186
12.4.4 Deflection Check...................................................................................187
12.5 Shop Drawings.......................................................................................188
CHAPTER 13 Staircase Design.........................................................................190
13.1 Introduction............................................................................................190
13.2 Types of stairs........................................................................................191

Page 11 of 217
 13.3 Stair Characteristics................................................................................191
13.4 Loads and loads combinations...............................................................192
13.5 Modelling...............................................................................................192
13.5.1 Results...................................................................................................193
13.6 Reinforcement........................................................................................195
13.6.1 Shear Design..........................................................................................195
13.6.2 Flexural design.......................................................................................195
13.6.3 Summary of reinforcement....................................................................195
13.7 Shop Drawings.......................................................................................196
CHAPTER 14 Costing........................................................................................197
14.1 Introduction............................................................................................197
14.2 Cost Estimation......................................................................................197
14.2.1 Concrete.................................................................................................197
14.2.2 Steel.......................................................................................................199
14.2.3 Excavation.............................................................................................199
14.3 Total Cost...............................................................................................199

Appendix

Page 12 of 217
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Project Location (Google Maps)........................................................................23

Figure 1-2:Basement 2 Plan.....................................................................................................25
Figure 1-3:Basement 1 Plan.....................................................................................................26
Figure 1-4: North Elevation.......................................................................................................32
Figure 1-5: East elevation.........................................................................................................33
Figure 1-6: South elevation......................................................................................................34
Figure 1-7: West elevation........................................................................................................35
Figure 4-1: Maximum Span Length........................................................................................54
Figure 4-2:Tributary area of a column..................................................................................60
Figure 4-3: Tributary area on each floor..............................................................................62
Figure 4-4: Columns Maps.........................................................................................................63
Figure 4-5: Project Tributary areas........................................................................................64
Figure 4-6: Preliminary distribution of shear walls...........................................................66
Figure 4-7: Isolated Footing......................................................................................................68
Figure 4-8: Footing of Column C7...........................................................................................69
Figure 5-1:Model initialization..................................................................................................72
Figure 5-2: Grid System Data-.................................................................................................73
Figure 5-3: Concrete Property Data.......................................................................................74
Figure 5-4: Steel property Data...............................................................................................74
Figure 5-5: Slab property...........................................................................................................74
Figure 5-6: Columns property data........................................................................................74
Figure 5-7: Walls property.........................................................................................................74
Figure 5-8: Loads Pattern..........................................................................................................75
Figure 5-9: Wind Load Pattern.................................................................................................75
Figure 5-10: Seismic load pattern..........................................................................................75
Figure 5-11: Service load combinations pattern...............................................................76
Figure 5-12: Modal cases Data................................................................................................76
Figure 5-13: Mass source data................................................................................................77
Figure 5-14: Response Spectrum Function Definition - UBC 97...................................78
Figure 5-15: Load cases.............................................................................................................78
Figure 5-16: Pier Label...............................................................................................................79

Page 13 of 217
Figure 5-17: Wall meshing option...........................................................................................79
Figure 5-18: Floor auto mesh option.....................................................................................79
Figure 5-19: Shell load assignment.......................................................................................80
Figure 5-20: Joint Restraint.......................................................................................................80
Figure 5-21: Service property modifiers..............................................................................81
Figure 5-22: Ultimate Property modifiers............................................................................81
Figure 5-23: Diaphragm.............................................................................................................82
Figure 5-24: Check Model..........................................................................................................83
Figure 5-25: Run option.............................................................................................................83
Figure 5-26: Basement plan.....................................................................................................84
Figure 5-27: Top Roof Plan........................................................................................................84
Figure 5-28: 3D model................................................................................................................85
Figure 6-1:Lateral load and deformation due to earthquake........................................87
Figure 6-2: Modes of vibration.................................................................................................95
Figure 6-3: New distributions of the shear walls.............................................................104
Figure 7-1: Importance Factor according to the occupancy of buildings ASCE7-0.5
..........................................................................................................................................................107
Figure 7-2: terrain located around building......................................................................108
Figure 7-3: Directionality factor ASCE 7-16......................................................................109
Figure 7-4: Maximum displacement on X..........................................................................111
Figure 7-5: Maximum displacement on X-direction and Y -direction.......................111
Figure 8-1: Columns Maps.......................................................................................................114
Figure 8-2: Columns selected for reinforcement at basement and GF...................115
Figure 8-3: Column section.....................................................................................................115
Figure 8-4: Material definition................................................................................................116
Figure 8-5: Reinforcement Details of column C3 - GF...................................................116
Figure 8-6: Column Reinforcing.............................................................................................116
Figure 8-7: Column Loads.......................................................................................................116
Figure 8-8: N vs M interaction diagram..............................................................................118
Figure 8-9: Coefficient K..........................................................................................................119
Figure 8-10: Reinforcement of C9 – GF...............................................................................120
Figure 8-11: Reinforcement of C4 - Basement.................................................................120
Figure 8-12: Columns Shop drawings..................................................................................121
Figure 9-1: Comparison of shear walls location...............................................................123
Figure 9-2: Shear Wall thickness..........................................................................................123

Page 14 of 217
Figure 9-3: Plan view of the uniform reinforcement......................................................124
Figure 9-4: Plan view of boundary element reinforcement.........................................125
Figure 9-5: Shear walls to be designed..............................................................................125
Figure 9-6: Define wall section..............................................................................................125
Figure 9-7: Zone B Reinforcing..............................................................................................126
Figure 9-8: Zone A Reinforcing..............................................................................................126
Figure 9-9: Panel Reinforcing.................................................................................................126
Figure 9-10: Importing Wall Loads.......................................................................................126
Figure 9-11: Shear Wall Designed section.........................................................................127
Figure 9-12: Wall N vs M interaction diagram..................................................................127
Figure 9-13: Define Core Wall section................................................................................127
Figure 9-14: Zone A Reinforcing...........................................................................................128
Figure 9-15: Zone B Reinforcing...........................................................................................128
Figure 9-16: Panel 1 Reinforcing...........................................................................................128
Figure 9-17: Panel 2 Reinforcing...........................................................................................128
Figure 9-18: Panel 3 Reinforcing...........................................................................................128
Figure 9-19: Importing Wall Loads.......................................................................................128
Figure 9-20: Core Wall Designed Section..........................................................................129
Figure 9-21: Wall N vs M interaction diagram..................................................................129
Figure 9-22: Define Wall Section..........................................................................................130
Figure 9-23: Wall A Reinforcing.............................................................................................130
Figure 9-24: Zone B Reinforcing...........................................................................................130
Figure 9-25: Zone C Reinforcing...........................................................................................130
Figure 9-26: Panel 1 Reinforcing...........................................................................................130
Figure 9-27: Panel 2 Reinforcing...........................................................................................130
Figure 9-28: Importing Wall Loads.......................................................................................131
Figure 9-29: N vs M Reinforcing............................................................................................131
Figure 9-30: Wall Designed Section.....................................................................................131
Figure 10-1: Flat Slab................................................................................................................132
Figure 10-2: Time dependent factor....................................................................................133
Figure 10-3: Critical section of punching shear...............................................................137
Figure 10-4: Concrete Capacity.............................................................................................138
Figure 10-5: Load Cases and combinations on SAFE.....................................................139
Figure 10-6: Short term Deflection of F1 Slab..................................................................140
Figure 10-7: Short term deflection of GF Slab..................................................................140

Page 15 of 217
Figure 10-8: Long Term deflection for GF Slab................................................................140
Figure 10-9: Long term Deflection of F1 Slab...................................................................140
Figure 10-10: maximum deflection......................................................................................141
Figure 10-11: Punching shear check for GF Slab............................................................141
Figure 10-12: Punching shear check for F1 Slab.............................................................141
Figure 10-13: Define Beam.....................................................................................................142
Figure 10-14: Distribution of beams....................................................................................142
Figure 10-15: Property modifiers of beams......................................................................142
Figure 10-16: New Punching Shear Ratio for F1 Slab....................................................143
Figure 10-17: New long deflection for F1 Slab.................................................................143
Figure 10-18: Slab Design.......................................................................................................143
Figure 10-19: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 1 ( Top Rebar).............................144
Figure 10-20: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 1 ( Bottom Rebar)......................144
Figure 10-21: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 2 ( Top Rebar).............................145
Figure 10-22: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 2 ( Bottom Rebar)......................145
Figure 10-23: Top Reinforcement.........................................................................................146
Figure 10-24: Bottom Reinforcement..................................................................................147
Figure 10-25: Beams numbers..............................................................................................148
Figure 10-26: Check steel on S-concrete...........................................................................148
Figure 10-27: Section A-A........................................................................................................150
Figure 10-28: Section C-C........................................................................................................150
Figure 10-29: Section B-B........................................................................................................150
Figure 10-30: Rebar cage........................................................................................................150
Figure 10-31: Beams Reinforcement...................................................................................151
Figure 11-1: Slab property data............................................................................................168
Figure 11-2: Soil Subgrade property data.........................................................................169
Figure 11-3: Punching Shear Ratio.......................................................................................171
Figure 11-4: Raft Settlement..................................................................................................172
Figure 11-5: Raft Soil Pressure..............................................................................................173
Figure 11-6: Direction 1 - Top Rebar...................................................................................175
Figure 11-7: Direction 1 - Bottom Rebar............................................................................176
Figure 11-8: Direction 2 - Top Rebar...................................................................................177
Figure 11-9: Direction 2 - Bottom Rebar............................................................................178
Figure 11-10: A-A Secton.........................................................................................................181
Figure 12-1: Forces acting on the Wall...............................................................................182

Page 16 of 217
Figure 12-2: : Typical Retaining wall design section......................................................182
Figure 12-3: Basement Wall modeled on ROBOT............................................................184
Figure 12-4: Shear diagram due to Comb 1 Fz................................................................185
Figure 12-5: Moment diagram My due to comb1............................................................185
Figure 12-6: Deflection diagram............................................................................................187
Figure 12-7: shop drawings....................................................................................................188
Figure 13-1: Labeled section of stair...................................................................................190
Figure 13-2: Stair Case types.................................................................................................191
Figure 13-3: Stair to be designed.........................................................................................191
Figure 13-4: Model of Stairs....................................................................................................192
Figure 13-5: Bending moment along x (Mxx)...................................................................193
Figure 13-6: Bending moment along y (Myy)...................................................................193
Figure 13-7: Shear Qxx results..............................................................................................194
Figure 13-8: Shear Qyy results..............................................................................................194
Figure 13-9: Staircase Shop drawings................................................................................196
Figure 14-1: Reinforcement of C1 -GF................................................................................208
Figure 14-2: Reinforcement of C2 - GF...............................................................................208
Figure 14-3: Reinforcement of C5 - GF...............................................................................208
Figure 14-4: Reinforcement of C3 - GF...............................................................................208
Figure 14-5: Reinforcement of C8 - B1...............................................................................208
Figure 14-6: Reinforcement of C6 – GF...............................................................................208
Figure 14-7: Reinforcement of C9 - GF...............................................................................209
Figure 14-8: Reinforcement of C10 – GF............................................................................209
Figure 14-9: Reinforcement of C11 - GF.............................................................................209
Figure 14-10: Reinforcement of C12 - B1..........................................................................209
Figure 14-11: Column 2...........................................................................................................212
Figure 14-12: Column 1...........................................................................................................212
Figure 14-13: Column 11.........................................................................................................212
Figure 14-14: Column 10.........................................................................................................212
Figure 14-15: Column 3...........................................................................................................212
Figure 14-16: Column 4...........................................................................................................212
Figure 14-17: Column 6...........................................................................................................213
Figure 14-18: Column 5...........................................................................................................213
Figure 14-19: Column 8...........................................................................................................213
Figure 14-20: Column 9...........................................................................................................213

Page 17 of 217
Figure 14-21: Column 12.........................................................................................................213
Figure 14-22: Column 7...........................................................................................................213
Figure 14-23: Column 10.........................................................................................................214
Figure 14-24: Column 11.........................................................................................................214
Figure 14-25: Column C1.........................................................................................................214
Figure 14-26: Column C2.........................................................................................................214
Figure 14-27: Column C3.........................................................................................................215
Figure 14-28: Column C4.........................................................................................................215
Figure 14-29: Column C5.........................................................................................................215
Figure 14-30: Column C6.........................................................................................................215
Figure 14-31: Column C8 & C9..............................................................................................215
Figure 14-32: Column C7.........................................................................................................215
Figure 14-33: Column C12......................................................................................................216
Figure 14-34: Reinforcement of Wall 2 & 3.......................................................................217
Figure 14-35: Reinforcement of L walls..............................................................................217
Figure 14-36: Reinforcement of Core..................................................................................217
Figure 14-37: Reinforcement of Wall 1 & 4.......................................................................217
Figure 14-38: Reinforcement of Wall 2 & 3.......................................................................218
Figure 14-39: Reinforcement of Core..................................................................................218

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Page 18 of 217
ACI: American Concrete Institute

UBC: Uniform Building Code

ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers

EX1: Earthquake in the x-direction + eccentricity y

EX2: Earthquake in the x-direction - eccentricity y

EY1: Earthquake in the y-direction + eccentricity x

EY2: Earthquake in the y-direction - eccentricity x

SDL: Superimposed Dead Load

DL: Dead Load

LL: Live Load

SW: Self Weight

f11: Membrane X-X stiffness modifier factor

f22: Membrane Y-Y stiffness modifier factor

f12: Membrane X-Y stiffness modifier factor

M11: Moment about x-axis

M22: Moment about y-axis

M33: Moment about z-axis

Ct: Coefficient related to building type

R: Overstrength factor, the numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over strength and global ductility
capacity of lateral- force-resisting systems

Ca: Seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-Q

Cv: Seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-R I: Importance factor 

H: Building height

ΔS: Design level response displacement, which is the total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure
is subjected to the design seismic forces

ΔM: the maximum inelastic response displacement drift List Of Symbols iv | Page

Cp: Windward and Leeward coefficients

G: Gust effect factor

Kd: Directionality Factor

Kzt: Topographical Factor

L: Span of the element

Ln: Clear Span of the element

b: Section width

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h: Section thickness

As: Required flexural reinforcement

Asmin: Minimum required flexural reinforcement

Av: Required steel for flexural reinforcement

S: Spacing of stirrups

Es: Modulus of elasticity

ρ: Percentage of longitudinal reinforcement

f’c: Concrete compressive strength

fy: Rebar steel yield strength

Ag: Gross area of element’s cross section

Φ: Strength factor

Vu: Factored force at the section considered

Vn: Nominal shear strength

Vc: Nominal shear strength provided by concrete

Vs: Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement

db: Diameter of vertical bar. hw: Wall height

lw: Wall length C: Soil cohesion

γ: Volumic mass of a material φ: Soil friction angle

Kz: Subgrade modulus List Of Symbols v | Page

Mu: Applied ultimate bending moment

Pu: Applied ultimate axial load

ΔST: Short term deflection

ΔLT: Long term deflection

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 CHAPTER 1 ARCHITECTURAL
DESCRIPTION

1.1 Introduction

An architectural description provides a detailed overview of the design and structure

of a building. It serves as a narrative that explains the key elements of the design, the
intent behind the architectural decisions, and the functional and aesthetic aspects of
the structure.
In this chapter, we will present the building site in addition to a map of each floor
with its details, including area, height, and distribution of columns and shear walls.

1. Site Location

The Residential Building, situated in Beirut Hamra

The Plot is roughly rectangular in plan measuring approximately 410 m2
Figure 1-1 shows the project location in google maps

Figure 1-1: Project Location (Google Maps)

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1.2 Project Description

 Basement (B1): Parking

 Basement (B2): Parking
 Ground floor (GF): It consists of Shops, Sandby Generator room,
Transformer room, H.T. room, Main Tel. room, toilets, garbage room,
parking.
 Technical Floor: Administration office area
 14 residential apartments: Each floor contain four residential houses and
each house contain (1 master bedroom, 1 bedroom, 1 Kitchen, 1
Living/dining room,1 Balconies, 2 bathroom)
 Roof: 1 residential house, mechanical chamber and a GRP water tanks

 Stages B2, B1, GF, Technical (Typical).

 Stage F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8(Typical)
 Stages, F9, F10, F11, F12, F13, F14 (Typical)
 Stage RF
 Stage TPRF

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1.3 Architectural plan

Figure 1-2:Basement 2 Plan

Figure 1-2 shows basement plan. It contain parking.

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Figure 1-3:Basement 1 Plan

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 Figure 1-3:Ground Plan

Figure 1-3 shows ground plan. It contains Shops, Generator room, Transformer
room, Main Tel room, Toilets, and Garbage room, parking.

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Figure 4: Technical Floor

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 Figure 1-5: 13 Residentials Apparent Plan

Figure 1-5 shows Residential apparent plan. It contains four residential houses, in
each house we have one master bedroom, one bedroom, one kitchen, one living
room, and two bathrooms.

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 Figure 1-6: Roof Plan

B-B
Figure 1-6 shows roof plan. It contains one residential house, mechanical chamber
and a GRP water tank.

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 Figure 1-7: Top Roof Plan

Figure 1-7 shows top roof plan. It locates above the residential house located in roof
floor.

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Figure 1-4: North Elevation

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Figure 1-5: East elevation

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Figure 1-6: South elevation.

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Figure 1-7: West elevation

RAMP

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1.4 Areas and Heights

Stage Area height elevation

Top roof 127 2.5 62.3

roof 408 3.2 59.8

14TH 408 3.2 56.6

13TH 408 3.2 53.4

12TH 408 3.2 50.2

11TH 408 3.2 47

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10TH 408 3.2 43.8

9TH 408 3.2 40.6

8TH 408 3.2 37.4

7TH 408 3.2 34.2

6TH 408 3.2 31

5TH 408 3.2 27.8

4TH 408 3.2 24.6

3TH 408 3.2 21.4

2TH 408 3.2 18.2

1ST 408 3.2 15

TC 408 3.2 11.8

GF 408 3.2 8.6

B1 950 2.7 5.4

B2 950 2.7 2.7

BASE 0 0 0

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 Table 1-1: Areas and heights

 Note: The height taken from centre to centre of the slabs.

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 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
AND MODELLING CRITERIA

2.1 Introduction

Civil engineering involves the design, construction, and maintenance of

infrastructure that supports human activities, ranging from buildings and bridges to
roads and dams. One of the fundamental aspects of civil engineering is understanding
the materials used in construction and how they behave under various conditions.

2.2 Structural design

Pre-design must be linked to the following stages:

o The main materials to use.
o The structural elements making up the building.
o Pre-dimension for each element to be checked later.
o The code recommendation must be consistent with each element.
o Ensure the safety of individuals and property.
o Respect the architectural plans as best as possible to maintain the
aesthetic appearance.
o Take into account geotechnical data and the average bearing capacity
of the soil.
o Take execution into consideration to limit time, cost and
implementation. (Formwork, etc.).

2.3 Codes used

ACI 318-19: “American Concrete Institute”, it involves the materials, design and
construction of structural concrete elements used in buildings. It also covers the
strength evaluation of existing structure and to check the capacities of different
structural members due to loads applied on them.
UBC-97: “Uniform Building Code” This code is used to cover seismic analysis and
seismic design of reinforced concrete structure.
ASCE 7-16: “American Society of Civil Engineers code”, used for wind loads and
wind analysis of the structure.

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 2.4 Design Softwares

In the modern era, civil engineering has seen a significant transformation with the
advent of advanced design software. These tools have revolutionized how civil
engineers design, analyze, and manage construction projects, leading to more
efficient, accurate, and innovative solutions. Here's an overview of some key design
software used in our project:
 Autodesk-AutoCAD 2018: Draw, plan and detail any element or floor,
using 2D and 3D features.
 Autodesk-Robot 2019: Design of stairs, and water tanks.
 CSI-Etabs 2020: Structural 3D modelling and seismic and wind analysis.
 CSI-Safe 2016: Analysis and design of RC-slabs and foundations.
 S-concrete: Design and graphical investigation of RC-beams, columns and
walls sections.

2.5 Material Characteristics

Civil engineering relies heavily on understanding the properties and behavior of

materials used in construction. The characteristics of these materials determine their
suitability for various applications, their performance under different conditions, and
their long-term durability. Here’s an overview of the key material characteristics
considered in civil engineering:

2.5.1 Concrete

Concrete is a versatile construction material made from a mixture of cement,

aggregates (such as sand and gravel), water, and sometimes admixtures. It is one of
the most widely used building materials in the world due to its durability, strength,
and relatively low cost.
Table 2-1 shows the compression of concrete of different structural element

Structural Member fc’(MPa) Ec (MPa) Wc (Kg/m3)

Columns and Walls 50 33234.02 2500
Slabs, Stairs, &Beams 35 27805.57 2500

Table 2-2: Characteristics of concrete used in building

Member Cover
Column, Slab and stair 4 cm

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Wall 2.5 cm
Raft 10 cm
Table 2-3: Concrete cover

Table 22 shows steel cover of each structural elements.

2.5.2 Steel

Steel, in the context of building construction, refers to a versatile and widely used
construction material composed primarily of iron and varying amounts of carbon and
other alloying elements. It is renowned for its exceptional strength, durability, and
versatility, making it a preferred choice for structural frameworks, reinforcements,
and various building components. Steel plays a crucial role in modern construction
due to its ability to withstand heavy loads, resist deformation, and provide long-
lasting structural integrity.

Characteristics Value Unit

Density 7850 Kg/m3

Elasticity Modulus Es 200,000 Mpa

Thermal Coefficient 11.7*10-6 ˚C

Poisson’s ratio 0.3 -

Table 2-4: Steel properties for structural members

Yield strength of reinforcement used:

 For deformed steel (main steel): fy=420 MPa
 For mild steel (stirrups and shrinkage reinforcement): fy =320 Mpa

2.6 Charges

The structural system of a high-rise building is designed to cope with vertical gravity
loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The standard provides
minimum load requirements for the design of buildings and other structures that are
subject to building code requirements.

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2.6.1 Gravity Loads

They act vertically downward, as gravity, and usually considered uniformly

distributed or concentrated loads. They include dead, live and snow loads (snow load
neglected due to geographic reasons). Note that dead load has a significant effect on
seismic design.
2.6.1.1Dead load (DL)

It is the self-weight of the structure itself.

DL/m2 = 𝛾concrete x slab thickness
2.6.1.2Super-imposed dead load (SDL)

It is the weight of the elements added to the structure after the construction of slabs
and beams. It includes the weight of partition, ceilings, stairways, finishing, cladding,
false ceiling, mechanical ducts and lighting.
2.6.1.3Live load (LL)

Table 2-4 shows dead and live loads of different regions as per code also this table is
the input loads for design software.

Table 2-5: LL & SDL of Building

2. Environmental Loads

Environmental loads are forces or stresses imposed on structures due to natural

environmental factors. These loads are critical considerations in civil engineering
design and analysis to ensure the safety, stability, and longevity of structures. Here’s
an overview of the various types of environmental loads:

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 2.6.1.4Seismic Load

Seismic load refers to the force exerted on a structure during an earthquake event.
Earthquakes generate ground motion, which transmits energy through the earth's
surface in the form of seismic waves. When these waves encounter a building or
structure, they impart forces that can induce deformation, displacement, or failure if
the structure is not adequately designed to resist them.

Seismic Zone 1
Seismic acceleration factor (Z) 0.3
Soil profile type Sc
Occupancy factor 1
Overstrength factor (R) 5.5
Seismic Factor (Ct) 0.02 (ft)
Table 2-6: Seismic Load Parameters

2.6.1.5Wind Load

Wind load refers to the force exerted by wind on a structure or building. Wind loads
are dynamic and vary in magnitude and direction depending on factors such as wind
speed, turbulence, building height, shape, and orientation. Understanding and
properly accounting for wind loads is crucial in the design and construction of
buildings and structures to ensure their structural integrity and safety.

Wind Speed 80
Exposure Type C
Importance factor 1
Topographical factor (Kzt) 1
Gust Factor 0.85
Directionally factor (Kd) 0.85
Windward coefficient (Cpw) 0.8
Leeward coefficient (CpL) 0.5
Table 2-7: Wind Load Parameter

2.7 Load Combinations

Load combinations are a fundamental concept in structural engineering, used to

ensure that structures can withstand various combinations of loads that they might
encounter during their lifespan.

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Table 2-8: Service Load Combinations Table 2-9: Ultimate Load Combinations

Table 2-7 and Table 2-8 shows us the loads combinations as per code ACI for service
and ultimate.

2.8 Stiffness modifiers

Stiffness modifiers are substances or techniques used to adjust the stiffness or

rigidity of materials or structures, primarily to improve their performance under
different loading conditions or environmental factors. These modifiers are essential
for ensuring that our building project meet safety, durability, and functionality
requirements

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All reinforced concrete sections including slabs, beams, columns, and walls; due to
the applied load are susceptible to probable tension cracks. This will reduce the gross
area of the concrete members and thus reduce the effective moments of inertia. To
consider the influence of these tension cracks in members, ACI code section 10.4.1
permits to use of the following factors. Therefore, the effective moments of inertia
are used in ETABS for the analysis of the structure

Table 2-10: Stiffness modifiers of structural members at service and ultimate

condition

Table 2-11: Shear walls modifiers Table 2-12:

Beam Modifiers

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 Table 2-13: Column Modifiers

Table 2-14: Slab Modifiers

This tables shows the stiffness modifiers for each structural element in service and
ultimate study.

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 CHAPTER 3 GEOTECHNICAL STUDY
. In a Geotechnical Study of rock soil bearing capacity for a location like Hamra,
Beirut, where the bearing capacity is 500 MPa, it's essential to consider both the
local geology and the specific site conditions of the area, especially within Zone 1.
Below is an outline of how local geology in Hamra and Zone 1 can influence the
geotechnical analysis:

1. Introduction to Local Geology

Hamra, located in Beirut, Lebanon, is situated in a region that has a rich and
complex geological background. The geological conditions of the site are crucial for
understanding the bearing capacity of the soil and underlying rock.

2. Geological Characteristics of the Region

 Tectonic Setting: The Lebanon Mountain Range, where Beirut lies, is

situated on a complex tectonic boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the
Arabian Plate. This tectonic activity has influenced the area's rock
formations and structure.
 Seismic Activity: Lebanon, including Beirut and specifically Hamra, is
considered to be in a seismically active region, and this influences how
foundations should be designed in terms of dynamic soil behavior and
bearing capacity.
 Lithology: The geology of the region includes various rock types:
o Limestone: A common rock type in the region, often forming the
foundation of the mountain ranges.
o Chalk: Present in some areas, typically more weathered and lower in
bearing capacity than fresh limestone or other harder rocks.
o Dolomite: A magnesium-rich variant of limestone, which can have
high strength but may also experience weathering.
o Basalt and Granite (in deeper layers) can also be encountered in
some areas, providing very high bearing capacity.
 Alluvial Deposits: The Hamra area might also have some superficial layers
of alluvial soil, which are softer and require careful assessment for bearing
capacity, especially for foundations near riverbeds or coastal areas.

3. Zone 1 Considerations

Zone 1 typically refers to areas with minimal seismic risk (according to the
Lebanese seismic zoning), or areas where the ground is more stable compared to
Zone 2 or Zone 3. However, it's important to verify whether Hamra falls directly
into Zone 1, as Lebanon has varying seismic zones based on proximity to fault lines.

 Seismic Zoning Impact: Since Zone 1 typically experiences lower seismic

intensity, the ground shaking factor might not significantly affect the bearing

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 capacity of the soil and rock in this region. However, localized seismic
conditions, such as faulting or surface rupture, must be considered during
foundation design.
 Groundwater Considerations: Groundwater tables in the region may vary,
and areas near the coast could have high water tables that affect soil behavior,
such as liquefaction during earthquakes. This would affect the stability and
bearing capacity of foundations.

4. Rock and Soil Types in Hamra

 Shallow Soil Layers: In some parts of Hamra, the soil may be relatively soft
(e.g., clay or sand), and geotechnical investigations must confirm the depth
of these deposits before reaching competent rock. These soils typically have
lower bearing capacities and need further improvement methods (e.g., soil
stabilization or deep foundations).
 Bedrock Layers: Beneath the softer soils, bedrock such as limestone,
dolomite, or basalt is often encountered. These rock types provide much
higher bearing capacities, with a potential 500 MPa being reasonable for
high-strength, unweathered rock types (such as granite or basalt).

5. Dynamic Soil Parameters

The dynamic soil parameters are critical in a region like Hamra, especially for the
design of foundations and assessing earthquake-induced forces. These parameters
include:

 Shear Wave Velocity (Vs): This is important for assessing the stiffness of
the soil and rock in response to seismic waves. Higher Vs values typically
correspond to stiffer materials like rock, which is important for determining
dynamic soil response.
 Damping Factor: The ability of the soil and rock to dissipate energy when
subjected to seismic forces. Rocks with higher bearing capacities, like those
with 500 MPa strength, generally have a lower damping factor compared to
soils.
 Poisson’s Ratio: This parameter helps estimate the material's ability to
deform under stress, particularly relevant for seismic analysis.

6. Geotechnical Investigation and Testing

To assess the bearing capacity accurately, several tests and field investigations are
essential:

 Borehole Drilling and Sampling: To extract rock and soil samples for
testing the strength and composition of the materials at varying depths.
 Standard Penetration Test (SPT): This test is commonly used for soil
characterization and understanding soil strength and compaction.

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  Laboratory Testing: The extracted soil and rock samples undergo laboratory
testing to determine unconfined compressive strength (UCS), triaxial
shear strength, and other parameters.
 Dynamic Load Testing: This involves applying a known load to a
foundation or rock mass to measure how it reacts under dynamic conditions
(e.g., seismic forces).

7. Conclusions for Design

For a 500 MPa bearing capacity in the Hamra area, rock foundations (especially
in limestone, dolomite, or granite) are ideal, but special attention must be given to
areas with alluvial soils or softer layers. In addition, any design should consider:

 The seismic activity of the area and how it might influence the stability of
the foundation during an earthquake.
 Soil improvement methods if softer soil layers are encountered at the
surface.
 Groundwater level and its impact on the foundation design (e.g., using piles
if groundwater is high or if there are loose deposits).

 8. Geotechnical Recommendations

 Foundations should be designed with appropriate safety factors considering

both the bearing capacity of rock and any softer soils.
 If a seismic evaluation is required, the geotechnical report should also
provide dynamic analysis results, incorporating shear wave velocity and
damping characteristics for more accurate earthquake resistance design.

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 CHAPTER 4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

4.1 Slabs

4.1.0 Introduction

A slab, in the context of construction and architecture, refers to a flat, horizontal

structural element typically made of concrete, though other materials such as steel or
wood may also be used. Slabs are commonly used in buildings to create floors,
ceilings, or roofs.
Slabs are designed to support various types of loads, including the weight of the
building itself, furniture, occupants, and environmental loads such as wind or snow.
The design and thickness of the slab depend on factors such as the anticipated loads,
span lengths, building codes, and structural requirements.
In summary, a slab is a key structural element in buildings, providing horizontal
surfaces for floors, ceilings, or roofs, and supporting various loads to ensure the
stability and integrity of the structure.

4.1.1 Types of Slabs

There are various types of slabs, including:

Flat Slab: A flat slab is a simple, flat-surfaced concrete slab without beams or
girders underneath. It is directly supported by columns.
One-Way Slab: A one-way slab is a slab where the spans are significantly greater in
one direction compared to the other. Reinforcement is typically placed in the
direction of the longer span.
Two-Way Slab: In a two-way slab, the spans are relatively equal in both directions.
This type of slab is reinforced in two directions, providing support from all sides.
Waffle Slab: A waffle slab has a grid-like pattern of ribs underneath, creating a
waffle-like appearance on the underside of the slab. This design helps reduce the
weight of the slab while maintaining its structural integrity.
Ribbed Slab: Similar to a waffle slab, a ribbed slab features ribs or beams
underneath the slab to enhance its load-bearing capacity.

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 for economic considerations, it is very important to adopt the optimum structural
floor system because it significantly affects both the cost and the duration of
construction in tall buildings.

Advantage and disadvantage of different types of slabs

Type of slab Advantage Disadvantage

Ribbed Slab 1.Medium to long spans. 1. Higher formwork costs

2.Lightweight. than for other slab systems.
3.Holes in topping are easily 2. Slightly greater floor
accommodated. thicknesses.
4.Large holes can be 3. Slower.
accommodated.
5.Profile may be expressed
architecturally, or used for heat
transfer in passive cooling.

One – Way Slab 1.Simple. 1. Associated downstand

2.Holes cause a few structural beams may require greater
problems. storey height, deter fast
formwork cycles and
compromise flexibility of
partition location and
horizontal service
distribution.

Two – Way Slab 1. Economical for longer spans and 1. Presence of beams may
high loads. require greater storey
height.
2. Requires a regular
column layout.
3. Grid of downstand beams
deters fast formwork
recycling.
4. Flexibility of partition
location and horizontal
service distribution may be
compromised.

Waffle Slab 1.Medium to long spans. 1. Higher formwork costs

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 2.Lightweight. than for other slab systems.
3.Profiles may be expressed 2.Slightly deeper members
architecturally, or used for heat result in greater floor
transfer. heights.
3.Slow.
4. Difficult to prefabricate
reinforcement.

Flat Slab 1. Simple and fast formwork 1. Shear provision around

and construction. columns may need to be
2.Absence of beams allows lower resolved using larger
story heights. columns. column heads,
3. Flexibility of partition location drop panels or proprietary
and horizontal service distribution. systems.
4. Architectural finish can be 2. Deflections, especially of
applied directly to the underside of edges supporting cladding,
slabs. may cause concern.
Table 4-15: Advantages and disadvantages of different types of slab

Depending on Table 4-1 we can selection our slab option.

Slab Type

.selection

The choice of the type of slab for a construction project depends on several
factors that need careful consideration. Firstly, the anticipated loads and span
lengths play a crucial role in determining the most suitable slab type. For
instance, in areas where heavy loads or long spans are expected, two-way slabs or
ribbed slabs may be preferred for their enhanced load-bearing capacity and
structural efficiency. Secondly, architectural and aesthetic requirements influence
the selection of the slab type. Waffle slabs, with their distinctive grid-like pattern,
might be chosen for their visually appealing appearance, especially in spaces
with exposed ceilings. Additionally, construction feasibility and budgetary
constraints are significant factors in the decision-making process. Flat slabs,
being simpler in design and construction, might be favored for their cost-
effectiveness and ease of installation, particularly in projects with tight schedules
or limited resources.
One-way or Two-way Solid Slab

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 One-way solid slab transfer the vertical loads in one direction either in X or Y
direction while two-way transfer it by two directions. In other words, the
main steel is found in one direction for one-way slab while it is found in two
directions in two-way slab.
A simple formula can be used to determine which type to use:
L1/L2>2  Go for One-way Solid slab
L1/L2<2 Go for Two-way Solid slab or flat slab.

We have some consideration must take in our choice,

i. The building is high-rise building  There are difficulty to deliver the
materials needed (ex: the stones of Waffle slab)
ii. We have heavy loads in first three floors.
iii. We have some architectural design between columns and slabs, and
we have electrical and mechanical pipes, the drop beams in the solid
slab make a problem for the designs mentioned  We can’t use solid
slab.
iv. In our project all the spans between supporting members do not
exceed 9 m, hence flat plate/slab and two-way solid slab were
adopted. The choice of One-Way solid slab was eliminated since this
type is restricted to cases where the ratio of spans is less than 2 which
is not the case in our project.

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 Figure 4-8: Maximum Span Length

Figure 4-1 shows the maximum span length which is 6.8m.

i. For Case of implementation, we will choose flat slab for roof, top
roof, and basements.
ii. For typical floors 1-way and 2-way slab were chosen in
implementation.

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  Our choice horde slab for typical.
 Flat slab for the rest.

4.1.1 Flat slab thickness

ACI code has established a procedure to limit deflection of a two-way slab by

placing restrictions on the minimum thickness of the slab as shown in Table 4-2. The
slab thickness should not be less than a specified fraction of the span length.

Table 4-16: Two-way slab thickness

 Note: Flat slab is considered as a two-way slab

 Ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face to face(mm). In our
slabs, the longest clear span is 6.8 m, and Fy = 420 MPa
  Minimum thickness of flat slab is clear span/33(interior panels) = 6.8/33 =
0.206 m.
 Assume the slab thickness is 22 cm.

4.1.2 horde slab

A horde slab, also referred to as a ribbed slab, is a type of slab system designed
with ribs (or beams) running in one or two directions under the slab. This structural
system is used to reduce weight and increase efficiency while maintaining strength.
Below is a step-by-step overview of designing a horde slab:

 1. Design Considerations

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 Purpose of the slab: Load-bearing capacity, deflection limits, and usage
(residential, commercial, or industrial).

 Material properties: Concrete grade (e.g., C25/30), steel reinforcement (e.g.,

Grade 420), and formwork material.

 Applicable codes and standards: ACI 318.

 Geometry: Thickness of the slab, spacing, and depth of ribs.

 Loadings: Dead loads (self-weight, finishes), live loads (usage), and any
additional loads (wind, seismic).

 2. Structural Modeling and Analysis

 Input parameters:

o Slab thickness (e.g., 100–150 mm for a typical horde slab).

o Rib spacing (e.g., 600–1200 mm center-to-center).

o Rib depth and width based on span and load requirements.

o Effective span and boundary conditions.

 Software tools:

o Use tools like ETABS, SAFE, or ROBOT to model and analyze the
slab, ensuring accurate load distribution and deflection checks.

 3. Design Steps

 A. Analysis of Loads

 Calculate dead loads:

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 o Self-weight of the slab ws=unit weight of concrete×slab thicknessw_s
= \text{unit weight of concrete} \times \text{slab thickness}ws
=unit weight of concrete×slab thickness.

o Additional loads (e.g., finishes, false ceilings).

 Calculate live loads:

o Based on usage, as specified in local codes.

 Apply factored loads for ultimate limit state design: Wu=1.2×(dead load)
+1.6×(live load)W_u = 1.2 \times (\text{dead load}) + 1.6 \times (\text{live
load})Wu=1.2×(dead load)+1.6×(live load)

 B. Design of Ribs

 Moment and shear calculations:

o Calculate bending moments Mu=Wu×L2/8M_u = W_u \times L^2 /

8Mu=Wu×L2/8 for a simply supported slab.

o Calculate shear forces Vu=Wu×L/2V_u = W_u \times L / 2Vu=Wu

×L/2.

 Rib dimensions:

o Select rib width (e.g., 100–150 mm).

o Calculate rib depth to satisfy strength and deflection criteria:

d=Muϕ⋅fc⋅bd = \sqrt{\frac{M_u}{\phi \cdot f_c \cdot b}}d=ϕ⋅fc⋅bMu
where ϕ\phiϕ is the strength reduction factor, fcf_cfc is the concrete
strength, and bbb is the rib width.

 Provide reinforcement based on the calculated moment: As=Muϕ⋅fy⋅dAs = \

frac{M_u}{\phi \cdot f_y \cdot d}As=ϕ⋅fy⋅dMu

 C. Design of Top Slab

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  Check for one-way or two-way slab action based on the aspect ratio of the
panel.

 Reinforcement in the slab is provided for bending in both directions,

depending on the span ratio.

 D. Deflection and Crack Control

 Check for serviceability limits (deflection and cracking).

 Use empirical limits for ribbed slabs as specified in design codes.

 4. Detailing

 Rib reinforcement:

o Main bars: Placed at the bottom of ribs to resist tension.

o Shear reinforcement: Stirrups provided at appropriate spacing.

 Slab reinforcement:

o Distributed reinforcement provided on the top and bottom layers of

the slab.

 Edge and corner details:

o Proper anchorage and continuity of reinforcement.

Based on the structural analysis conducted using SAFE software, supplemented by

manual calculations, the slab design has been successfully validated. The slab
incorporates drop beams with dimensions of 60x40 cm, ensuring enhanced structural
support and stiffness. The design effectively integrates both one-way and two-way
slab systems within the same structural layout, catering to varying load distributions
and architectural requirements.

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This approach not only optimizes the load transfer mechanism but also adheres to
safety and performance standards, ensuring the slab meets all design criteria for
strength, stability, and serviceability.

OUR SLAB:

For a clear span of 6.8 m, using a span-to-thickness ratio of 24, the calculated slab
thickness is approximately 28.3 cm. To enhance structural performance and ensure
compliance with seismic load requirements, drop beams have been incorporated into
the design. This approach allows for optimizing the slab thickness to 25 cm while
maintaining structural integrity, minimizing deflection, and meeting seismic safety
standards.

According to SAFE software and manual calculations the figure below:

The design incorporates both drop beams (DB) and drop ribs (DR), each with
dimensions of 40 cm by 60 cm, strategically placed to enhance the structural

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performance and optimize load distribution. The ribs are designed with a width of 15
cm, and their depth is equal to the slab thickness, ensuring a balanced and efficient
load transfer mechanism. This configuration contributes to the overall stability of the
structure while meeting both design and seismic requirements.

4.2 Columns

4.2.1 Introduction

Before starting with the modeling phase, it is recommended to check manually the
sections given by the architectural drawings, in order to assure that their sections are
enough to hold the applied loads. In this title, we are going to find the ultimate axial
load supported by each vertical member by Tributary method.

4.2.2 Tributary method

What is Tributary area in column?

Tributary area refers to the total area of the structure that is supported by a particular
load. Loads can be either point loads or distributed loads. Point loads are loads that
are applied to a specific point on a structure, while distributed loads are loads that are
spread out over an area.
Tributary area in column
The area surrounding the column bounded by the centerline of the panel is the
tributary area on which loads are supported by the column at the center of the area, as
shown in Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3. The dead and live loads supported by the
column are equal to the dead and live loads per unit area times the tributary area.

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 Figure 4-9:Tributary area of a column

In Fig.4-2, tributary areas for column C1 (corner column), Column C4 (edge

column), and Column C5 (center column) are shown. If the spans between columns
are nearly equal, then loads on the corner column are quarter and half of the center
column and edge column, respectively

4.2.1.1Method analysis

Loads can be either point loads or distributed loads. Point loads are loads that are
applied to a specific point on a structure, while distributed loads are loads that are
spread out over an area.

1. calculation of loads

The main loads that we must calculate them in this method is dead and live
loads.

a. Dead Load (DL)

SW (Self weight) + Super imposed dead (SDL) = Dead Load (DL)

DL (T) = Dead Load (T/m2 ) * Tributary Area (m2 )

b. Live Load ( LL)
LL (T) = Live loadLoad (T/m2 ) * Tributary Area (m2 )

Ultimate Load Combination

P𝑢 = 1.2 DL * 1.6 LL

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  ✓ The above loads are calculated for each floor located above the studied

finally get its ultimate carried load 𝑃𝑢 (in T) using an excel sheet.
vertical element, and then summed up to get: DLtotal, SDLtotal, LLtotal, and

Figure 4-10: Tributary area on each floor

4.2.1.2Calculation Procedure

1. After indicating the tributary area held by each column or wall, members with
similar sections in each floor are compared according to their areas and
accumulated loads from upper floors.
2. The members holding the greatest loads are considered as the most critical
ones, and thus studied in the manual process, since if its sections occupy that
critical load, other similar sections with smaller loads will surely bear their
carried loads.
3. Dead loads for critical walls or columns are estimated by adding the super
imposed and dead loads resulted from the above floors according to their
tributary areas.
4. Live loads are estimated by multiplying the tributary area with the
responsible load per m2 according to the area’s type, and finally they are
summed up.
5. The ultimate load is calculated by the load combination mentioned above.
6. Ultimate axial load is calculate using the following formula.
Where,

Pu = 0.8 * Ø * [0.85 * f’c*(Ag – Ast) +Ast*fy]

 Pu is the ultimate axial load (T)

 Ag is the cross section of the member (m2 )
 Ast is the steel reinforcement area , use Ast = 1% Ag (m2 )
 f’c is the compressive strength of concrete (50 MPA)
 fy is the yielding strength of steel (420 MPA)
 Ø = 0.65
 Condition,

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The condition to the column to be safe that the total load carried on it is less than
Ultimate axial load Pu.

4.2.1.3Project Tributary Areas

Figure 4-11: Columns Maps

Figure 4-4 shows the columns numbering in our projects, and Figure 4-5 shows the
approximate area that each column can handle in order to check if it passes or not.

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Figure 4-12: Project Tributary areas

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 4.2.1.4Method Results

 The following tables shows detailing process in the tributary area method
done upon an excel sheet:

Table 4-17: Tributary result from Excel Sheet

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 4.3 Shear Walls

4.3.1 Introduction

Shear walls are structural elements commonly used in buildings to resist lateral
forces such as wind and seismic loads. These walls are designed to withstand
horizontal forces that act parallel to the plane of the wall, preventing the building
from swaying excessively during high winds or seismic events.

4.3.2 Location of them

Shear walls are typically located at the perimeter of buildings or within the building's
core. They are strategically placed to resist lateral forces effectively and distribute
them throughout the structure.
We start the preliminary dimensions and location of the shear wall that as we get it
from architectural engineer then we make a detailed analysis in the software to check
if they pass or not.

SW4
SW3

SW6

SW7 SW5

SW1 SW2
Figure 4-13: Preliminary distribution of shear walls

4.3.1 Dimensions

Floors B1, B2,GF,TEC. F1  F8 F8  Top roof

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 Wall Thickness 35 cm 30 25 cm

Table 4-18: Preliminary dimensions of the shear wall

In Figure 4-7 we see the preliminary distribution of the shear walls after that we must
check the analysis of seismic and torsion if they passed or not.

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4.4 Preliminary assumption of Foundations

Preliminary assumptions for foundations involve key considerations that help

determine the appropriate type, size, and design of the foundation.

4.4.1 Isolated footing

An isolated foundation (Figure 4-8) is a type of shallow foundation that supports a

single column, pier, or similar structural element .

Figure 4-14: Isolated Footing

So, as we see in our geotechnical report, we have rock layer is bearing capacity into
our layer = 500 KN/m2

qa=500 KN/m2
The critical column is C7, so we do our calculation on this column.
Given:
 DL=5326.2052
 LL=994.8364
 DL+LL=6321 KN
 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL =7983.2 KN

 Find the area of the footing.

A=Pn/qe=(Dl+LL)/qe=6321/500=15 m2
Since we have rectangular column
So, assume L= (4.6+2.1)/2=3.35 take 3 m
W=15/3=5m. So, F7(3*5)

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So, this footing is combined with another footing which make to us the choice of
isolated footing is impossible.

Figure 4-15: Footing of Column C7

As shown in figure 4-9 the footing is combined with another footings. So C3, C4,
C5, C6, C7, C8, Core Wall footing and C12 must be a on the same footing.

 Let Check C1, C2, C10, C11.

 Column C1
o DL=2169.0257
o LL=560.3054
o DL+LL=2729
o 1.2DL+1.6LL=3500
 Finding the area of the footing.

A=Pn/qe=(Dl+LL)/qe=2729/500 = 6.5 m2
Since we have rectangular column
So, assume L= (7.15)/2=3.5
W=6.5/3.5=2
So, it combined with another footing.

 So, the best solution is the Raft Foundation.

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4.4.2 Raft foundation

A raft foundation, also known as a mat foundation, is a type of foundation that

spreads the load of the structure over a large area, typically the entire footprint of the
building.
 Theoretically
In Raft foundation, the thickness can be determined by checking the diagonal tension
shear that will be imposed in the raft. The maximum ultimate column load will be
used in the calculation.
𝑈 = (𝑏𝑜)(𝑑) (∅) (0.34) √𝑓𝑐’
Where:

∅ = Reduction factor = 0.85

 U = factored column load

 b𝑜 = The parameter of the sheared area

𝑓𝑐′ = Compressive strength of concrete of raft (35 MPa)

 d = effective depth of raft

𝑈 = 6.32MN


𝑏𝑜 = 4(0.8 + 𝑑) = 3.2 + 4𝑑


Using the equation, the minimum required depth of the raft can be determined.
6.32=(3.2+4d) *d*(0.85) *0.34*√35
6.84d2+5.472d-6.32=0
Raft thickness=0.7m.
 Manually
Thickness Assumption of the Raft The thickness of the raft depends on
the number of stories above.
Practically, every story needs from 6 to 8 cm of the raft.
20stories x 8cm=160cm=1.6 m
 Raft thickness = 1.6m
So, Start with raft thickness with 1.6 m.

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 CHAPTER 5 MODELLING

5.1 Introduction

From an analytical standpoint, multi-storey buildings constitute a very special class

of structures and therefore deserve special treatment. In order to reach a safe design
for this high-rise Residential building, it’s essential to analyse and check our model
using a trust software. ETABS can handle a complex building model, it creates 3D
virtual modelling based on our definition of the different structural parts, loads and
structural data. It is a program for linear, nonlinear, static and dynamic analysis
which our main goal for using it, is to test the ability of the tower to resist against
loads especially lateral loads in according to the specified design code (UBC97, ACI
and ASCE).
ETABS modelling provides a comprehensive platform for engineers to accurately
represent, analyse, and design building structures, ensuring safety, efficiency, and
compliance with industry standards.
ETABs provide the users with:
 Creating and modifying the modal
 Create structural elements
 Analysis and design of the structural elements under any condition
 Checking any Dynamic or Static loads (seismic and wind)
 Checking the resistance against the dynamic loads
 Checking the deformations, displacements and drifts (Story drift…)
So, in this chapter we will see how to model our Building using the soft-ware
Etabs step by step.

5.2 Steps of modelling

The modeling steps using ETABs in our work can be summarized as follow:
1- Choosing the codes with units
2- Drawing the grids or importing from the AutoCAD
3- Defining the stories, its elevations and heights
4- Define the materials: Concrete and Steel Rebar (in our case)
5- Define sections
6- Define loads pattern: Vertical loads (own-weight -Super-imposed dead loads
and live loads) with static seismic loads (with eccentricities) and wind loads
7- Define Load Combinations
8- Define Modal cases
9- Define source mass
10- Define Response spectrum (pseudo-static analysis)

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 11- Define load cases/ dynamic (SPECX & SPECY)
12- Define new dynamic combinations
13- Draw the Columns and walls (Vertical elements)
14- Draw Slabs
15- Pier Label of walls
16- Automatic meshing for shells (Slab and Walls)
17- Add vertical loads to the slab (Super-imposed dead loads and live loads)
18- Assign fixed supports to lower joints
19- Assign new property modifiers according to the case (service or ultimate)
20- Assign Diaphragm to the slabs
21- Run

5.1.1 Codes and units

Figure 5-1 shows the units, region, steel section data base, steel design code
and concrete design code chosen.

Figure 5-16:Model initialization

1.1. Grids stories elevations and heights

To apply the building map on Etabs Model there are two ways to import it, either by
applying the plan directly from the AutoCAD file, or draw axis in Etabs model.
In our case and since our plan is familiar in axis, we draw directly axis in Etabs
software.

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 Figure 5-17: Grid System Data-

5.2.1 Materials

The main materials that we must define them is concrete and steel as been below:

5.2.1.1Concrete and steel

Two types of concrete are chosen

35 MPA for slabs
50 MPA for vertical elements like shear walls and columns
Figure 5-4 and Figure 5-5 shows how to enter the concrete data.

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Figure 5-18: Concrete Property Data
Figure 5-19: Steel property Data

5.2.2 Sections

Sections refer to the different types of structural elements that make up a building
model. These sections define the geometry, material properties, and reinforcement
details of the structural members.

Figure 5-21: Columns property data Figure 5-20: Slab property

Figure 5-22: Walls property

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5.3 Loads

Now we will define load patterns as shown in Figure 5-9.

Figure 5-23: Loads Pattern

In this part, the vertical, static seismic and wind loads are defined as shown in Figure
5-10 and Figure 5-11.

Note: The Figure above is for EQX1

Figure
 5-24: Seismic
EQX2: load–pattern
X Dir Eccentricity Figure 5-25: Wind Load Pattern

 EQY1: Y Dir + Eccentricity

 EQY2: Y Dir – Eccentricity
 Exposure height = above the ground.
 Wind X (angle = 0)
 Wind Y (angle = 90)

5.4 Loads Combination

We Study our model in 2 cases.

 The first Case is the service case. In this case we check the story drifts from
earthquakes and Wind loads
 The second case is ultimate case. In this case we get the reinforcement of a
structural elements

Figure 5-12 shows the service loads combinations defined in ETABS software.

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 Figure 5-26: Service load combinations pattern

Where:
 DL = SDL + DL
 EX1 = SpecX + 0.3 SpecY
 EX2 = SpecX – 0.3SpecY
 EY1 = SpecY + 0.3SpecX
 EY2 = SpecY – 0.3SpecX
 W (env) = Max (Wind X; Wind Y)

5.5 Modal cases

Figure 5-13 shows how to define the modal case data.

Figure 5-27: Modal cases Data

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Earthquake causes acceleration in three different directions UX, UY and UZ
Regarding Floor, Acceleration occurs in 2 directions x and y and rotating/ twisting in
z direction.
Each floor has 3 degrees of freedom (x, y & z)
so we can start number of models= number of floors* degree of freedoms and then
modify it when checking Sum Ux and Sum Uy…
Modal Case Sub type is taken Ritz where its more precise and accurate and take into
consideration the accelerations.

5.6 Mass source

The mass source is the considered mass of the building. It is usually taken as=
1D.L+1S.D.L+ 0.25L.L, as shown in Figure 5-14.

Figure 5-28: Mass source data

5.7 Response Spectrum

Different between static and dynamic analysis

Static analysis Dynamic analysis

Approximate method More accurate method

Used in Elastic zone only Used in Elastic and Plastic zone also

Used only in seismic zone 1,2 Used for all seismic zones

Regular buildings H<73 m Any irregular building

Irregular building H<20 m or 5 Any irregular building

stories maximum

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 Base shear is considered constant All buildings can be worked with
dynamic , acceleration exist
Table 5-19: Difference between static and dynamic analysis

Table 5-12 is showing the difference between static and dynamic analysis.

But since our floors is not regular so we must analyze our model in a dynamic study.

A response spectrum is a plot of the peak or steady state response (displacement,

velocity or acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency , that
are forced into motion by the same base vibration or shock. The resulting plot can
then be used to pick off the response of any linear system, given its natural frequency
of oscillation.

Figure 5-29: Response Spectrum Function Definition - UBC 97

5.8 Load cases – Spec X and Spec Y

Spec Y: U1  U2

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 Figure 5-30: Load cases

5.9 Walls pier Label

It‟s recommended to give each wall a pier label in order to gets its own local
axis which is used during design of the wall as shown in Figure 5-17.
To assign pier label, first we select the wall  Assign  Shell  Pier Label
 Apply.

Figure 5-31: Pier Label

5.10 Walls Mesh

ETABs is a finite element analysis software. In finite element method, shells

are divided into elements which we call MESHING. It is mainly due to the
accuracy of the result. Smaller size of mesh gives greater accuracy. To apply
mesh for walls we select the walls  Assign Shell Wall Auto Mesh
Options --- Choose Auto Rectangular Mesh  Advanced  Modify/Show
Auto Rectangular Mesh Settings  Approximate maximum mesh size=1m as
shown in figure 5-18.

5.11 Floor mesh Figure 5-32: Wall meshing option

Its concept is similar to that of wall meshing.

To apply mesh for slab we select the slabs  Assign  Shells  Floor Auto
mesh option  Advanced Modify/Show Auto Mesh Settings  Approximate
maximum Mesh size=1m as shown in figure 5-19.

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 Figure 5-33: Floor auto mesh option

5.11 Adding vertical loads

We add on the slab a surface uniform loads which are Super imposed dead
load (SDL) and Live load (LL) as shown in figure 5-20.
To add them:
Select the Slab  Assign  Shell Loads  Uniform

Figure 5-34: Shell load assignment

5.12 Supports

The supports are used to be fixed as shown in figure 5-21.

Select all the lower joints  Assign  Joints  Restraints as shown in the
figure below.

Figure 5-35: Joint Restraint

5.13 Property modifier

In ETABS, a popular structural analysis and design software, the "Property

Modifier" is a feature that allows users to modify the properties of structural
elements like beams, columns, walls, and slabs. These modifications can include

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changes to material properties, section properties, and other parameters that affect the
behavior of the structure under different loading conditions.
They are only applied to concrete members because of cracking. Gross moment of
inertia is bd3 /12 for a rectangular section, but when you make this member of
concrete, it will crack when loaded after some time. This cracking will happen when
concrete reaches its tensile capacity which is about 7 10% of its compressive
strength. Figure 5-22 and Figure 5-23 below shows the property modifiers for
columns and slabs in two cases SLS and ULS.
Property modifiers SLS

Figure 5-36: Service property modifiers

Property modifiers ULS

Figure 5-37: Ultimate Property modifiers

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5.14 Diaphragms

Diaphragms are horizontal structural elements with two primary roles in

structures: first is to resist and transmit various types of loads and other is to
tie the vertical elements firmly.
Load passes through lateral and vertical load paths until it reaches the soil. In
general, there are three kinds of components contributing to these paths:
Vertical elements, Horizontal elements, and Foundation.
Diaphragms, such as slab, are horizontal components with major functions
such as:
 To resists in plane shear, axial, and bending actions due to lateral
loads
 To transfer loads from a vertical element to the other
 To transfer the lateral loads acting on non- structural elements, like
cladding, wall, etc. to the vertical load b earing/transferring elements
thro ugh connections
 To provide lateral support (bracing) to structural elements which are
not designed to resist lateral loads.
 To resist out of plane loads. For example, loads on the slab, uplift
pressure due to wind action, etc.
All the above mentioned functions are associated with the transferring
and resisting loads. A diaphragm, in addition, has another important role
that is, to tie the vertical elements collectively. And, this is the primary
function of diaphragm constraint in ETABs.
To add diaphragm to the slab, select the slab Assign  Shell
Diaphragms as shown in figure 5-24.

Figure 5-38: Diaphragm

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5.15 Check model

Before start running our model, we must check if there is warning or errors
as shown in figure 5-25.
To do that:
Analyze  Check Model  Select All

Figure 5-39: Check Model

5.16 Run

After applying all the above steps, a quick and initial check can be carried out
in order to initially verify that no warning or error occurs when drawing.
Analysis----Check Model Analyze----- Set load Cases to Run ----- Run Now
as shown in figure 5-26.

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Figure 5-40: Run option

NOTE: you should activate the option of calculation Diaphragm centers of rigidity to
display the coordinate of center of mass and center of rigidity.

5.17 Models

Plans

Figure 5-41: Basement plan

Figure 53: GF & Technical Plans

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 Figure 5-42: Top Roof Plan Figure 54: Residential Floors plans

1.2. 3D – Models
Figure 5-43: 3D model

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 CHAPTER 6 SEISMIC ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction

The primary purpose of all kinds of structural systems used in the building type of
structures is to transfer gravity loads effectively. The most common loads resulting
from the effect of gravity are dead load, live load, and snow load. Besides these
vertical loads, buildings are also subjected to lateral loads caused by wind, blasting
or earthquake. Lateral loads can develop high stresses, produce sway movement, or
cause vibration. Therefore, it is very important for the structure to have sufficient
strength against vertical loads together with adequate stiffness to resist lateral forces

6.2 Diaphragm

In structural engineering, a diaphragm is a horizontal or nearly horizontal structural

element that to transfer lateral loads, such as wind or seismic forces, to vertical
serves resisting elements, such as walls or frames. Diaphragms are essential
components in buildings and other structures because they help distribute these
lateral loads and provide stability and stiffness.
The main purpose of designing the roof and floors to act as diaphragms is to achieve
that all nodes are being tied within the structure through the diaphragm extents to the
center of rigidity of the system. In addition, they serve multiple roles to resist gravity
and lateral forces in a building. They are required to distribute seismic forces to shear
walls and also to tie the structure together so that it acts as a single entity during an
earthquake.
Diaphragms are classified as either semi-rigid or rigid.
 Rigid Diaphragms: Rigid diaphragms are typically made of materials
like reinforced concrete slabs or metal decking. They provide
significant stiffness and distribute lateral loads effectively. Rigid
diaphragms resist deformation as a single unit, transferring forces
directly to the vertical resisting elements without significant distortion.
 Semi-Rigid Diaphragms: Semi-rigid diaphragms exhibit
characteristics of both rigid and flexible diaphragms. They offer some
stiffness while allowing for limited deformation. Semi-rigid diaphragms
are often composed of materials such as concrete slabs with openings or
precast concrete panels.

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6.3 Shear Walls

A shear wall is a vertical structural element designed to resist lateral forces, such as
those caused by wind or seismic activity, acting parallel to the plane of the wall as
we see in Figure 6-1
Shear walls play a critical role in ensuring the safety and stability of buildings,
particularly in regions prone to high winds or seismic activity. Proper design,
construction, and detailing of shear walls are essential to meet building code
requirements, withstand lateral forces, and protect the occupants and assets within a
structure.

Figure 6-44:Lateral load and deformation due to earthquake

The optimal position of shear walls within a building depends on various factors,
including structural considerations, architectural design, site conditions, and the
specific lateral loading conditions expected for the building.

6.4 Seismic parameters

Seismic parameters are key factors used in the analysis and design of structures to
resist earthquake forces. These parameters help engineers understand the seismic
activity in a region and design buildings that can withstand the expected seismic
forces. Here are some of the most important seismic parameters:

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 I. Seismic factor
Abu Dhabi area lies within Zone.
According to UBC97, the seismic zone factor for zone 3 is 0.3.
In the code estimates the applicable site dependent effective peak ground
acceleration expressed as a function of the gravity constant g.

Zone 1 2A 2B 3 4

Z 0.075 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4

II. Soil profile type

AVERAGE SOIL PROPERTIES FOR TOP 100 FEET

SOIL PROFILE (30 480 mm) OF SOIL PROFILE

NAME/GENERIC
Shear Wave Standard Penetration
Test, N [or NCH for
Undrained
DESCRIPTION
SOIL Velocity, Vs cohesionless soil Shear
layers] (blows/foot)
> 5,000 (1,500)
SA Hard Rock

2,500 to 5,000 (760 — —

SB Rock to

Very Dense Soil 1,200 to 2,500 (360 > 2,000 (100)

SC and Soft Rock to > 50

600 to 1,200 (180 to 1,000 to

SD Stiff Soil Profile 15 to 50
360) 2,000

< 600 (180) <1000

SE Soft Soil Profile < 15
(50)

SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. See Section 1629.3.1.

According to the soil report based on the geotechnical procedure data, soft rock as
we see in Table 6-1 Soil profile type is Sc.

III. Importance Factor

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 SEISMIC
OCCUPANCY
OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURE
CATEGORY IMPORTANCE

Group I, Division 1 Occupancies having surgery and

emergency treatment areas
1.Essential facilities2 1.25
Fire and police stations

2. Hazardous Group H, Divisions 1, 2, 6 and 7 Occupancies and

structures therein housing or 1.25
facilities
supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or
Group A, Divisions 1, 2 and 2.1 Occupancies
3.Special occupancy
1.00
structures Buildings housing Group E, Divisions 1 and 3
Occupancies with a capacity greater than 300
4.Standardoccupancy All structures housing occupancies or having
structures functions not listed in Category 1.00
1, 2 or 3 and Group U Occupancy towers
5. Miscellaneous Group U Occupancies except for towers
structures 1.00

The Importance Factor is a coefficient that reflects the importance of a structure in

terms of its function, occupancy, and consequences of failure. Our building is a
residential building, so the occupancy category is a standard occupancy structure
then according to Table 6-2 then I=1

Table 6-20: Seismic Importance Factor

IV. Seismic coefficients

Seismic coefficients, typically denoted as “Ca” and “Cv”, are parameters used
in seismic design to account for the effects of ground motion on structures.

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 These coefficients are derived from seismic hazard analyses and are used to
determine the seismic forces that a structure must be designed to resist.
The values of these coefficients is determined using Table 6-3 and Table 6-4
 Seismic coefficient Ca

SEISMIC ZONE
SOIL FACTOR, Z
PROFILE
TYPE Z=0.075 Z=0.15 Z=0.2 Z=0.3 Z=0.4

SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Na

SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Na

SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40Na

SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44Na

SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36Na

Table 6-21: seismic coefficient Ca UBC 97

 Seismic coefficient Cv

SOIL SEISMIC ZONE FACTOR, Z

PROFILE
TYPE Z=0.075 Z=0.15 Z=0.2 Z=0.3 Z=0.4
SA 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32Nv
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40Nv
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56Nv
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64Nv
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96Nv
Table 6-22: seismic coefficient Ca UBC 97

V. Response modification factor “R”

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The Response Modification Factor (R) is a parameter used in seismic design to
account for the intended ductility and energy dissipation capacity of a structure. It is
an essential component of seismic design codes and standards.
The Value of “R” factor is determined using Table 6-5 since our building is
composite between shear walls and columns.

Table 6-23: Response factor-16-N UBC97

 R = 5.5

VI. Ct coefficient
For all buildings, the fundamental period Tf can be approximated from the
following formula: Tf= Ct * (hn)0.75

Table 6-24: Ct coefficient

With:
Hn: is the height of the building in m
Ct: coefficient linked to the type of building

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Since we use composite between columns and shear walls than as we see in Table
6-6 Ct=0.0488 m.

Seismic analysis method

Buildings are analyzed as multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems by lumping
story-masses at intervals along the length of a vertically cantilevered pole.
During vibration, each mass will deflect in one direction or another. For higher
modes of vibration, some masses may move in opposite directions or all masses
may simultaneously deflect in the same direction as in the fundamental mode.
 What approach is recommended for seismic analysis?
In order to design a structure to with stand an earthquake the forces on the
structure must be specified. The exact forces that will occur during the life of the
structure cannot be known. A realistic estimate is important, however, since the
cost of construction, and therefore the economic viability of the project depends
on a safe and cost-efficient final product.
The seismic forces in a structure depend on a number of factors including the size
and other characteristics of the earthquake, distance from the fault, site geology,
and the type of lateral load resisting system. The use and the consequences of
failure of the structure may also be of concern in the design. These factors should
be included in the specification of the seismic design forces (see title “Seismic
parameters”).

There are two commonly used procedures for specifying seismic design forces:
 Equivalent static force procedure
The Equivalent Static Force Procedure (ESFP) is a simplified method used in
seismic analysis to estimate the forces that a structure will experience during an
earthquake. It is primarily applied to low- to medium-rise buildings with regular
geometries and simple structural systems. The ESFP is based on the concept of
representing the dynamic effects of earthquake ground motions with equivalent
static forces applied at various levels of the structure.

 Dynamic procedure
A dynamic procedure in seismic analysis refers to a method that takes into
account the dynamic response of structures to earthquake ground motions. Unlike
simplified static procedures such as the Equivalent Static Force Procedure,

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 dynamic procedures consider the time-varying nature of seismic forces and the
resulting structural response. There are two primary dynamic procedures
commonly used in seismic analysis:

Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA):

 Response spectrum analysis is a linear dynamic analysis method that
evaluates the maximum response of a structure to earthquake ground motions
across a range of frequencies.
 The procedure involves applying a response spectrum, which represents the
maximum response of a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator to various
ground motion frequencies, to the structure.
 Response spectrum analysis is particularly useful for analyzing structures
with multiple degrees of freedom and irregular geometries, providing insight
into the building's response characteristics at different frequencies.
Time History Analysis (THA):
 Time history analysis is a nonlinear dynamic analysis method that simulates
the dynamic response of a structure by applying recorded or synthetic
earthquake ground motions as input excitation.
 Unlike response spectrum analysis, time history analysis considers the time-
varying nature of earthquake ground motions and accounts for nonlinear
behavior in structural components and materials.
 Time history analysis involves solving the equations of motion numerically
over time to capture the dynamic behavior of the structure under seismic
loading.
Both response spectrum analysis and time history analysis are essential tools for
evaluating the seismic performance of structures and ensuring their safety and
resilience against earthquakes. The choice between these dynamic procedures
depends on factors such as the complexity of the structure, the level of accuracy
required, and the available resources. In practice, a combination of dynamic
procedures and simplified static procedures may be used to comprehensively assess
the seismic response of structures and inform design decisions.

The UBC97 recommends that the static lateral force procedure may be used for
the following structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 3 and in Occupancy
Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.

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 2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 m) in height with lateral force
resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-N.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in
height.
In our project the floors are irregular with 14 floors which is greater than five stories
then we must design our building in a Dynamic procedure
I. Summary of Seismic parameters

Seismic Zone 3

Seismic acceleration factor (Z) 0.3

Soil profile type Sc

Occupancy factor 1

Overstrength factor (R) 5.5

Seismic Factor (Ct) 0.02 (ft)

Table 6-25: Seismic Load Parameter

6.5 Structural Verification

Every object has a natural vibration frequency and so has every structure. When a
structure is excited by seismic forces, it starts to vibrate.
The lowest natural frequency (f) of vibration of a structure corresponds to the longest
time period (T) of vibration, as frequency and time period are inversely proportional:

T=1/f

6.5.1 Building Period “T”

This is also referred to as the first mode of vibration or fundamental period of

vibration. Structure will have multiple natural modes of vibration as we see in Figure
6-10 for which frequency will be higher and time period will be shorter than the
fundamental period.

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 Figure 6-45: Modes of vibration

According to UBC97 code in section 1630.2:

There are 2 different methods for calculating the fundamental period of the building,
Method A and Method B.

Method A

For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following formula:
TA = Ct (hn)3/4
Where:
Ct = 0.0488 m.
hn: height of the structure.
= 0.0488 (62.3)3/4=1.04546 sec.
TA=1.082145 sec

Method B

The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated
analysis. The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater
than the value of T obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in
Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3. The fundamental period T may be computed by using the
following formula:

TB or Tmode is calculated bs using the Etabs software=3.282 sec

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If z<0.35 (Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3) Then,
• If Tmode<1.4TA, then T=Tmode
• If Tmode>1.4TA, Then T=TA
The program does not compare the period to the Method A period. It is assumed that
this comparison has been completed before the period is specified.
Thus, the period to be used T = min (TB ,1.4Ta) = min (3.061,1.4*1.082145)
= 1.519s.

6.5.1.1 Period and mass participation check

Period = 1.519 sec < 0.1×Number of stories= 0.1×20 = 2 sec

The requirement of UBC 97- Section 1631.4.1 that all significant modes be
included may be satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considered, at
least 90 percent of the participating mass of the structure is included in the
calculation of response for each principal horizontal direction.

The result from CSI ETABS in table 6-8 shows that the participating mass
ratio in X and Y directions exceed 90%, so the first 20 modes are enough.

Table: Modal participating Mass ratios

Case Mode Period Sum UX Sum UY Sum UZ

sec
Modal 1 3.282 0.0879 0.4924 0
Modal 2 2.969 0.3652 0.671 0
Modal 3 2.284 0.6636 0.6716 4.308E-06
Modal 4 0.817 0.6767 0.7884 4.669E-06
Modal 5 0.733 0.7399 0.8189 4.671E-06
Modal 6 0.529 0.8276 0.8193 8.261E-06
Modal 7 0.351 0.8302 0.869 1.577E-05
Modal 8 0.312 0.8554 0.877 1.589E-05
Modal 9 0.227 0.8761 0.8774 0.0864

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 Modal 10 0.226 0.8851 0.8777 0.3677
Modal 11 0.214 0.8857 0.878 0.5123
Modal 12 0.196 0.8857 0.8841 0.5889
Modal 13 0.188 0.8857 0.9051 0.6068
Modal 14 0.17 0.8923 0.9051 0.6383
Modal 15 0.162 0.9013 0.906 0.6957
Modal 16 0.133 0.9122 0.9077 0.7304
Modal 17 0.118 0.9154 0.9278 0.7307
Modal 18 0.109 0.9189 0.9279 0.849
Modal 19 0.069 0.95 0.9308 0.8763
Modal 20 0.056 0.9557 0.9375 0.9371
Table 6-26:Period and mass participating check

6.5.2 Base Shear

Base shear is a crucial concept in the analysis and design of buildings subject to
seismic forces. It represents the total horizontal force exerted by an earthquake at the
base of a structure. The base shear is an important parameter for ensuring that a
building can withstand seismic forces without collapsing or experiencing significant
damage.

6.5.2.1 Static base shear

It is an estimation of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur

at the base due to the seismic ground motion.
According to UBC 97 the total design base shear in a given direction shall
be determined from the following formula:

The total design base shear need not to exceed the following:

The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:

Period: T 1.519sec

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 Minimum Base shear 0.0099*W

Base shear 0.01615*W

Maximum Base shear 0.041*W

Table 6-27:Static base shear

Table 6-9 shows that Vmin<V<Vmax

6.5.2.2 Dynamic Base Shear

Dynamic base shear is the total horizontal seismic force exerted at the base of a
structure, calculated using dynamic analysis methods such as Response Spectrum
Analysis or Time History Analysis, which account for the building's natural
frequencies and mode shapes.
Table 6-10 shows the values of these base shears.

Base Shear Value (KN)

-1333.1269
EQX
-1333.1268
EQY

SpecX 41274.4218

SpecY 51661.7526
Table 6-28: Dynamic base shear

6.5.2.3 Base shear correction – reduction of elastic response

parameters for a ductile design.

In this manner, the dynamic characteristics of the structure are modeled and thus the
forces are distributed properly, while the code level forces are maintained.
The UBC design response spectrum is an elastic response spectrum for 5%
equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the design basis
ground motion for the design of structures.

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In the previous section it is mentioned that the spectrum function was constructed in
accordance with the spectral shape given in UBC using site specific values Ca and
Cv and multiplied by the acceleration of gravity 9.8 m/sec2
So, there are two steps to do:
 First, scaling the dynamic response spectrum cases.
 Second checking the base shear.

ex=gx=9806.7*ex
Where gx: scale factor for base shear correction in x direction.
ey= gy=9806.7*ey
Where gy: scale factor for base shear correction in y direction.

Scale Factor Building

ex 0.032299105

gx 316.7476

ey 0.025804909

gy 253.06
Table 6-29: Scale factors

After scaling as we see in Table 6-11 and running the model, the summary report
showed in Table-12 is almost the same value of static and dynamic base shear forces,
which means that the scale was correct:

Base Shear Value (KN)

-1333.1269
EQX
-1333.128
EQY
1333.1265
SpecX
1333.1269
SpecY
Table 6-30: Dynamic base shear after scaling

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6.5.3 Story Drift

According to UBC97, story drifts shall be computed using the maximum.

inelastic response displacement (∆M), which approximates the displacement that
occurs when the structure is subjected to the design basis ground motion ∆M=
0.7*R*∆S (∆S is the design level response displacements).

In simple words, the maximum limit for seismic drift:

 ∆M shall not exceed 0.020 x story height.
Note: CSI ETABS software gives the elastic story drift ratio (i.e., the story drift
divided by the story height), so ∆M must be calculated and compared by 0.02.
Table 6-13 shows the maximum drift calculated from the CSI ETABS model:

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Page 99 of 217
 Table 6-31:Maximum drifts

Story drifts conform the requirements of the UBC97 code.

After the modification is done, a new run analysis is done to evaluate the stresses
on the different structural elements of the structure (Ultimate study). The results
will then be ready for the design of structural elements.

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 6.6 Eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of
rigidity

The maximum eccentricity between the center of mass and center of rigidity dose not
exceeds 5 % in most of the stories. So, torsion could be neglected when designing
vertical elements such as columns and shear walls under wind and seismic loads.

Table: Center of mass and rigidity

Story XCCM YCCM XCR YCR Eccentricity % Status
m m m m X-Dir Y-Dir X-Dir Y-Dir
MEZ 10.5003 9.1527 10.045 10.9592 2.16809524 12.0433333 Acceptable Acceptable

GF 10.5042 9.198 10.1131 10.1273 1.86238095 6.19533333 Acceptable NOT

Acceptable
B1 10.5044 9.2525 10.3803 9.6515 0.59095238 2.66 Acceptable Acceptable

Roof 10.5195 9.3047 10.0375 11.7932 2.2952381 13.3431635 Acceptable NOT

Acceptable
F12 10.5212 9.3044 10.1172 11.6458 1.92380952 12.5544236 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F11 10.5212 9.3044 10.0962 11.6771 2.02380952 12.722252 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F10 10.5212 9.3044 10.0779 11.7111 2.11095238 12.9045576 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F9 10.5212 9.3044 10.0621 11.7445 2.18619048 13.0836461 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F8 10.5205 9.3045 10.0488 11.7734 2.24619048 13.2380697 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F7 10.5195 9.3047 10.0375 11.7932 2.2952381 13.3431635 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F6 10.5187 9.3049 10.0277 11.8042 2.33809524 13.4010724 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F5 10.5182 9.305 10.0196 11.8012 2.37428571 13.3844504 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F4 10.5178 9.3051 10.0137 11.7759 2.40047619 13.2482574 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F3 10.5174 9.3052 10.0107 11.7152 2.41285714 12.922252 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F2 10.5171 9.3052 10.0121 11.5961 2.4047619 12.2836461 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F1 10.5169 9.3053 10.021 11.3764 2.36142857 11.1050938 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
Roof 10.9329 9.2857 10.1678 11.6045 3.64333333 12.433244 Acceptable NOT
Acceptable
F13 10.7154 9.2956 10.1411 11.6204 2.7347619 12.4654155 NOT NOT
Acceptable Acceptable
Table 6-32:Eccentricity Between Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity

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As we see in Table 6-14 the status of the distribution of the shear walls is not
accepted (Torsion Problem). So, we must increase shear walls (3 m) in X direction to
reduce eccentricity % in Y-directions (Figure 6-12)

Figure 6-46: New distributions of the shear walls

Table 6-33: New Eccentricity Between Center of Mass and Center of Rigidity

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As we see in Table 6-15 the eccentricity is accepted.

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 CHAPTER 7 WIND ANALYSIS

7.1 Introduction

Wind analysis is a crucial aspect of structural engineering aimed at assessing the

effects of wind loads on buildings and other structures. It involves evaluating the
aerodynamic forces acting on structures due to wind flow and designing them to
withstand these forces safely. Wind analysis is essential for ensuring the structural
integrity, stability, and performance of buildings in various wind conditions.
a. Nature of Wind
Winds that are of interest in the design of buildings can be classified into three
major types: “prevailing winds, seasonal winds, and local winds.”
 Prevailing Wind: Prevailing winds are winds that blow from a single direction
over a specific area of the Earth.
 Seasonal Wind: It is the movement of air resulting from variation in pressure
difference; in summer the continents are subjected to wind of low pressure
while in winter they are under the effect of high pressure wind.
 Local wind: It is the wind related to local phenomena caused by
thunderstorms and whirlwinds. They are caused by daily changes in
temperature and pressure, generating local effects in winds like the mountain
breezes.

7.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Wind analysis involves various design methods and approaches to assess the effects
of wind loads on structures. Some of the commonly used methods for wind analysis
and design include:

7.2.1 Method 1 – Simplified Procedure

for buildings less than 60 ft. in height.

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7.2.2 Method 2 – Analytical Procedure

A building or other structure whose design wind loads are determined

in accordance with this Section shall meet all of the following
conditions:
 The building or other structure is a regular shaped building or
structure.
 The building or other structure does not have response characteristics
making it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability
due to galloping or flutter; or does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
warrant special consideration.

7.2.3 Wind Tunnel Procedure

Recommended for any non-uniform-shaped flexible buildings subjected to

significant buffeting and accelerated flow of wind.

7.3 Wind Parameters

Wind parameters refer to the various characteristics and measurements that describe
the wind's behavior. Key wind parameters include:

7.3.1 Basic Wind speed

The basic wind speed taken from “Wind speed map.” For Lebanon region is
80 mph

7.3.2 Importance factor I

In structural engineering, the importance factor Iw (often denoted as I)

represents the significance of a structure's function or purpose in relation to
wind loads. It is used in conjunction with wind load calculations to account
for the consequences of failure, the importance of the structure, and the level
of risk associated with it.
An importance factor, I, for the building or other structure shall be
determined from Table below based on building and structure categories
listed in Figure 7-1.

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Figure 7-47: Importance Factor according to the occupancy of buildings
ASCE7-0.5

Table 7-34: importance factor-ASCE 7-05

 Then risk categories II as shown in Table 7-1 gives Importance factor

equal to 1.

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7.3.3 Exposure type

In structural engineering, exposure type refers to the classification of the terrain or

surroundings around a building or structure, which affects the wind loads acting on
it. Exposure categories are defined based on the roughness of the terrain and the
presence of nearby obstructions that can affect wind flow.
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and other building codes often
classify exposure types into categories such as.
Exposure B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or
larger.
Exposure C: This exposure category applies to structures located in areas with
significant obstructions, such as dense urban areas or locations with numerous trees,
buildings, or hills. Structures in Exposure C typically experience higher wind loads
due to the increased turbulence caused by obstructions.
Exposure D: Exposure D represents the most severe exposure category, applicable to
structures located in coastal regions or areas with extremely rough terrain, such as
cliffs or ridges. These structures are subjected to very high wind speeds and turbulent
wind flow due to the proximity to large bodies of water or rough terrain features.
We don’t have a detailed data about the neighborhood buildings but as we see from
the “GOOGLE EARTH MAP”

Our building is located in an Open terrain as seen in Figure 7-3 with scattered
obstructions since all the building about it is less height that our building.

Figure 7-48: terrain located around building

 Exposure type category C

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7.3.4 Wind 1.1.1 Directionality Factor, Kd

In structural engineering, the wind directionality factor, denoted as K d is a coefficient

used to account for the effect of wind directionality on the design wind loads acting
on a structure. Wind loads on buildings and structures are typically calculated based
on the assumption of a uniform or constant wind direction. However, in reality, wind
direction can vary over time, and this variability can influence the distribution of
wind loads on the structure.
The wind directionality factor Kd is used to adjust the calculated wind loads to
account for the non-uniformity of wind direction. It represents the ratio of the
maximum probable wind load with consideration for wind direction to the wind load
calculated using a simplified assumption of constant wind direction.
According to Table 7-4, Kd is considered 0.85.

Figure 7-49: Directionality factor ASCE 7-16

7.3.5 Guest Factor

It seems like you might be referring to the "gust factor" rather than "guest factor."
The gust factor is an important parameter in wind engineering used to determine the
peak gust wind speed at a specific location. The gust factor is defined as the ratio of
the peak gust wind speed to the mean wind speed. It accounts for the fluctuating
nature of wind and represents the amplification of wind speed during gusts compared
to the average wind speed.
the gust factor (denoted as G) is expressed as
G=Vgust/Vmean
Where:

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  Vgust: is the peak gust wind speed.
 Vmean: is the mean wind speed.
For rigid structures, ASCE requires the gust effect factor G to be 0.85.
7.3.6 Topographical Factor Kzt

Wind speed-up effects at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpments constituting abrupt
changes in the general topography, located in any exposure category. In our case, the
terrain is flat so Kzt = 1.0

7.4 Summary of Wind parameters

Wind Speed 80
Exposure Type C
Importance factor 1
Topographical factor (Kzt) 1
Gust Factor, G 0.85
Directionally factor (Kd) 0.85
Windward coefficient (Cpw) 0.8
Leeward coefficient (CpL) 0.5
Table 7-35: Summary of wind parameters

7.5 Software results

According to the recommendation of ASCE 7-05 code:

 The maximum displacement under wind load shall be limited to 1/500 of
building height.
 The maximum story drift under wind load shall be limited to 1/350 of story
height.
❖ Maximum Displacement:
H/500 = (62.3-5.4)/500 = 113.8 mm = 11.4 cm
Where H is the exposed height of building

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Figure 7-50: Maximum displacement on X Figure 7-51: Maximum displacement on X-direction and Y
-direction
X-direction

 Conclusion

The results mentioned in Figure 7-6 and Figure 7-7 are accepted since the
maximum joint displacement is less than the maximum allowable displacement.
➔ 60 mm < 113.8mm on X-direction
➔ 60 cm < 113.8 cm on Y-direction

Finally, after checking the models due to seismic and wind loads in addition to
the dead and live loads stated before and having accepted results, the design of
the structural members is ready under the ultimate combinations.

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 CHAPTER 8 COLUMNS DESIGN

8.1 Introduction

A column is a structural component that is primarily meant to support applied loads

and vertical loads, like the weight of the structure above it. Because they provide
stability and vertical support, columns are essential parts of many different types of
structures, such as towers, bridges, and buildings.

8.2 Design Recommendation

This project's column sections are all designed in accordance with the ACI code
recommendation, which we emphasize as follows:

8.2.1 For longitudinal reinforcement

 If lap splicing of the column bars is necessary, the lowest longitudinal steel
percentage is 1% and the maximum is 8% of the section's gross area;
nevertheless, the percentage shouldn't go over 4%.
 The minimum number of longitudinal bars required is four within
rectangular ties, six within spirals or circular hoops or for columns of special
moment frames.
 Clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest of 40 mm, 1.5*db,
and (4/3) *d aggregate.
 The design of axially loaded columns is based on the following equation: Pu
≤ ΦPn,
 ΦPn = 0.8Φ [0.85*fc′ (Ag – Ast) + fy*Ast], for members with tie
reinforcement
 ΦPn = 0.85Φ [0.85*fc′ (Ag – Ast) + fy*Ast], for members with spiral
reinforcement.

Where;
 Ag: Gross cross section of the column
 Ast: Longitudinal steel reinforcement area
 Φ: Strength reduction coefficient = 0.65 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral
columns.

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8.2.2 For Transversal Reinforcement

 The ties are arranged in such a way that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar is to have lateral support provided by the corner of a
tie.
 Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar with an included
angle of not more than 135 degrees.
 Clear spacing between ties should be of at least (4/3) *daggregate
 Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of 16db of
longitudinal bar, 48db of tie bar, and smallest dimension of member.

8.3 Design example and results

In software design process, we took the results of load combinations applied on

the ETABS model shown before, and we found the maximum compressive axial
load, the maximal tensile axial load, the maximal moment along y direction (in
the local axis of the column), and the maximal moment along z direction (in the
local axis of the column), in addition to all their corresponding complementary
forces to obtain the biaxial aspect at the top and the bottom of the column.

8.3.1 Design steps

Designing a column involves several steps to ensure it can safely support the applied
loads without failure. Below are the general steps for designing a reinforced concrete
column:

8.3.1.1Section and material input

 Input the section and define material properties.

 Specify the cover of reinforcement.
 Specify minimum reinforcement.
 Specify units, code and type of bars that will be selected.
Note: In the software example for a regular rectangular column using
S- concrete, we will consider the typical column C4 (120*40) ,C7 and C9 (60*60) as
seen in Figure 8-1 and Figure 8-2.

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Figure 8-52: Columns Maps

Page 113 of 217

Figure 8-53: Columns selected for reinforcement at basement and GF

Figure 8-54: Column section

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 Figure 8-55: Material definition

8.3.1.2Reinforcement and bar number

 Specify the bar number for horizontal and vertical reinforcement

that the software should use in the design.
 Specify the type of ties: tied or spiral.
 For vertical bars specify the splice type.

Figure 8-56: Reinforcement Details of column C3 - GF

Figure 8-57: Column Reinforcing

Figure 8-58: Column Loads

S-Concrete can also provide us with a detailed report for the column. In case
warnings are present, we can find them in this report in order to tackle them. The
results report gives us a detailed summary including loads, required reinforcement,
bars spacing, etc. Below is the results report of the designed column.

Page 115 of 217

Page 116 of 217
 Figure 8-59: N vs M interaction diagram

We can also see the N vs M interaction diagram above, which displays that all the
combinations are safe; they all lie within the curve and are thus accepted.

Page 117 of 217

8.4 Slenderness Effect

The majority of reinforced concrete columns in practice are subjected to very

little secondary stresses associated with column deformations. These columns are
designed as short columns using the column interaction diagrams. Rarely, when
the column height is longer than typical story height and/or the column section is
small relative to column height, secondary stresses become significant, especially
if end restraints are small and/or the columns are not braced against side sway.
These columns are designed as “slender columns”. Slender columns resist lower
axial loads than short columns having the same cross-section. Therefore, the
slenderness effect must be considered in design.
The significance of slenderness effect is expressed through slenderness ratio,
defined as KLu/r.
 K is the effective length ratio; it differs due to support conditions and
sway/non-sway conditions. In non-sway case, K = 1 is maximum, while
in sway case, K = 1 at least. This ratio can be obtained from ETABS.
 Lu is the clear height of the column.
 r is the radius of gyration (r=√I/Ag), it is considered r=0.3b in rectangular
columns.
Slenderness effect can be neglected if:
 KLu/r < min {40, 34+12(M1/M2)}, for non-sway columns (M1 and
M2 are end moments)
 KLu/r < 22, for sway columns
We can study the most critical case in order to check whether to consider slenderness
effect or no

Figure 8-60: Coefficient K

For a basement columns with the smallest cross section, taking clear height = 3.2
m, K = 0.8 (Figure 8-9), and r = 0.3*0.35, we obtain a slenderness ratio equal to
28.57. This value is smaller than 34 and is therefore smaller than min. {40,
34+12(M1/M2)}. As such, the column is not slender.
Similarly, we find that slenderness effect can be neglected in all columns.

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 8.5 Shop Drawings

Figure 8-62: Reinforcement of C4 - Basement Figure 8-61: Reinforcement of C9 – GF

Page 119 of 217

Figure 8-63: Columns Shop drawings

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 CHAPTER 9 : SHEAR WALLS

9.1 Introduction

Shear Wall: In order to withstand lateral loads like wind and seismic pressures,
shear walls are employed as structural elements in building construction. In essence,
it's a vertical component that transfers these lateral loads to the base, stabilizing the
structure of a building having a length/width ratio greater than 4.

Core Wall: Is a combination of shear walls arranged like a core and generally
located around the geometric center of the building to avoid torsion.

9.2 Preferable location

The preferable location of shear walls within a building depends on various factors
such as structural requirements, architectural design, and functional considerations.
However, there are some general guidelines and principles that engineers and
architects typically follow when determining the placement of shear walls:
Symmetry and Balance: Shear walls are often placed symmetrically
throughout a building to evenly distribute lateral loads and maintain structural
balance. Symmetrical placement helps ensure uniform stiffness and resistance
against lateral forces.
Near Building Corners: Shear walls are commonly located near building
corners as these areas are more susceptible to lateral loads. Placing shear
walls at corners helps to resist torsional forces and improve overall structural
stability.
Along Exterior Walls: Shear walls are frequently positioned along exterior
walls to provide lateral support and resist wind loads. Placing them
strategically along exterior facades helps reduce building sway and
deformation during windy conditions.
Adjacent to Openings: Shear walls are often placed adjacent to openings
such as doors, windows, and large expanses of glass to maintain structural
integrity and minimize the risk of deformation around these areas.
In Core Areas: In high-rise buildings, shear walls may be located in the
building core to enhance lateral stiffness and resistance to seismic forces.
Placing shear walls in the core maximizes their effectiveness in reducing
building sway and minimizing drift.
Around Stairwells and Elevator Shafts: Shear walls are commonly
positioned around stairwells and elevator shafts to provide additional
structural support and enhance the rigidity of these vertical circulation
elements.

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Overall, the preferable location of shear walls involves a careful balance between
structural efficiency, architectural considerations, and functional requirements as
seen in Figure 9-1 to ensure optimal performance and safety of the building.

Figure 9-64: Comparison of shear walls location

9.3 Design constraints

The design constraints for shear walls include a variety of factors that ensure their
effectiveness, safety, and compliance with building codes.

9.3.1 Shear Wall thickness

Thickness of any part of the wall shall preferably be not less than 150 mm (Figure 9-
2).

Figure 9-65: Shear Wall thickness

9.3.2 Reinforcing provisions


Shear walls must be designed to have adequate strength in shear, as
well as in combined flexure and axial loads.
 Generally desirable to walls supporting gravity loads to help resist
overturning forces.
 Must satisfy ACI 318-19 11.5.1.1
a) φPn > Pu
b) φMn > Mu
c) φVn > Vu
 ACI 319M- 19 (Section 11.6.1): If in-plane Vu ≤ 0.5φVc, minimum ρL and
minimum ρt shall be in accordance with Table 11.6.1. These limits need not

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 be satisfied if adequate strength and stability can be demonstrated by
structural analysis.

Table 9-36: Minimum reinforcement of walls

 ACI 319M- 19 (Section 11.6.2): If in-plane Vu ≥ 0.5φVc, (a) and (b) shall be
satisfied:
 ρL shall be at least the greater of the value calculated by Eq. (11.6.2) and
0.0025, but need not exceed ρt in accordance with Table 9-1.
 ρL ≥ 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 – hw/lw) (ρt – 0.0025)
 ρt shall be at least 0.0025

 ACI 319M- 19 (Section 11.7.2.1): Spacing s of longitudinal bars in cast-in-

place walls shall not exceed the lesser of 3h and 450 mm. If shear
reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, spacing of longitudinal
reinforcement shall not exceed lw/3.
 ACI 319M- 19 (Section 11.7.3.1): Spacing s of transverse reinforcement in
cast-in-place walls shall not exceed the lesser of 3h and 450 mm. If shear
reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, s shall not exceed lw/5.

9.4 Shear Wall Reinforcement

Shear wall reinforcement can be done in two ways as follows:

 Uniform Reinforcement in shear wall

Shear wall reinforcement shown in Figure 9-5 are provided uniformly
along the full length of the wall both in the longitudinal and transverse
direction as shown in the figure below. In this type, the reinforcement
used along the full length of the shear wall is uniform.

Figure 9-66: Plan view of the uniform reinforcement

 Boundary Element reinforcement in shear wall

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 Boundary elements are the portions of the shear wall along wall edges are
reinforced or strengthened by longitudinal and transvers reinforcement. In
this type, the reinforcement at the portions along the wall edges is more
compared to reinforcement in middle portion. As shown in the figure
below.

Figure 9-67: Plan view of boundary element reinforcement

9.5 Shear Wall Design Example

All shear walls were designed using S-concrete software after importing design loads
from Etabs model. We will be showing the detailed design of W1, W2, and core
Wall in Ground Floor.

Figure 9-68: Shear walls to be designed

9.5.1 Define shape

Figure 9-69: Define wall section

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9.5.2 Wall Reinforcement

Figure 9-71: Zone A Reinforcing Figure 9-70: Zone B Reinforcing

Note: Wi (min) = 0.15 * Lw =0.15 * 2.1 = 315 mm

 Take Wi = 400

Figure 9-73: Panel Reinforcing Figure 9-72: Importing Wall Loads

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9.5.3 Design Results

Figure 9-74: Shear Wall Designed section Figure 9-75: Wall N vs M interaction diagram

Core Wall design Example

Define Section

Figure 9-76: Define Core Wall section

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Wall Reinforcement

Figure 9-77: Zone A Reinforcing Figure 9-78: Zone B Reinforcing

Figure 9-79: Panel 1 Reinforcing Figure 9-80: Panel 2 Reinforcing

Figure 9-81: Panel 3 Reinforcing Figure 9-82: Importing Wall Loads

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Design Results

Figure 9-83: Core Wall Designed Section

Figure 9-84: Wall N vs M interaction diagram

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L – Shape Wall Example
Define Section

Figure 9-85: Define Wall Section Figure 9-86: Wall A Reinforcing

Figure 9-87: Zone B Reinforcing Figure 9-88: Zone C Reinforcing

Figure 9-90: Panel 1 Reinforcing Figure 9-89: Panel 2 Reinforcing

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Figure 9-91: Importing Wall Loads

Figure 9-92: N vs M Reinforcing

Figure 9-93: Wall Designed Section

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 CHAPTER 10 SLAB DESIGN

10.1 Introduction

Flat slab design is a structural system commonly used in buildings where the
floor slab is supported directly on columns without the use of beams (Figure
10-1). It offers several advantages such as increased flexibility in layout,
reduced construction time, and improved aesthetics.
.

Figure 10-94: Flat Slab

10.2 Deflection Control

We must control two types of deflections:

10.2.1 Short term deflection

Deflections that occur immediately on application of load shall be computed

by usual methods or formulas for elastic deflections, considering effects of
cracking and reinforcement on member stiffness. It’s calculated basing on
this formula:
∆ST=∆(SW+SDL+LL) elastic - ∆(SW+SDL)cracked

10.2.2 Long term deflection

Long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members

(normal weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate deflection caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor λΔ.
Where, ρ’ shall be the value at mid span for simple and continuous spans, and at
support for cantilevers. It shall be permitted to assume ξ, the time-dependent
factor for unstained loads, to be equal to:
λ∆ =(ξ/1+50ρ’)

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 5 years or more ................................. 2.0
12 months........................................... 1.4
6 months............................................. 1.2
3 months............................................. 1.0
ΔLT = ΔST + λ∞ x ΔDL + λ sus x ΔSLL.
Suppose that: λ∞= 2 and λ sus= 1.2.
Figure 10-95: Time dependent factor

10.2.3 Maximum Allowable deflection

Maximum allowable deflection refers to the maximum amount of bending or

displacement that a structural element can undergo without compromising its
structural integrity or causing damage to non-structural components.

Figure 10-3 shows deflection limitation of different type of members.

Table 10-37: Maximum permissible computed deflection (ACI Table 9.5.b)

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10.3 Punching Shear

When the two-way slabs are supported directly by columns as in flat plates/slabs,
shear around columns is of critical importance, especially at exterior slab-column
connection where the total exterior negative slab moment must be transferred directly
to the column. The first is the familiar one-way shear, it is usually called “shear
force” simply. It is an internal force that is applied inside the member in a cut way,
i.e. this action leads to a failure line perpendicular to the member.
Two way or punching shear is the more critical of the two types of shears in slab
systems supported directly on columns. The intersection between the column and the
slab is critical as the concentrated forces can induce a cone shaped perforation
through the slab thickness.

10.3.1 Strip Design

The strip design method is a lower bound approach to limit analysis of reinforced
concrete slab systems. The general premise of the strip method is that load is
assumed to be carried by strips of the slab that are oriented in the directions of
reinforcement. Strips are analogous to beams, and as such, this method is only
applicable in scenarios where the strips can be suitably approximated as beams with
pin or fixed supports.
The goal of design should be to transfer the load to supports in the most economical
manner possible. Practically, this means for a rectangular slab with all edges fixed
and dimensions a and b where a > b, less reinforcement will be required if the load is
assumed to transfer primarily to the supports on the edges of length a, between which
the span is shorter, because the moments in this direction will be less than the
moments developed in the long direction, on the edges of length b.
To avoid wide cracking or excessive deflections, the distribution of moments should
conform reasonably closely to that provided by elastic analysis.
 Column strip: For a panel, a column strip is a design strip having a
width on each side of a column centreline equal to one-quarter the
traverse or longitudinal span, whichever is smaller.
 Middle strip: Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column
strips.
We have to mention that this design method is limited for simple forms and the finite
element method can be considered a best way to analyse and design a slab system, to
apply this complex method we have to use a specialized software such as SAFE.

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10.4 Design Methodology using Safe

Two-way slabs (flat plates and flat slabs) are easily modelled using SAFE.
Because SAFE is finite element based, when a two-way slab of arbitrary
shape is drawn, SAFE automatically meshes the area objects into isotropic or
orthotropic shell bending elements. These elements are three- or four node
elements, with six degrees of freedom at each node. The shell elements
capture out-of-plane bending and shear behaviour.

10.4.1 Design for flexure

SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the
design of the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are
obtained by multiplying the slab element stiffness matrices by the element
nodal displacement vectors.
These moments will always be in static equilibrium with the applied loads,
irrespective of the refinement of the finite element mesh.
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at
specific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond
to the element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on
either side of these element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure
for each load combination involves the following:
 Determine factored moments for each slab strip.
 Design flexural reinforcement for the strip.

These two steps described below are repeated for every load combination. The
maximum reinforcement calculated for the top and bottom of the slab within each
design strip, along with the corresponding controlling load combination numbers, is
obtained and reported.

10.4.2 Determine Factored moment for the strip

For each element within the design strip, for each load combination the
program calculates the nodal reactive moments. The nodal moments are
then added to get the strip moments.

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10.4.3 Design Flexural reinforcement for the strip

The reinforcement computation for each slab design strip given the
bending moment. Where the slab properties (depth, etc.) vary over the
width of the strip the program automatically designs slab widths of each
property separately for the bending moment they are subjected to before
summing up the reinforcement for the full width. Where openings occur
the slab width is adjusted accordingly.

10.4.4 Slab Reinforcement

Slab reinforcement is essential in concrete slabs to resist tensile forces, control

cracking, and ensure the slab's structural integrity.

 Minimum reinforcement
Area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be less than required by
shrinkage and temperature reinforcement:
Asmin=Ash
According to ACI as we see in Table 10-2:
Asmin=0.0018xbxh=0.0018x100x25=4.5 cm2 /m

Table 10-38: Minimum Slab Reinforcement

 Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement

At points of maximum positive or negative moments maximum

 𝑆 ≤ 2𝑡 =50cm (ACI 318-11/ 13.3.2) 

spacing of reinforcement is given by:

 𝑆 ≤ 45cm (ACI 318-11/ 7.12.2.2)

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Area of T12 = 1.131
# of T12 = 4.5/1.131=3.98
 Use 4 T12 @ 25 cm per linear meter.
Thus we can apply 2 meshes of T12@25cm, one top and the other bottom, and using
SAFE software we check if any additional reinforcement is needed.

 Check for Punching Shear

Punching shear is a type of failure of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to high
localized forces. In flat slab structures, this occurs at column support points. The
failure is due to shear. This type of failure is critical because no visible signs are
shown prior to failure.
The SAFE program automates this check for the more common geometries as we
mentioned.
 Critical Section for Punching Shear
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from the face
of the support (ACI 11.12.1.2). For rectangular columns and concentrated loads, the
critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to the sides of the
columns or the point loads (Figure 10-5).
The shear force Vu produced by factored loads must not exceed the total shear
capacity of concrete: Vu ≤ ϕ Vc.
The punching shear is checked using “SAFE” that gives a ratio of punching shear for
each column over the allowable punching shear (Vu/φVc). If this ratio is greater than
1, then the punching shear test failed and one of the following solutions could be
admitted:
 Increase the slab thickness above columns using drop panels
 Increase the shear strength above columns using punching reinforcement such
as shear studs or ties.
 Add beams passes through the failure column.

Figure 10-96: Critical section of punching shear

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  Determination of concrete capacity
The concrete punching shear stress capacity is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits (ACI 11.11.2.1):

Figure 10-97: Concrete Capacity

Where β is the ratio of long side to short side of the column, concentrated load or
reaction area; and αs is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, 20 for corner
columns.
 Determination of Capacity ratio
Given the punching shear force and the fractions of moments transferred by
eccentricity of shear about the two axes, the shear stress is computed
assuming linear variation along the perimeter of the critical section. The ratio
of the maximum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress capacity
is reported by SAFE.

10.5 Slab Design Procedure

The design of reinforced concrete slabs involves several steps to ensure they can
safely carry the intended loads

10.5.1 Steps of 1.1.1 design using Safe

After importing the slab needed to design from Etabs make the following
steps on SAFE software:
1. Define service and ultimate combination
2. Run
3. Check punching
4. Check deflection
5. Design the steel using the method of finite element that will add
uniform steel reinforcement and in place with stresses add
additional steel.

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10.5.2 Load Input

 Load Cases:
In addition to dead load, superimposed dead load and live load the
following load cases should be defined:
i. Nonlinear (Cracked)
 immediate= D+ SDL+ LL
 immediate sustained = D+ SDL + 0.25 LL
ii. Nonlinear Long Term (Cracked)
 3) long term sustained= D+ SDL + 0.25 LL
 Load Combinations
i. Long term: immediate - immediate sustained + long term sustained
 Service 1: DL + SDL
 Service 2: DL + SDL + LL
ii. Short Term: service 2 - service1
“SAFE “automatically defines ultimate combinations used in reinforcement design:
 DCONU1= 1.4 DL+ 1.4 SDL
 DCONU2= 1.2 DL + 1.2 SDL + 1.6 LL

Figure 10-98: Load Cases and combinations on SAFE

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 10.5.3 Check deflection

We must check short and long deflections as seen below:

10.5.3.1 Short term Deflections

max (1.54 ,1.007) mm as seem in Figure 10-8 and Figure 10-9 is less than
Ln/360=7150/360=19.861mm  OK Passed

Figure 10-99: Short term Deflection of F1 Slab

Figure 10-100: Short term deflection of GF Slab

10.5.3.2 Long Term Deflection

max (17.425,29.925) mm as seen in Figure 10-10 and Figure 10-11 is greater than
Ln/240=29.79 mm  Not Passed

Figure 10-102: Long term Deflection of F1 Slab Figure 10-101: Long Term deflection for GF Slab

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 Figure 10-103: maximum deflection

Figure 10-10 show the region in the slab that carry the maximum displacement, we
can use many solutions:
 Increase Slab Thickness
 Increase the strength of concrete.
 Apply beams on the part that you need to decrease the deflection.

10.5.4 Check Punching

Figure 10-104: Punching shear check for GF Slab

Figure 10-105: Punching shear check for F1 Slab

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As we see in Figure 10-11 and Figure 10-13 that the columns located around border
of the Slab the punching shear area exceed 1. The best solution is to put beams
around the parameter of the Slab.

10.5.5 Pre-dimension of the Beam

In order to limit high deflection in the floors and solve the punching
problem, A drop beams were added around the parameters of the slabs as
we see in the figure below.

10.5.5.1 Beam Depth

The minimum depth to control deflections in beam is determined

according to Table 10-3, where l is the clear span.
In our case, l=7.15m and the beams are simply supported then
hmin=L/16=7.15/16=0.4468m
Use h=50cm. So, Assume the drop beams dimensions is 50*30 cm

Table 10-39: Minimum beam depth

Apply beams on ETABS

Figure 10-107: Define Beam Figure 10-106: Distribution of beams

Figure 10-108: Property modifiers of

beams
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 10.6 Recheck

Since we add beams on the model than we must to recheck the deflection of the slabs
as seen below:

10.6.1 Long term deflection

14.423<27.79  PASSED

Figure 10-110: New long deflection for F1 Slab Figure 10-109: New Punching Shear Ratio for F1 Slab

10.6.2 Reinforcement

We define a mesh of T14@25cm as seen in figure 10-20 distributed on the

whole slab, then we provide additional reinforcement where needed.
“Safe” gives zero values where no additional steel is needed and the
required values where needed.

a. Direction 1 Top

Figure 10-111: Slab Design

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 Figure 10-112: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 1 ( Top Rebar)

The additional reinforcement mainly concentrates above columns with an

average the values below as seen in Figure 10-21:
 4.5cm2 /m: T12 @ 25cm per meter (@ left and right)
 8cm2 /m: T16 @ 25 cm per meter (@ middle)

b. Direction 1 (Bottom)

Figure 10-113: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 1 ( Bottom Rebar)

The additional reinforcement mainly concentrates with an average the

values below as seen in Figure 10-22:
 2.5cm2 /m: T10 @ 25cm per meter (@ left and right)

c. Direction 2 (Top)

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 Figure 10-114: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 2 ( Top Rebar)

The additional reinforcement mainly concentrates above columns with an

average the values below as seen in Figure 10-23::
 6 cm2 /m: T14 @ 25cm per meter

d. Direction 2 (Bottom)

Figure 10-115: Area of Reinforcement in Direction 2 ( Bottom Rebar)

The additional reinforcement mainly concentrates with an average the

values below as seen in Figure 10-24::
 2 cm2 /m: T8 @ 25cm per meter

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10.7 Shop Drawings

Figure 10-116: Top Reinforcement

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Figure 10-117: Bottom Reinforcement

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10.8 Beam Design

As we see in figure 10-28 the distribution of beams

B2

B3
B1

B4

Figure 10-118: Beams numbers

10.8.1 Beams reinforcement (B2, B4)

Figure 10-119: Check steel on S-concrete

Note: the additional steel in the top on the beam is above the columns and on
the bottom otherwise (since above the column the moment is negative).

Page 147 of 217

10.8.2 Shop Drawings

Page 148 of 217

 Figure 10-120: Section B-B
Figure 10-121: Section A-A Figure 10-122: Section C-C

Figure 10-123: Rebar cage

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 Figure 10-124: Beams Reinforcement

Note: The detailed drawings are in Shopdrawing-A3 PDF

Second ribbed slab

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A.1. Slabs:
Horizontal load-bearing structure made of reinforced or prestressed concrete,
with a thickness (25 cm) according to the
tables that determine the thickness of the slab according to the type and length
of beam.

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Page 152 of 217
Page 153 of 217
Page 154 of 217
Page 155 of 217
Types of slabs

Page 156 of 217

According to the calculation of our plan:
The highest value obtained in the typical floors = 25cm is taken 25 cm (A
15 cm thick stone and 81 cm concrete),

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10.8.3 Check Deflections

We must check short and long deflections as seen below:

10.8.3.1 Short term Deflections

max (1.2 ,0.1E-3) mm as seem in Figure 10-8 and Figure 10-9 is less than
Ln/360=7150/360=19.861mm  OK Passed

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 10.8.3.2 Long Term Deflection

max (3.6,0.3E-3) mm as seen in Figure 10-10 and Figure 10-11 is LESS than
Ln/240=29.79 mm  Passed

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Page 160 of 217
LONGITUDINAL STEEL

TOP 9@16

BOTTOM 8@16

spacement

Smin=max(1.5*d;150mm)

Smax=min(2*h;450mm)

d=210mm

h=250mm

smin=315mm

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smax=450mm

9@16

S=(400-2*30-16)/9-1=40.5cm

40.4<45

takes 16mm@40cm

BOTTOM

8@16

S=(400-2*30-16)/8-1=46.2857cm

takes 16mm @45cm

TRANSVERSAL steel 10

T12@10cm

Vs max=2/3*radical f’c*bw*d=2/3*radical 35*600*210=496.95 KN

V max=16.519KN

VC=lamda*radical f’c/6 *bw*d=1*radical 35/6 *600*210=124KN

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0.5*VC*phi=0.75*0.5*124=46.5 kn

Vmax<46.5KN

No need for transverse steel, we use T12@10cm

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 CHAPTER 11 FOUNDATIONS

11.1 Introduction

The main function of a foundation is to transmit the loads from the structure above to
the soil below. In buildings, the loads usually come directly or indirectly from
columns or walls.

11.1.1 Definition

Foundations must be located on a soil or rock stratum that has adequate strength to
support the loads. The loads must be spread out over a sufficient area so that the
resulting pressure is not greater than the allowable bearing capacity of the soil or
rock. In addition to strength, total settlement of a structure and differential settlement
between adjoining foundations must be limited to tolerable amounts in order to
prevent possible damage to the structure. The overall stability of a building depends
on the foundations performing as intended.
There are numerous types of foundations, and this chapter focuses on those types
that are commonly used to support building structures. Methods are provided on how
to size the members and how to design and detail the required reinforcement.

11.1.2 Types of Foundation

Foundations are divided into 2 main categories where several types exist
in each category. These two categories are shallow foundation, and deep
foundation.
11.1.2.1 Shallow Foundation

They are used when the loads transmitted by the columns are relatively
small, or when the soil bearing capacity is capable of resisting these
loads. There are several types of shallow foundation, which are:
 Isolated footing, used to support single column.
 Wall footing, used to support structural or nonstructural walls.
 Combined footing, usually used to support two or three columns
which are so close to each other.
 Raft, or mat foundation, consists of one footing, usually placed
under the entire building area, and support all the columns and
walls of the building. They are usually used when the soil bearing
capacity is low, columns loads are heavy, or when differential
settlement must be reduced through the entire system.

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 11.1.2.2 Deep Foundation

They are used when a structure cannot be supported by a shallow

foundation. This type is usually composed of a raft foundation
supported by piles. Piles transmit the loads carried by the raft into
lower ground levels which are stronger than upper level. This transfer
occurs by the friction interaction between the soil and the pile, and by
the end bearing applied on the pile’s tip in lower stratum.
Furthermore, piles are used to resist lateral and uplift forces that may
occur in the presence of water table, and they enhance the stability of
the building by reducing settlement.

11.1.3 Choosing Foundation type in our project.

As we see in the previous chapter (preliminary design) we start with

isolated and combined footing we see that it is a not preferable choice,
since of that we choose raft foundation.

11.2 Geotechnical Characteristics

Geotechnical characteristics refer to the physical and mechanical properties of soil

and rock materials that are essential for designing and constructing civil engineering
projects such as foundations, embankments, tunnels, and other structures.
Understanding these characteristics helps engineers assess the suitability of a site for
construction, predict how the ground will behave under various conditions, and
design appropriate solutions.

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11.2.1 Layers properties

As we see in table11-1 and table 11-2 the ground layers in our project.

Layer Strata Elevation Thickness Ø Yb SPT UCS Esv Esh C

1 silty sand 4 to -1.5 5.5 30 16 20 - 40 28 0

2 sandstone -1.5 to -2.9 1.4 38 20 - 2 200 140 0

3 Calcarenite -2.9 to -6 3.1 36 20 - 2 200 140 0

4 Sandstone with -6 to -13 7 38 19 >50 2 150 105 0

cemented bands

5 Very dense -13 to -23.8 10.7 35 19 >50 1 100 70 0

cemented sand with
sandstone bands

6 Loosely cemented -23.8 to 27 3.2 35 20 - 1.5 150 105 150

gravel

7 Weak Siltstone -27 to -35 -8 35 19 - 0.2 75 52 100

Table 11-40: Geotechnical Design parameters

Layer Strata Elevation Thickness SPT qs qb

1 Dense sand -2 5.5 20 39.6 -
2 Sandstone/ -6.5 4.5 - 424 6788
3 Sandstone/ -24.2 17.7 >50 300 4800
4 Conglomerate -27.4 3.2 - 367 5878
5 Siltstone -35 7.6 - 134 2146
Table 11-41: Foundation design parameters

11.2.2 Allowable bearing capacity

It is the allowable pressure limit that can be applied on the soil at service loading
without reaching failure. This parameter is found starting from the ultimate bearing
capacity that can be found according to many geotechnical formulas that are based
on soil characteristics.
In our project, we have 1 basements of depth 4 m underground level, thus the raft
foundation will be laid on Sandstone:
Depending on geotechnical results we see that qs=500KN/m

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11.3 Raft Foundation

Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large
area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when
columns or other structural vertical load bearing elements are close
together and individual pad foundations would interact.

11.3.1 Definition

A raft foundation is a slab of concrete containing a steel reinforcement to

prevent cracking and with a toe or thickening at each end, normally sitting
on top of the ground. It is a foundation and ground floor slab combined. A
raft foundation spreads the load over the whole area and is not just
concentrated at certain points.

11.3.2 Raft thickness

The raft thickness here refers to the thickness of the concrete slab used in the
foundation.

Figure 11-125: Slab property data

Page 167 of 217

11.3.3 Soil Subgrade modulus

It is the stiffness modulus of the soil = Load/Displacement. K=120xqa.

Concerning the geotechnical data for this project, the net allowable bearing
capacity=500 KN/m2, and settlement= 50mm.
 K=120*500=60000 KN/m3.
We enter this value on Safe software as we see in Figure 11-2

Figure 11-126: Soil Subgrade property data

Page 168 of 217

 1.3. Design Process.
1. Import the model from ETABS to SAFE
2. Define the materials properties.
3. Draw the slab and assign the soil pressure.
4. assign load
5. Run the model
6. Check soil pressure.
7. Check Punching shear
8. Check settlement.
9. Design the steel reinforcement using the method of finite element.
10. Add additional steel to area exposed to high stresses.

11.3.4 Analysis

After defining all the parameters, run the analysis. SAFE will compute the stress
distribution, deflections, and moments across the raft.

11.3.4.1 Punching Shear:

Punching shear is a critical design consideration for raft foundations, particularly

around columns, where the concentrated load can cause a localized failure in the
concrete. This type of failure occurs when the load from a column “punch” through
the raft foundation, leading to a potentially catastrophic structural failure

So, as we see that there a problem in punching under the columns.

Try to increase the thickness of raft to 100cm.

Page 169 of 217

 Figure 11-127: Punching Shear Ratio

Maximum punching shear ratio = 0.4381 as seen in Figure 11-4 is less than<1 
Verified
11.3.4.2 Check Settlement

Settlement in the context of raft foundations refers to the downward movement of the
foundation due to the compression of the soil beneath it. Understanding and
controlling settlement is crucial to ensure the stability and longevity of the structure.

Page 170 of 217

 Figure 11-128: Raft Settlement

As we see in Figure 11-5 that the maximum displacement = 0.6332 cm less than
maximum displacement = 5 cm  Passed

Page 171 of 217

Soil Pressure

Soil pressure refers to the force exerted by soil on any structure that is in
contact with it, such as building foundations, retaining walls, or underground
pipes. This pressure can vary depending on several factors, including soil type,
moisture content, and the depth of the soil.

Figure 11-129: Raft Soil Pressure

The maximum value of pressure generated is 449KN/m 2 as seen in Figure 11-6,

which is less than the allowable bearing capacity of the soil (500KN/𝑚2). This
indicates that the existing soil support the structure on its own.

Page 172 of 217

11.4 Reinforcement

Reinforcement plays a crucial role in the structural integrity and load-bearing

capacity of piles and raft foundations. These elements are vital in transferring loads
from superstructures to stable soil or rock layers and ensuring the stability of
structures. Proper reinforcement is essential to prevent failure, control settlement,
and enhance the durability of these foundation systems.

11.4.1 Raft reinforcement

According to ACI, the minimum reinforcement:

𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑛= 0.0033 b*h (b = 1 m and h = 0.9*1.6 m)
𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑛= = 0.0033 x 1 x 1.44 = 48 𝑐𝑚2 /m
distribute T25 @ 25 cm as a minimum steel and distribute the additional steel

Page 173 of 217

 Figure 11-130: Direction 1 - Top Rebar

Figure 11-21 shows the additional steel to direction 1 – Top Rebar which is equal to
32.02145cm2/m  T32 @ 25cm

Page 174 of 217

 Figure 11-131: Direction 1 - Bottom Rebar

Figure 11-21 shows the additional steel to direction 1 – bottom rebar which is equal
to 42.23445cm2 /m T40 @ 25cm

Page 175 of 217

 Figure 11-132: Direction 2 - Top Rebar

Figure 11-23 shows the additional steel of direction 2 - top rebar which is equal to
29.9528 cm2 /m T32 @ 25cm

Page 176 of 217

 Figure 11-133: Direction 2 - Bottom Rebar

Figure 11-24 shows the additional steel of direction 2 – bottom rebar which is equal
to 43.80452cm2 /m T40@ 25cm

Page 177 of 217

11.5 Shop Drawings

BOTTOM

Page 178 of 217

TOP

Page 179 of 217

 Page 180 of 217
Figure 11-134: A-A Secton
 CHAPTER 12 BASEMENT WALL
(RETAINING WALL)

12.1 Introduction.

Basement walls are structural elements designed under well -established criteria
in order to resist two types of loads: The vertical loads and lateral loads. This is
done by supporting the vertical load descending from the upper floor slabs and
the lateral loads originating from lateral active earth pressures and water
pressures if existed as seen in Figure 12-1 and Figure 12-2

Figure 12-135: Forces acting on the Wall Figure 12-136: : Typical Retaining wall design section

1. Code Restrictions and limitations

The minimum thickness of basement wall is established according to section ACI
as seen in Table 12-1

Table 12-42: Minimum Wall thickness

 Use wall thickness = 30 cm

According to the ACI 318-11, the basement wall design and calculation stated in
section 14.3, defines the basic rules for the basement wall reinforcement as
following:
 Rule 14.3.2: ρ min= 0.0015, the ratio of vertical reinforcement area to the
concrete cross-section area.
 Rule 14.3.3: ρ min = 0.002, the ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to
the concrete cross-section area.

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Minimum spacing between bars, vertically and horizontally, should not exceed three
times the wall thickness (90cm)

12.2 Design Data

Designing a basement wall involves several critical factors, including structural

loads, soil conditions, and the specific requirements of the building.

12.2.1 Layer (05.4m)

The soil report states that the first layer is Rock:

 Friction angle Φ= 35 degree
 Unit weight = 24 KN/m3
 Cohesion C=1000 kpa.
 K01=1-sin(Φ)=0.426
 Ka1=0.27.

12.3 Design Reinforcement

Designing the reinforcement for a basement wall requires a careful analysis of the
structural loads, soil conditions, and the intended use of the wall. Calculation is done
per linear meter

12.3.1 layer (Rock)

 z=0
 pa0=0
 z=5.4
 ka1=0.27
 γ=24 KN/m3
 h1=5.4m
 Pa1 = γ1xh1xka1=24x5.4x0.27 =34.992 KN/m

 Layer itself

Page 182 of 217

12.4 Robot Analysis

After finding the distributed loads, we define the wall as a fixed beam at the
bottom and pinned the end points as seen in Figure 12-4.
To achieve the calculation we have to take a band of 100cm and a thickness of
30cm.

 Ultimate Combination Figure 12-137: Basement Wall modeled on ROBOT

1. Comb1 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 H:

2. Comb2 0.9 D + 1.6 L :
3. Comb3 1.2 D + 1.6 L :
Where:
 D: dead load
 L: Live load
 H: soil pressure

 Run the Model.

Page 183 of 217

12.4.1 Shear and moment diagrams.

Figure 12-138: Moment diagram My Figure 12-139: Shear diagram

due to comb1 due to Comb 1 Fz

Figures 12-5 and 12-6 shows the results of maximum moment and shear in Robot
software.
➔ Maximum Positive moment: 108.86 KN.m
➔ Maximum Negative moment: -48.68 KN.m
➔ Maximum Positive shear: 120.96 KN
➔ Maximum Negative shear: -30.24 KN

12.4.2 Shear check

Vumax = 120.96 KN According to the ACI code, the maximum shear stress is:

ΦVc = 0.85×√35 ×100×(0.9*30) /60 = 226.3 KN > Vu

As we can see, 𝑉𝑢 < ϕ𝑉𝑐, so there is no need for shear reinforcement. The wall
is capable of handling the shear force by itself without causing damages  Use
minimum shear reinforcement.

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12.4.3 Wall Reinforcement

In the wall reinforcement we must calculate both vertical and horizontal

reinforcement as seen below:

12.4.3.1 Vertical Reinforcement

For Mu = 108.86 KN.m

 In calculating reinforcement, we shall use the following formula:

Rn = (𝑀𝑢 /𝑏𝑑2) = ((108.86∗103 )/(0.9∗1∗(0.9*0.3)2 ))= 1.6 *10^6

 = (0.85∗35/420) (1 − √1 – ((2∗1.6)/ (0.85∗35 )) = 0.0039 > min  no
As = 0.0039*100*35 = 13.65 cm2.
Area of T16 = 2.01 cm2
 # bar=13.65/2.01=6.7  use 7 bars per linear meter
 Use T16 @ 17 cm for both the inner and outer face of the wall
12.4.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcement

Minimum reinforcement is thus used where the design is taken used for
temperature and shrinkage
𝐴𝑠ℎ = 0.0018 * b * h=0.0018*100*35 = 6.3 𝑐𝑚2 /m
Hence, we use 6T12@20 cm as temperature and shrinkage.

Page 185 of 217

12.4.4 Deflection Check.

Figure 12-140: Deflection diagram

L/240 = 540/240 = 2.25 cm

The maximum Deflection seen in Figure 12-7 which is equal to 0.09 cm

is less than L/240

 Checked

Page 186 of 217

12.5 Shop Drawings

Figure 12-141: shop drawings

Page 187 of 217

Figure 12-8: section retaining wall

Page 188 of 217

 CHAPTER 13 STAIRCASE DESIGN

13.1 Introduction

A stair is a series of steps rising without a break from floor to floor, or with a step
rising to a landing between floors. They can be made out of concrete, steel,
timber, or composite material. We define some technical terms used in design of
stairs, as follows:
 Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
 Riser: vertical portion of a step.
 Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
 Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
 Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
 Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
 Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
 Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
 Pitch or Slope: angle made by the line of nosing with the horizontal.
We see in figure 13-1 this technical terms

Figure 13-142: Labeled section of stair

The following standards are implemented to ensure comfort and safety:

 The slope of the stairs should be no more than 33 degrees; the optimal
staircase slope is 26-33 degrees.
 To make it convenient to go up and down the stairs, the steps should be
300mm deep (rise) and 150 mm high

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  Standard depth ranges between 1000-1500 mm.

13.2 Types of stairs

1. Straight staircase: which enables the user to rise from floor to floor in the
same direction with or without landing between two consecutive floors.
2. A quarter turn stair: which rises to a landing between floors, turn through
90˚, then to the floor above.
3. A half turn stair: which rises to a landing between floors, turn through
180˚.
4. Spiral stair: round stair or curved, where the treads rotate as you go up or
down creating a spiral design
Figure 13-2 shows this type of stairs

Figure 13-143: Stair Case types

13.3 Stair Characteristics

In this report, I will demonstrate the design of the staircase shown in what
follows. It has the following properties:
Dimensions:
 Upper landing=1.15m
 Lower landing=1.45m
 Flight=3.25m
 Height=1.65m
 Riser=16.5cm
 Goings=28cm
In order to achieve comfort, the stairs must satisfy the following:
60 cm≤g+2h≤66 cm
Figure 13-144: Stair to be designed

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 60 cm ≤ 28+2×16.5≤ 66 cm
60 ≤ 61≤66 ok!
Number of steps:
n=H/h=(3.3/2)/18=10 steps
g=L/ (n-1) =280/10=28 cm
Thickness of waist
Deflection Requirement:
Since a flight of stairs is stiffer than a slab of thickness equal to the waist t,

Inclined length of flight=√(𝐻2 + 𝑙2)= 325cm

minimum required slab depth is reduced to 15%.

so h min =0.85*(1.15+3.25+1.45)/20 ≅ 25 cm.

13.4 Loads and loads combinations

Loads applied on the stairs are its self-weight, super dead load and live load.

Loads
 Self-weight (SW) is computed by Robot.
 Super imposed dead load (SDL) = 0.2T/m2.
 Live load = 0.5 T/m2.

Loads combinations.
Combination used is ultimate combination which is: 1.2(DL+SDL) +1.6 LL.

 𝑓′𝑐=35MPa
Parameters used.

 𝑓𝑦=420 Mpa

13.5 Modelling

The following stair is modeled in the Robot 3D as shown in Figure 13-4, where
we assign the loads as uniformly distributed on both the landing and flight as
shown in the figure below:

Figure 13-145: Model of Stairs

Page 191 of 217

13.5.1 Results

Figure 13-146: Bending moment along x (Mxx)

Figure 13-147: Bending moment along y (Myy)

Figures 13-5 and 13-6 shows the values of moments along x and y directions.

Page 192 of 217

 Figure 13-148: Shear Qxx results

Figure 13-149: Shear Qyy results

Figures 13-7 and 13-8 shows the values of shear along x and y directions.

 Summary results

 Mxx(max)= 80 KN.m
 Myy(max)= 39.3 KN.m
 Qxx(max)=239.5 KN
 Qyy(max)= 85 KN

Page 193 of 217

13.6 Reinforcement

Reinforcement of a staircase involves placing steel bars (rebar) within the concrete to
provide structural strength and prevent cracking or failure.

13.6.1 Shear Design

Vu max = 401.7 KN/m

d = h – cover = 25 - 2.5 = 22.5 cm
b = 250 cm (width of stair)
ɸVc = 0.85 x √f’c b*d/6 = 0.85*5.916*1000*2.5*0.225/6 = 471.4KN.
We see that Vu < ɸVc  So, there is no need for shear reinforcement.

13.6.2 Flexural design

 Bottom steel

𝜌min = max {1.4/fy, √f’c/4fy) =max {1.4/420, √35/4*420} = 0.0033

Mmax= 80 kN.m

Asmin= 𝜌bd = 0.0033*100*22.5 = 7.425 cm2/ml

=3.3*10-3

Mu = ∅𝜌fy bd2 (1- 𝜌fy/1.7f’c), solving for Mmax= 80 kNm, ,we obtain
𝜌=1.7933*10-3< 𝜌min
 Use minimum steel. AT14 = 1.54 cm2 ; 7.425/1.54 = 5 bars.
Use T14 @ 25cm per linear meter.

 Top Steel:
Top steel is equal to half the quantity required by the bottom steel.
As(top)=7.425/2=3.7125
# bar = 3.7125/1.131=4bars
Use T12@ 33cm.

 Secondary Steel:
Secondary steel must be provided to account for shrinkage.
As = 0.0018bh = 0.0018*25*100 = 4.5 cm2/m
4.5/1.131 = 4 bars
Use, T12@ 33cm.

13.6.3 Summary of reinforcement

For bottom steel
Use T14@25 cm
 For Top steel

Page 194 of 217

 Use T12@ 33cm.
 For temperature and shrinkage
Use T12@ 33cm.

13.7 Shop Drawings

Figure 13-150: Staircase Shop drawings

Page 195 of 217

 CHAPTER 14 COSTING

14.1 Introduction

The bill of quantities is a document prepared by the cost consultant (often a

quantity surveyor) that provides measured quantities of the items of work
identified by the drawings and specifications in the tender documentation.
The quantities might be measured in number, length, area, volume, weight or
time. Preparing a bill of quantities requires that the design is complete and a
specification has been prepared.

However, for a project like ours obtaining a huge enough items at different
electrical, mechanical, and architectural levels; generating its BOQ is out of
scope of this project. A brief cost estimation is implemented here.

We suppose the following unit costs:

 The price of 1m3 of concrete = 95 $ for 50 MPA & 80 $ for 35 MPA
 Price of 1 kg of steel: 0.7 $.
We assume that 1m3 of concrete requires 150Kg steel.

14.2 Cost Estimation

14.2.1 Concrete

Page 196 of 217

Table 14-43: Concrete costs

Page 197 of 217

14.2.2 Steel

Table 14-44: Steel Costs

14.2.3 Excavation

Table 14-45: Excavation Costs

14.3 Total Cost

Total Structural costs = (411674.01+501903.99+114000) *1.1=

= 1027578 *1.1 =1130336 $

Page 198 of 217

 ‫استثمار المبنى‬

‫‪ -‬موقع العقار بيروت‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ -‬مساحته االجمالية ‪950‬م‬
‫‪ -‬المنطق¡¡ة االرتفاقي¡¡ة – االولى‪ ،‬حيث االس¡¡تثمار الس¡¡طحي يس¡¡اوي ‪-80‬‬
‫‪ %100‬وعامل االستثمار العام يساوي ‪ 6‬والبناء غير محدد االرتفاع‪.‬‬
‫المطلوب ‪ :‬دراسة بناء مؤلف من طابق أرضي سكن للناطور و موقف‬
‫‪ ،‬ودرج ومصعد بمساحة ‪32‬م‪ 2‬و ‪ 20‬طابقًا علوية بمس¡¡احة متس¡¡اوية بين‬
‫بعضها البعض ‪ .‬ك¡¡ل ط¡¡ابق من الطواب¡¡ق المتك¡¡ررة يت¡¡الف من ش¡¡قتين ‪.‬‬
‫تحسب مساحة الجدران الخارجية للطابق المتكرر بقيمة ‪24‬م‪. 2‬‬
‫يعتبر سعر شراء المتر المربع للعقار بقيمة ‪ ، $3000‬وكلف¡¡ة بن¡¡اء الم¡¡تر‬
‫المرب¡¡ع الواح¡¡د بم¡¡ا في¡¡ه أتع¡¡اب المهندس¡¡ين ورس¡¡وم النقاب¡¡ة وال¡¡ترخيص‬
‫والبلدية وغيره¡¡ا من مص¡¡اريف بقيم¡¡ة ‪ ،$800‬كم¡¡ا يعت¡¡بر س¡¡عر بي¡¡ع م¡¡تر‬
‫المربع للبناء ‪ $2000‬للشقق و‪ $2500‬للمحالت‪.‬‬
‫الحل ‪:‬‬
‫المساحة االجمالية التي تدخل في االستثمار =‪ 5700= 6*950‬م‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫مساحة االستثمار السطحي = ‪950 =1* 950‬م‪2‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫عدد الطوابق المطلوبة ‪20:‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫مساحة الطابق المتكرر التي تدخل في االستثمار‪=5700/20 :‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪ 285‬م‪2‬‬
‫ما ال يدخل في االستثمار ‪:‬‬
‫مسكن الناطور ‪ 35‬م‪ 2‬حسب القانون‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫الدرج والمصعد ‪ 32‬م‪ 2‬حسب القانون‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫منور‪ 6‬م‪.2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫شرفات ‪ %20‬من مساحة المبنى = ‪57‬م‪.2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫احواض ‪ 6‬م‪.2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫غرفة الكهرباء ‪8‬م‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪Page 199 of 217‬‬

 ‫جدران ‪ 24‬م‪2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪- 5‬مساحة المتكرر التي تدخل في االستثمار مع الزيادات التي ال‬

‫تدخل في االستثمار( شرفات ودرج ومصعد و‪ ...‬الخ) ‪285 :‬م‪+2‬‬
‫‪ 32‬م‪ 6 + 2‬م‪ 24 + 2‬م‪( 2‬درج) ‪ 6 +‬م‪( 2‬منور) ‪ 24+‬م‬
‫‪( 2‬جدران)‪ 57+‬م‪ 410 = 2‬م‪2‬‬
‫‪ -10‬مساحة الشقة في المتكرر مع جميع الزيادات‪205 = :‬م‪2‬‬
‫‪ -11‬مساحة البناء مع الزيادات ‪ 20×410 :‬طابق = ‪8200‬م‪2‬‬
‫‪ 12‬يسمح بإنشاء الطابق التقني لتوفر الشرط المطلوب حسب‬
‫القانون اال وهو ان عدد الطوابق اكثر من ‪ 8‬طوابق ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 13‬مساحة الطابق السفلي ‪ :‬على كامل حدود العقار بعد التراجع‬
‫حسب القانون ‪ 950‬م‪2‬‬
‫‪ -14‬مساحة طابق التقني = ‪ 353‬م‪2‬‬
‫‪ -14‬مساحة البناء كاملة مع مساحة الطوابق السفلية‪353 :‬م‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪ 8200‬م‪ 950 +2‬م‪ 9503 = 2‬م‪2‬‬
‫عدد السيارات‪:‬‬
‫‪ 20 -12‬طابق لكل طابق سيارتين‬
‫‪ -‬عدد السيارات ‪ 40 :‬سيارة‬

‫الجدوى االقتصادية‬
‫الكلفة‬
‫سعر متر شراء األرض‪$ 3000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫أتعاب مكتب المهندس المسؤول والمهندسين الباقين ‪100000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪$‬‬
‫معامالت إدارية ‪$ 25000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫حفر وتدعيم ‪$75000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫افراز ومعامالت رسمية أخرى ‪$175000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫رسم رخصة بناء ‪$ 125000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫كلفة متر البناء جاهز ‪$ 800‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫نثريات غير منظورة ‪$ 15000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ -1‬قيمة األرض= ‪ 950‬م‪$ 2850000= $ 3000 × 2‬‬

‫‪ -2‬كلفة البناء = ‪ )8+35+8553( × $ 800‬م‪*$400 2‬‬
‫‪$7256800 =+$950‬‬

‫‪Page 200 of 217‬‬

 + $ 2850000 = ‫ كلفة األرض والبناء وبقية المصاريف‬-3
$75000+ $ 25000 + $ 100000 + $7256800
$ 10621800= $ 15000 + $ 125000 + 175000$ +
‫المبيع‬

$16400000 = )$ 2000 × 2‫ م‬8200 (=‫ قيمة مبيع البناء‬-1

–$16400000= ‫ الربح= قيمة البيع – الكلفة االجمالية‬-2
$ 5778200 =$10621800
5778200 = ‫ الكلفة االجمالية‬/ ‫ نسبة الربح = قيمة الربح‬-3
%54 ‫ أي‬0.54 =$ 10621800/$
‫مدة تنفيذ المشروع سنتين‬
%27=2/%54 = ‫خالل سنة نسبة الربح‬

Conclusion
In conclusion, Our High-rise Residential Building project has meticulously
calculated all structural elements and produced comprehensive shop drawings to
ensure the integrity and safety of the construction. The foundation design features a
robust raft foundation with a substantial thickness of one meter, supported by 37
piles with diameters of 80 and 90 cm, each extending 15 meters in length. This
foundation system is designed to effectively distribute the building's loads and ensure
stability. Additionally, extensive seismic analysis has been conducted to evaluate the
building's resilience against earthquakes and wind forces, ensuring it meets all safety
standards and regulations. The detailed planning and execution of these structural
components, combined with thorough seismic assessments, reflect the project's

Page 201 of 217

commitment to high standards of engineering and construction excellence, promising
a durable and resilient residential structure.

References

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and

Commentary
 International Building Code (IBC) 2009
 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-05
 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI
350-20)
 Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, Third Edition.
 Structural Concrete: Theory and Design, Sixth Edition.

Page 202 of 217

 CE 431 - CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Project Management Course by DR.Hasan Awada
 ETABS Integrated Building Design Software Lateral Loads Manual by
Computers & Structures, Inc.
 Load_Bearing_Capacity_as_per_Tender_09_12_2024
 UBC-WindCode907
 Site Exploration – US

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APPENDIX A

Excel Results

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 Columns

B1 GF

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 Figure 14-151: Reinforcement of C2 - GF
Figure 14-152: Reinforcement of C1 -GF

Figure 14-153: Reinforcement of C3 - GF Figure 14-154: Reinforcement of C5 - GF

Figure 14-155: Reinforcement of C6 – GF Figure 14-156: Reinforcement of C8 - B1

Figure 14-157: Reinforcement of C9 - GF

Figure 14-158: Reinforcement of C10 – GF

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Figure 14-159: Reinforcement of C11 - GF Figure 14-160: Reinforcement of C12 - B1

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Page 209 of 217
F1F8

Figure 14-161: Column 2

Figure 14-162: Column 1

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 Figure 14-164: Column 10 Figure 14-163: Column 11

Figure 14-166: Column 3 Figure 14-165: Column 4

Figure 14-168: Column 5 Figure 14-167: Column 6

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 Figure 14-170: Column 9

Figure 14-171: Column 12

Figure 14-172: Column 7

F9  Top roof

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 Figure 14-173: Column 10
Figure 14-174: Column 11

Figure 14-175: Column C1 Figure 14-176: Column C2

Figure 14-178: Column C3 Figure 14-177: Column C4

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Figure 14-179: Column C6 Figure 14-180: Column C5

Figure 14-181: Column C8 & C9

Figure 14-182: Column C7

Figure 14-183: Column C12

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 Shear Walls

Floors (F1F8)

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Figure 14-184: Reinforcement of L walls Figure 14-185: Reinforcement of Wall 2 & 3

Figure 14-186: Reinforcement of Core

Floors (F8Top roof)

Figure 14-187: Reinforcement of Wall 1 & 4

Figure 14-37: Reinforcement of L WALLS Figure 14-188: Reinforcement of Wall 2 & 3

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Figure 14-189: Reinforcement of Core

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