Namaste

Basic Electrical Engineering

[BEG129EL]

Shahabuddin Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pulchowk Campus, IOE
[email protected]
3/10/23 SK, Pulchowk Campus 3
Chapter 3: Network Theorems [6 hrs]
Shahabuddin Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pulchowk Campus, IOE
[email protected]
 Syllabus

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 Curriculum
Chapter 3: Network Theorems [6 hrs]
3.1 Star-delta transformation and Delta-star transformation
3.2 Superposition Theorem
3.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
3.4 Maximum power transfer theorem

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 Curriculum
Chapter 3: Network Theorems [6 hrs]
3.1 Star-delta transformation and Delta-star
transformation
3.2 Superposition Theorem
3.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
3.4 Maximum power transfer theorem

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 Three Terminal Transformation
v In circuit analysis, situations often arise when the resistor are neither in series nor in
parallel.

How to find equivalent resistor?

It can achieved by three terminal

equivalent network. i.e. star-delta
conversion.

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 Star Connection
v If the three resistances are connected in such a manner that one end of each is connected
together to form a junction point called Star point, the resistances are said to be
connected in Star.

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 Delta Connection
v If the three resistances arc connected in such a manner that one end of the first is
connected to first end of second, the second end of second to first end of third and so
on to complete a loop then the resistances are said to be connected in Delta.
v It always forms a loop.

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 Delta Star Transformation
The replacement of delta by equivalent star connection is known as delta-star transformation.

For both arrangement to be equivalent, the resistance between any two terminals must
be same in both types of connections.
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 Delta Star Transformation

𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2?

𝑅!" 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ (𝑅#! + 𝑅"#)
𝑅!" 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑖𝑠, = = [𝑅!"]∆
𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#
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 Delta Star Transformation

𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2?

𝑅! 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅"

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑖𝑠, = 𝑅! + 𝑅" = [𝑅!"]%

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 Delta Star Transformation
For equivalency, the resistance between any R12 must be same in both types of
connections.
[𝑅!"]% = [𝑅!"]∆ Similarly,

𝑅!" 𝑅#! + 𝑅"# [𝑅#!]% = [𝑅#!]∆

𝑅! + 𝑅" = … … (1)
𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"# 𝑅#! 𝑅#" + 𝑅!"
𝑅# + 𝑅! = … … (3)
Similarly, 𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#
[𝑅"#]% = [𝑅"#]∆

𝑅"# 𝑅#! + 𝑅!"

𝑅" + 𝑅# = … … (2)
𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#

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 Delta Star Transformation
Adding eqn. 1, 2 and 3, We get,
𝑅#! 𝑅#" + 𝑅!" 𝑅"# 𝑅#! + 𝑅!" 𝑅!" 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#
𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅" + 𝑅# + 𝑅# + 𝑅! = + +
𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"# 𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"# 𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#

2(𝑅!"𝑅"# + 𝑅"#𝑅#! + 𝑅#!𝑅!")

2(𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅#) =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

𝑅!"𝑅"# + 𝑅"#𝑅#! + 𝑅#!𝑅!"

𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅# = … … (4)
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

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 Delta Star Transformation
Subtracting equation 2 from 4, We get,
𝑅!"𝑅"# + 𝑅"#𝑅#! + 𝑅#!𝑅!" 𝑅"# 𝑅#! + 𝑅!"
𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅# − 𝑅" + 𝑅# = −
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#! 𝑅!" + 𝑅#! + 𝑅"#
𝑅#!𝑅!"
𝑅! =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!
Similarly, We get
𝑅!"𝑅"#
𝑅" =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

𝑅"#𝑅#!
𝑅# =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

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 How to remember?
𝑅#!𝑅!"
𝑅! =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

𝑅!"𝑅"#
𝑅" =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

𝑅"#𝑅#!
𝑅# =
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

q The equivalent star resistance between any terminal and star point is equal to the
product of the two resistances in delta, which are connected to the same terminal,
divided by the sum of all three delta connected resistances.

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 Star Delta Transformation
The replacement of star by equivalent delta connection is known as star-delta transformation.

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 Star Delta Transformation
From Delta-Star Transformation, We have Multiply 1 by 2, 2 by 3 and 3 by 1, we get,
𝑅#!𝑅!" "
𝑅!" 𝑅#!𝑅"#
𝑅! = … … (1) 𝑅!𝑅" = " … … (4)
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#! (𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!)
"
𝑅!"𝑅"# 𝑅!"𝑅"# 𝑅#!
𝑅" = … … (2) 𝑅"𝑅# = " … … (5)
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#! (𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!)
"
𝑅"#𝑅#! 𝑅#! 𝑅!"𝑅"#
𝑅# = … … (3) 𝑅#𝑅! = " … … (6)
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#! (𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!)

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 Star Delta Transformation
" " "
𝑅!" 𝑅#! 𝑅"# 𝑅!" 𝑅"# 𝑅#! 𝑅#! 𝑅!" 𝑅"#
𝑅! 𝑅" = … … (4) 𝑅" 𝑅# = … … (5) 𝑅# 𝑅! = … … (6)
(𝑅!" +𝑅"# + 𝑅#! )" (𝑅!" +𝑅"# + 𝑅#! )" (𝑅!" +𝑅"# + 𝑅#! )"

Add 4, 5, and 6, we get,

" " "
𝑅#! 𝑅!"𝑅"# 𝑅!"𝑅"# 𝑅#! 𝑅!" 𝑅#!𝑅"#
𝑅!𝑅" + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅#𝑅! = " + " +
(𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!) (𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!) (𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!)"
" " "
𝑅#! 𝑅!"𝑅"# + 𝑅!"𝑅"# 𝑅#! + 𝑅!" 𝑅#!𝑅"#
𝑅!𝑅" + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅#𝑅! =
(𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!)"
𝑅!"𝑅"#𝑅#!(𝑅#! + 𝑅"# + 𝑅!")
𝑅!𝑅" + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅#𝑅! =
(𝑅!"+𝑅"# + 𝑅#!)"
𝑅!"𝑅"#𝑅#!
𝑅!𝑅" + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅#𝑅! = … … (7)
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!

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 Star Delta Transformation
𝑅!"𝑅"#𝑅#! 𝑅#!𝑅!"
𝑅!𝑅" + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅#𝑅! = … … (7) 𝑅! = … … (1)
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#! 𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#!
From 1 and 7, we get,

𝑅!𝑅" + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅#𝑅! = 𝑅"#𝑅!

𝑅"𝑅#
𝑅" + + 𝑅# = 𝑅"#
𝑅!
So,
𝑅"𝑅#
𝑅"# = 𝑅" + 𝑅# +
𝑅!
Similarly, Similarly,
𝑅!𝑅" 𝑅!𝑅#
𝑅!" = 𝑅! + 𝑅" + 𝑅#! = 𝑅# + 𝑅! +
𝑅# 𝑅"

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 How to Remember?
𝑅!𝑅"
𝑅!" = 𝑅! + 𝑅" +
𝑅#
𝑅"𝑅#
𝑅"# = 𝑅" + 𝑅# +
𝑅!
𝑅!𝑅#
𝑅#! = 𝑅# + 𝑅! +
𝑅"

q The equivalent delta resistance to be connected between any two terminals is sum of
the two resistances connected between the same two terminals and star point
respectively in star plus the product of the same two star resistances divided by the
third star resistance.
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 How to Remember?
𝑅!𝑅"
𝑅!" = 𝑅! + 𝑅" +
𝑅#

𝑅!𝑅# + 𝑅"𝑅# + 𝑅!𝑅"

𝑅!" =
𝑅#

q The equivalent delta resistance to be connected between any two terminals is sum of
all possible products of star resistors taken two at a time divided by the opposite star
resistor.

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 Star and Delta Transformation for Equal Resistance
For Delta to Star, For Star to Delta,
𝑅#!𝑅!" 𝑅!𝑅"
𝑅! = ) 𝑅!" = 𝑅! + 𝑅" +
𝑅!" + 𝑅"# + 𝑅#! 𝑅#

For Equal Resistance, For Equal Resistance,

𝑅×𝑅
𝑅×𝑅 𝑅 𝑅!" = 𝑅#! = 𝑅"# =𝑅+𝑅+ = 3𝑅
𝑅! = 𝑅" = 𝑅# = = 𝑅
𝑅+𝑅+𝑅 3

v Equivalent Star contains three

v Equivalent Delta contains three
resistances, each of magnitude one third
resistances, each of magnitude thrice the
the magnitude of the resistances
magnitude of the resistances connected
connected in Delta.
in Star.

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 Example

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 Example

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Example: Find equivalent resistance and current?

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 Example: Find Resistance between AD

RAD=8.57 ohms

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Example: Find equivalence Resistance across BC?

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 Curriculum
Chapter 3: Network Theorems [6 hrs]
3.1 Star-delta transformation and Delta-star
transformation
3.2 Superposition Theorem
3.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
3.4 Maximum power transfer theorem

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 Background
❖ We have used Kirchhoff's law and the main advantage of using KCL and KVL is that
we can analyze a circuit without tampering with its original configuration.
❖ A major drawback of this approach is that, for a large and complex circuit, tedious
computation is involved.
❖ To handle the complexity of the circuits, over the years engineers have developed some
circuit theorems to simply circuit analysis.
❖ Such theorem includes Superposition Theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem and Norton’s
Theorem.
❖ These theorems are applicable to linear circuits.

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 Linearity Property
Definition:
It is the property of an element describing a linear relationship between cause and
effect.
❖ The linearity property us a combination of both homogeneity(scaling) property and the
additive property.
❖ Linearity property applies to many circuit element but we will limit our study to resistor
only.

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 Linearity Property

Linear Circuit is one whose

output is directly
proportional to its input.

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 Linearity Property

Linear Circuit
Without
Independent
Sources

V I
100 20
10 2
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 Does Power-Voltage Relations is Linear?

Non-Linear

In this course, We will only consider linear circuits and theorem which will be discussed
in this chapter will not apply to power.

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 Example: Check for Linearity
Find V0 for i=5A and i=20A

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 Superposition Theorem
❖ If a circuit has two or more independent sources, one can determine the contribution of
each independent sources to the variable and then add them up.
❖ This approach is known as the superposition.
❖ The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property.

Statement:
The superposition principle states that the current through (or voltage across) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the currents through (or voltages across)
that element due to each independent source acting alone.

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 Steps for Superposition Theorem
❖ Consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sources are
turned off.
❖ Turn off by,
Replace every other voltage sources by ZERO Volt i.e. Short Circuited.
Replace every other current source by ZERO Amp i.e Open Circuited.
❖ Obtain branch currents (or Voltage Across).
❖ Repeat the above step for each of the independent sources.
❖ The total current in any branch of the circuit is the algebraic sum of currents due to
each source.
❖ While doing so, it is necessary to take into account the directions of the currents caused
by each individual source [or Polarity of the voltage drop across],
currents flowing in the same direction being additive.
currents flowing in opposite direction being subtractive.
Same Polarity then add-up the voltage drop
Opposite Polarity then Subtract the voltage drop.
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 Example 1

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Example 2: Find Current through Each Resistor

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 Example 3: Find i?

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Example 4: Find Current through 5 ohm Resistor?

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 Disadvantageous of Superposition Theorem
❖ Circuit Analysis using superposition may very likely involve more work.
❖ It is based on linearity so it is not applicable on power due to each sources.

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 Curriculum
Chapter 3: Network Theorems [6 hrs]
3.1 Star-delta transformation and Delta-star
transformation
3.2 Superposition Theorem
3.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
3.4 Maximum power transfer theorem

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 Background
v Now We learn how to replace two-terminal circuits containing resistance and sources
by simple equivalent circuits.
v Consider a household outlet terminal may be connected to different electrical
appliances consisting of variable load..
v Each time the variable is changed, the entire circuit has to be analyzed again.
v To avoid this problem, Thevenin theorem gives a good technique by which fixed part
of the circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit.

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 Thevenin Theorem
v It was developed by M. Leon Thevenin (1857-1926) in 1883, a French Telegraph Engineer.

I I
Linear Two LOAD
Terminal LOAD
Circuits

v Thevenin Theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuits can be replaced by an

equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source Vth in series with a resister Rth.
Where,
Vthà Open Circuit Voltage at the Terminals
Rthà Input or Equivalent Resistance at the terminal when the independent sources
are turned OFF.

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 Lets Find Thevenin Voltage

I I
Linear Two LOAD
Terminal LOAD
Circuits

I=0 +
Linear Two
Terminal -
Voc 𝑉!" = 𝑉#$
Circuits

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 What about Thevenin Resistance

I I
Linear Two LOAD
Terminal LOAD
Circuits

Linear Circuits I=0

With all
independent
Rin 𝑅!" = 𝑅%&
Sources Turned
OFF

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 Thevenin Theorem
v Thevenin Theorem helps to simplify a circuit and is very important in circuit analysis.
v A large circuit can be replaced by a single independent voltage source and a single
resistor.
v This replacement technique is a powerful tool in circuit design.

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 Steps for Thevenin Theorem
1. Remove the load resistance RL, thus creating an open circuit at terminals.
2. Find out the voltage between this open terminals. This voltage is Vth.
3. Short-circuit the battery and find the resistance Rth of the network as seen from
terminals. Actually, voltage source are removed by internal resistance and current
source if present is open circuited.
4. Then draw thevenin’s equivalent circuit for terminals and find the required variables.

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Example 1: Find Current through RL=8 ohm

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 Example 1: Find Current through RL=8 ohm
For Vth

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 Example 1: Find Current through RL=8 ohm
For Vth by Nodal Analysis

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 Example 1: Find Current through RL=8 ohm
For Rth

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 Example 1: Find Current through RL=8 ohm
Equivalent Thevenin Circuit

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 Example 2: Find Voltage Across RL=4 ohm

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 Example 3: Find Current through 3 ohm

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 Example 4: Find Current through 10 ohm

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 Example 5: Find Current through 50 ohm

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 Example 6: Find Current through 2 ohm

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 Example 6: Find Current through 2 ohm

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 Curriculum
Chapter 3: Network Theorems [6 hrs]
3.1 Star-delta transformation and Delta-star
transformation
3.2 Superposition Theorem
3.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
3.4 Maximum power transfer theorem

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 Maximum Power Transfer
v In many practical cases, a circuit is designed to provide a power to a load.
v There are application in many areas where it is desirable to maximize the power
delivered to the load.
v The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can
deliver to a load.

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 Maximum Power Transfer
For a given circuit, VTh and RTh are fixed.
By varying RL, the power delivered to the
load can be varied.

𝑃 = 𝐼&"𝑅&
"
𝑉'(
𝑃= ×𝑅&
𝑅'( + 𝑅&

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 Condition for Maximum Power Transfer
"
𝑉'(
𝑃= ×𝑅&
𝑅'( + 𝑅&

𝑑𝑃
=0
𝑑𝑅&
"
𝑑 𝑉'(
×𝑅& = 0
𝑑𝑅& 𝑅'( + 𝑅&
"
𝑑 𝑉'( 𝑅&
" =0
𝑑𝑅& (𝑅'( +𝑅& )

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 Condition for Maximum Power Transfer
" "
𝑑 𝑉'( 𝑅& " (𝑅'( −𝑅&")
" =0 𝑉'( ) =0
𝑑𝑅& (𝑅'( +𝑅& ) (𝑅'( +𝑅& )

" 𝑑 𝑅& For equation to be Zero,

𝑉'( =0 "
𝑑𝑅& (𝑅'( +𝑅& ) " (𝑅'( −𝑅&") = 0

" (𝑅'( +𝑅& )". 1 − 𝑅& . 2. 𝑅'( + 𝑅& . 1 𝑅& = 𝑅'(

𝑉'( ) =0
(𝑅'( +𝑅& )
Maximum Power will be,
" (𝑅'( +𝑅& ){(𝑅'( +𝑅& ) − 2𝑅& } 𝑉'( "
𝑉'( ) =0 𝑃= ×𝑅&
(𝑅'( +𝑅& ) 𝑅'( + 𝑅&
" (𝑅'( +𝑅& )(𝑅'( −𝑅& ) "
𝑉'( ) =0 𝑉'(
(𝑅'( +𝑅& ) 𝑃*+, =
4𝑅'(
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 Steps for Maximum Power Transfer
1. Remove the load resistance and find thevenin’s resistance (Rth) of the source network
looking through the open circuited load terminals.
2. As per maximum power transfer theorem, this Rth is the load resistance of the network
i.e. RL=Rth that allows maximum power transfer.
3. Find the thevenin’s voltage (Vth) across the open circuited load terminals.
4. Maximum power transfer is given by:

"
𝑉'(
𝑃*+, =
4𝑅'(

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 Example 1

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 Example 2
Consider the circuit shown in the figure and determine:
1. The value of R so that the load of 20 ohm should draw maximum power.
2. The value of maximum power drawn by the load.

3/10/23 SK, Pulchowk Campus 70

 Exam Pattern for Chapter Three
1- Numerical of 4 marks either on Super Position or Thevenin theorem or
Star or Delta Conversion
2 - Theory of 2 marks

1- Numerical of 3 marks either on Super Position or Thevenin theorem

2- Derivation of 3 marks

1- Numerical of 3 marks either on Super Position or Thevenin theorem or

Star delta
2- Derivation of 3 marks

3/10/23 SK, Pulchowk Campus 71

 Exam Pattern for Chapter Three

3/10/23 SK, Pulchowk Campus 72

 Exam Pattern for Chapter Three

3/10/23 SK, Pulchowk Campus 73

 Thank You
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References
1. M. Karki, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, TU, IOE.
2. A. Adhikari, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, TU, IOE
3. Bakshi, Uday A. Basic electrical engineering. Technical Publications, 2020.
4. Theraja, B. L., A. K. Theraja, and S. G. Tarnekar. "Basic Electrical Engineering
(volume1)“A Textbook of Electrical technology”." Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur. Ram Nagar, New Delhi (2005).