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Logic Question 7 and 8 Answers

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Logic Question 7 and 8 Answers

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bereket tekle
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© © All Rights Reserved
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#7.

Thedifference between a critical thinker and an uncritical


thinker is how they go about reasoning, solving problems,and maki
ng decisions. What follows are some of the
major characteristics defining both critical and uncritical thinkers.

Characteristics of Critical Thinkers:


Curiosity and Open-Mindedness:
Critical thinkers question, seek knowledge, and are open to new
ideas.They consider various viewpoints prior to forming conclusions
.
Analytical Skills:

They break down complex issues into smaller components to


understand them better.
They critically analyze arguments and
evidence for their logical fallacies or biases.

Self-Reflection:

Critical thinkers often re-examine their personal beliefs,


assumptions, and prejudices.
They change their views, whenever necessary, with convincing evi
dence.
Logical and Systematic Thinking:

Their conclusions are based on reasons and logic rather


than emotive feelings or unjustified beliefs.
Use evidence-based reasoning rather than relying solely
on intuition.
Open to Criticism:

Critical thinkers welcome constructive criticism and use that as a


gateway to refine their knowledge or attitude.
They participate in discussions to build their ideas rather
than dogmatically defend them.
Problem-Solving Skills:

They think of several alternatives and weigh the implications of


each.
Critical thinkers often create imaginative and workable solutions.
Characteristics of Uncritical Thinkers:
Close-Mindedness:

Uncritical thinkers refuse to accept new ideas and


are generally not willing to listen to other viewpoints.
They retain preconceived ideas even if evidence surfaces that sugg
ests their views are wrong.
Surface-level Analysis:
They are very
prone to taking everything as it comes without much emphasis on
source and legitimacy.
The basis of assumptions and oversimplifications, not critical analy
sis.
Confirmation Bias:

Uncritical thinkers are generally biased towards seeking out


only information that
supports what they already believe while they discount the
contrary.
Failure to challenge self or others:
Overdependence on Emotion or Authority:

Decisions and beliefs in such cases are usually controlled by


emotions, personal likes and preferences,
or obedience to an authority figure rather than based on evidence
or logic.
They may accept arguments because of who said it rather than
what was said.
Defensiveness and Resistance to Criticism:

Uncritical thinkers are defensive when challenged


and take the criticism as an attack upon themselves.
They may refuse to engage in discussions that call their beliefs into
question.
Hasty Decision-Making:

They usually make decisions with partial information or without


considering long-term consequences.
They lack the time to patiently evaluate options.
References
: Facione, P. A. (1990). *Critical Thinking: A Statement of
Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment
and Instruction*. The Delphi Report.
Ennis, R. H. (1987). A taxonomy of critical thinking
dispositions and abilities. *In Teaching Thinking Skills:
Theory and Practice* (pp. 9-26).
Paul, R., Elder, L. (2006). *Critical Thinking: Tools for
Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life*.
Pearson Prentice Hall.

#8 1. Cognitive
biases: Systematic deviations from normative standards or
rationality in judgment processes. Classic examples of biases
include confirmation bias, which is the predisposition to
favor information that confirms existing beliefs, and anchoring
bias, an over-reliance on the first piece of information one receives.
2. Emotions can cloud judgment and lead to irrational decision-
making. Strong emotions such as fear, anger, and stress
can overwhelm objective analysis, causing a person to
react impulsively instead of thinking critically.

3. Lack of Knowledge or Information: Poor understanding of a


subject can hinder critical thinking. Without adequate
knowledge, it may be difficult to evaluate arguments or evidence
effectively.

4. Overconfidence: An excessive estimation of one's abilities can


lead to inferior decision-making. Individuals who
are overconfident may dismiss evidence or other opinions,
believing they have the best solution.

5. Groupthink: The tendency toward harmony or conformity in


group settings can suppress independent critical thinking.
Members may prefer consensus over thorough examination,
leading to faulty decisions.
References
Resource: Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment
under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. *Science*,
185(4157), 1124-1131.
Lerner, J. S., Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a
model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and
choice. *Cognition and Emotion*, 14(4), 473-493.
Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical thinking: A statement of
expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment
and instruction. *Research Findings and
Recommendations*. The Delphi Report.

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