ro9l2o2g

Lt-|

Dafnihon:

Stetists may be dylind as the collechou,

Prgentotisu, aualysia, aud intypetation numerical

data

Sonothig hat is o constant js vanablb.

Probabilihy is te siune a dison maling oit

(alclatd ink in thu faunartainity
Arunnen cal ieaswe co Provicled b4
unurti niby
Very mpOtant brauchias mathanats caud ta teoy
-ncey tainity probab)iy:
Basie Ternolegg:
DRaudom Expeima nt:
Lf in each tial an enperiwnt condud
under icential Condiiens, th cut cem s ot
qu bt may be oe
enpeniwent 's calud a raudo
enpui ment

eg: Tosing a coin , thowing a

ie, piking
ice
lots trom' pack cards.
)Outoe:
The scult Yandom enpeimt oill be
Cald Qutco

2)Trial and Grent:

a randlom
Any parhcalar performanu
mperimnt is callud a hial an outomi t
Combinahon a Outom
Outcom ane emed as eent.

e: Tossing coin
coin is a tial, and getirg head
Qn eent
Composie ernt.

4) Ehawshne Erents er Cases:

(bolehvay al)
The to fel number possible out comes
a random enperiment is knOn
event
Ex hausthue

eq: In Tossirng a coin : hea toil - 2.

Dice throeoig 2 die- 36.

Cards :52.

5) taverable Events or lases:

The no.
cass favourable to an event
a ial s the no.
the hoppening ! the Owtcones whih en tail
event -
eos: The ho. f
ae from a pack y cases favourable
. to
4 cardh
caro . drasir
 wile
throing a dia, He possibilty
geing sia (4),(), (3.),(h) (ie

) Meatally .Eneusine Genb:

Events Kid to be wetcly emusie
o incompabibl it the koppening af
Pre clucs the hoppering all tha othurs.
I-b Conly e
Die : |-b
ppears + othars done)
boin : Head

)Eqully ikely Event i

Outom tial said to be equaly
ikely it taking into considarahon allte elvat
eicunus, tee ALesOn to enpect n in
pafeeney to tie other.
Coin toss : Sol. eoch chane
Die Equal chances foy all numbers behwten

Tndeperdant Events :
Severol events an said to be induperdart i
bhe hoppening non
happening te event is
not aleutd by t suppleentay kroulolge
Concerhig the occurene the
any no
Aemaining
eveysto
 (i) T tosing unbiasd coin

head trst is indpenclart

9etting a heac in the selond.

a oie s thDon thria, esult

(2) when
tue fiy st thyow does hot fect the sult

a2loa. Prob I:.

what is t e probability f obtaining a had in a

Qn un bjasd
ingle boss

ans:

Thene possible outcoms

’ Heoot tol

Ttae too nerto mutaaly enclunie nd

cehaustiu

when tiio coins an unbiaL gutomes ae

also egually ikey
So, Out ta utually rlusine, ahausiu anol
couttomy
agualy libely
P(hetting heao) =1

Prob 2:
Tuo nbaised ois cne tossed what is Hhe
pobabi lity 4 obtaining
 a) Both heads
b

) Bot tuy
d) Atlt Atuast head.
as :

when too wnbaiud coins tosced, tue

ollouoing tte possible sutoms,

HH TT HT
TH

PA)

P(aT)
S:H, T

p(Athast

Prob 3:
wember point
A die is tossed and the
fo
is obsed.
oppearing en the upperost
een nmber
a)
b) an
odd mmber

c) a umber es than 3

d) a
aws:

Dn this mperi mt thue On sik possibla outoms

they
 {!, 2, 3, 4, S, b
nz b .

P Ceven mmheY)

P(odd nes)
2
PCws than 3)

p Ca sin)

Prob 4:
huo nbain ed coins a tosked whot
the probabi lity .obtaining
a) 3 head

b) not oe than 3 heols.

Cns:

when Coins ae
bossed h oe foour
poss1ble ccons; H1P.
,THT, HTT ,TT

u n 4.

P C3 ado)

PCnot wore than

=H. = |,
Prob S:

Two tosseo find the prokability 4

Coins

gting both heads and bota toils

when too oins e tosred tthe ossiba

Qutomus 1 HH, TH HT

PCtoth huoda + both taila) =

Two die with fus , 2,3,4,5,6

wanked
throw Bimultanesuy and te points n the
lity that
aue ane wultipled to gether. ind the probabi
pduet 12

simulta nsouly
while tth vouoi ng bo dia
possibls utcoms

p Cpdi ) = (2x b)
(3x4)
(yx3)
bx)
M

36

Prob 1:
Akag cCortains 6 colte and o blacde bed one ball
s drawJn.wht is the probbi ity that it is ca wuta
ball.
Cs:

Put sevicl

Thue ut-Cee with Aq ard to

the Keet oall , o be drauon
becaun t n balls

Out < the (o balls , whit

Qnd
favourable to tha ent white bal

P(wball) =

Prob -8:

ftr another frou

|a bag Containing 3 olite and s klack balls.
what is the prsloai liy t t
Î ball wite and is blacl
Ohe ball wlite and otar is black
Qs: Put aric os I,9, D,,,,n, vínz
In onder to find the total ho. a! possible
Outeoes e Can

Can be Belect iu Rint ways cnd he

seuen ways.
Henu outome woul be <*1 = 5b passjbe
autones.
Hene taally eclusie ,
enehawtive and 2qually ikely enent

Oud ball bladk 3xS

3xs = IS wauys
the I bal wite cau lbe talan in 3 ways

So, tte probabiity qti ug oite and then

black (3%S =1S ways )

&) PCee whit t e blcce)

tavour alela 4 geting white and black

=3 S S

tauaurabe COwes getiuy blah and w ito

=Sx 3 = IS

wite and black

Total taw ouable eas qeti g

P(on wite t n blacl) = 30 5

Prob :
Cards draon from a ful pact S2
Cavds, ud tthe pyobablitiy thate
) Both a ud cards
diamond.
aus

pack oice can be

dYawn

way
5AXSI 326 ways

) Pl2d carda)
Geting 2 ud cards in ways.
 ol, ways
325 ways

Pl2d cards) = 325

1326

*) P(one aad and oe diawond)

I heart be dranon in 3 oys
diawond e! J3 wCys

FPCnethvng IH 1D)

J326

Pob lo:
tie perbons A, B,CD and E Ocpy gat
Ln at random. what is the probability
that A and B Sit hetto

S persos Can amanga the seues

withot stih en in iue factbrial oays.

= l20 ways. Ar

PCA+ B)
themselues
Consid1ring A+B together they can anang thensc
in 4 fatri

49 wuys
 PCA+ Btogethr
t2-o

Pob u:

A batch Contains lo artides el wich four

randowu

|what is the probabi uty thodt hoe

dateti ?
B artiles withot
Total o

stiheu lt o s
=

hone te Aelsted ailes is datectue,ty

2
a

3
re non-dtech ) |20

probability' e OUran Le enet A.

denots won - 0Crance

eent A
Ccomplemantory to A)
PA) denotw probabi liy that event A tails to

* P(A+B) donots probabilihy oceuSanLe

oca
 ateast me
A andB.

(AUB) l eiter A or B Sn ase

utualy inedesiu
eets

P(AB) dunsts prolbabhiliky

as well as B.

(r)
P(A0B) the Compound e d AB, tiis is
also calld coupound pyoabili
PA/B) dento probahiliky OCUran
A
asune that B hos actualy Ocurred

P(AIB) is calud
conditi onal pobability.
THeOReMS OF PROBABILITY
Addiiu theorm probability eents A and
wutually erciue tun
P (A+s) PA)+ PB)

2 1n gena or ay too eents A +B

PA+B)= PA)+ PB) P(AB)
3.tor thee mutually encusiue events AB,c.
(tBt) = PCA) + P(B)+ p )

4oy ny h eens A, B,c,

 P(A+ Bt C) = P(A) + P(B) + PCc) - P(AB) - PAO
P(B) + PAB)

5.Probability e the comple mantany etnt

P (A) = |- P(A).

L.Booles inequaty
P(A+8) PA) t P(B)
The
Sigu o equalitby lholds ohen Aand Bau wutucdley
enuiu.

1- Mulkpliaien theoen
thu prolability dor any 2
euent A and B.
P(AB) z PA). P(B/A)
: P(B). P(PlB).

he
euents At B anee independert thn,
P(AB) = Pa). p(B)
’4 this conditien s satuied A.B ae
independnt.
q- or cmy 3 euents AB,c

AB.

io.or 2 indapendant enents ABc

PlABc) = PA). P(B). PCC)
||. enent A ord B a independut , thun
P(a) P(A) P
()
P(E) P() =P
 likaly Equaly (3)
Cahcusie ()
erlusi
ne cally Mutu ()
a B + eners
A the wtter stat b)
P(A*e)
(A), P(Pe), Qa, P
PA)
iy
probabi follw ttvaese the tind a)
=(A2 P P(A=
) Ghinen
1:Prob
a1loala019
P(B)
PB)Eo. Proviold (AB) P()=
PA)# Provided P(AB)PA)P= ()
lity:() Pobabi L.Condih
enal
P() PA). P()+ P(A). =
P(AB) (AB)
+ P(B): 13.
independart a B
and A T
P() p(A). l- -
.B) P(Ã |- P(A+e)
=
equal.
pyobalbiltty
Gunal uncondihonal Condihon
and the Tia
 () PCA) = I- P(A)
a)

R) P atB) = P(A)4 PG)- P(AB)

+

12

(3) P(AB)
PCB)

(4) R(AB) = (e) - P(AB)

|2

I-P(Ate)
12 12

(C) P(+8) = P(A) + P(e) - (AB)

+
12

3
12

b) ) The two ennto A+ B wot mustucy

eclusi ibecaus pAN P(B).
PA+BO
not ehausite eucts sine
(2) Thuy +0

) y ae ot
equly ihly ) sinu PGA) RB).

4) They two en vds A t B ane not indupenelnt, dne

 Acard io drwn tro each a two well shtad
paeks cards tiud the pyobabilihy thct atleost e

as

lo danote A = the eet tht the cerd ou

pa is au Ace.
the card rom
B = t e ent tat
pack bwo u au Ace .
Au pak o! So card

PA) =
13

PB) =

iquind ttoa fiud P(A+8) = P(A +PB)- Ple

P(AB) = PA) PCe)

13

Acard is drawn from each d tuo oell

atjd suged paket al cardo. tind t e prokbility
Hat atest e thm
(9Au astida a Compcy cosists a
manufactd by
2, 9 cout 100
likuly to be dyfackut . Siwilby
5 aut
ikety to be dteti e
part I. Coludat tuu probability that te asenbld
autide will not be daleeti .

1- 00

Let A be paat not deretive

Le be not deçee ve .

wWe have Compound bob lity

eRete

Prsbably

dereive

PLA). PlB)

p(aa)
ISume GVent
ile pene n
(S) Asalesman bas Soychanu eg wmakiug a sale

to behavior
eala custour. Te successie
Cstoer is arsumud to be indepencdent . ho
Custours X andy entar the shop
tue probbi ty that tue salAman aud wuake a sal?
Let Sale

KatomeY
e
Le enote the event Sal

ustmer
pobohility
Sale made es one

and

p(+)

Without Raplaument
Drawingy
A bon contains A wite andB black balls.

4 (atb) ane droun at vando

that probabitty
a! ane wite aud a
them oaty
blab.
 ACo
AtB
atb
deret catgones,
the bon coutoins balls a 3
A d wite 2 baek aud c ed and (attotc)
balls a dranou .
the
T probablity thod auou
wite,5 lack and Cad.

AtBtc

Cartc blace
)A bog, coutais
ohat the probabiity
ane drauou at raudou,
that 3 swite aud black.

Platb) ACa
b-B

g42

bxs
1X2

bo
 Aue men coupay Ro au grddteotu .
J3me ee piceed auct tu alo at rand ou
what is He probabili ty thot tuy ae l gracuaby
what is the polbabiliby a ateant ee graduata?
no.
egra duae in th compay
3: no. non - dutu - 1s
gradus iu the sampe -3

b= o non-grodutes in the Bample

ACa c

1X2 x3

JoxI

Pro pabi lity Hhot Hey

i)
Sn erder to tind the prbabiliy 4 atleat
graduate it boill be easier to id th probeb1lit

9radust.
 A-s ISx jyxI3
b=3

223

PCatost braduolu ) = I- non is agaduat

227

286

Pro babiluty altiast Gn a a graduta

3) Abag contains 8 ud and 5 wlite ball%. Tewo

suessine drws made without ruplaunanta
tud le probability that e tirst olraing wil gue 3
oite blls and the secono s balls.
4

Sn :
gues 3wita
let Adenot th ennt 1c draiog
balls
oleote t e event and druing gie 3
B
ed bols.
he po PA8)
we hewe toind
P(AB) = PA). P

PA) = 8

13X12)I
1X2x3
 to find the conditiona prob PB)
nen A hos actually happenad (iey
Soiite bals So th ot
en bean takau out
naai ng 7 d and2 wite balls in Hha
dra
So. th prob a

120

1X2x3

IX2-X 3
1
IG3

429

H)tour cards ae drauu ot andou fouu a fel pad.

what Hee prokability that te belon to
diferent suit.
13 rpade
13 Heart
12d1ampo
(141+)
(3 cluk
 Rupeatod Trials - Dranding with Raplaumet:
Dn 'u'upeabd toicls af enpoinut, 4 p
henuaLs a Constant
Constant inn eace hial, then the probabiity
that tte event

p
whe P
probabilihy occrane f au eent
Suss

4 on - OCLUr an ce
(-p),(PH9) 1> faldse.
Thus te pobability eyr' sueses u' indpandd
in
ials s

",n- oueu pis the probability y

Bues
te event

DA coiu is tossed lo tiws.tind the probabity

geting
() Ematu bheods
(Ú) a huads and i tcl.
n De toss
esibe the cppecLY n heo
lat us
that t coiy
Coin Then asunig

prob
ot tectd biy
the yut tossig
 (e) )

PeH) = Wio (

joxf**MSASAYxe
X

(Ve)
o.
12

a) The probabi lihy thct an colge studut wi

a gracduat probabiiy thed

out a 5 entering studernts,

æ) noe
(u) me
( ) at uast ne will be o graduat.
stn:
wl)
lat the event e stdt enrng collg
9raduat be calle a sucws Thenfoe

Asuming that the suce

enent dos not the sut
e sult < auu etiershuut
iñclpondut

(0)PCnous is a bradut )
 (0) (o.4)

Gradust)
Se(o.y)' (o.6)*

P (Atleast ne Gmeduat)
hone w a Graduet
3) A wadine pyduus n
4 artilo ane hosen Aandsnly, find tu probability h
thu ane otlast e olgectiues arfiles .
Penoting te renta
Ocaurene a adjechue artides as
we ud that
Þprob defect ati de e

- e curena e! dafechue artils does not alfect t

occeene

ipvob anothr avtides being Gr hot hence

indipendint.
nz
4-2

Thoem .
Bayud

apondant

Au event A Ca Me

rlsiwe and ereheustiue set a events Bn

buppose the
the unondi tional
pobaility
P(e,), P(B>), P (Bn ).
andl te Condlitianal probubi liby,

P ), PA).... (A)au knaon.

Bn
Tun the Condiional prodbobility P(Bi) a speutied
eyeyt Bi, when A iu apeh
tated to hae autualy ocrtd

P(Bi).

P(Bi)

Bers thuonm.

Proa:
The enent A can happen in n nutually enelesiu
ways.
B, A, By A, .... BoA, either whn B, has o e or
B. by the theonm y total probabi lity
PA) = P(B, A+ B A+ -.. Bo 4)

P(BA)+ P(B2A) + . P(Bn A)

mutualy eoclsiue.
P(e). P

P(an) .)
sing mlipliati en tthconm 0

i-)
 Agcin P(Ai) = PIA)
P(3iA) = P( PA
Since tue events AB: Qnd BiA ane equivlant, theiy
Probabilis ne egual. Hena,
PA). P(B P(Bi)
P(A).
q): P(Bi). PA)
1) P(B;).P )

PA)
Subsiteing for PlA) frou about,
P(B) : PBi).
PB1). P)
-
P(Bi). P)
Hence te theor is prowd.
Ths is knoon as Bayert Theotm formua for
probabilities a hypothesis, because B.B2, . Bn may
be consiceed as dypothusis which aLcount for the
Ocurene oy A.Thuse ane Calld (P(Bi), P(B). PBn
piox probabi lihes a hypothesid (ie) (prolbabi litins pior
to
any knolclg as to the

a pos tuyio
Probabilities tu Same hypothass () prob
oftr t Ournu a Ais dufinitly kuoon
)Two bons cotcn Aespechvey wite and"&blaeh, a
Iwite and 3 black balls. One ball is tranfered trom
firat bon into seond and ten aua balb is drauon
fom te Latter. t turw out t Hha bae. ohad a the
prpbab lihy thct te transtered ball wcs o
Sln:

2 hypettuóe
3, = the tranfoxed ball
ball as ita

blak.

The eent Awieh is statd to haue actaally

Aoppened alfer tue B, and Bo s
A- the boll drcuon tou tee
gd bon s black

we hane to find te psokability P )

P (B)) = P(B2)
draun is
Aso, P Probability that the bell asuirg
): fom tle cond bon,
blach
that the harfd ball isia olib
wliti balls)
(3 blach balls,20+/)

the ball drun is blal

Prob tht asing tht
fron the Seond bon, blakh.
hanfd ballis
4 ybbck (s), wlte pall)
=

Wsiny BoysthoEmy
 P(Bi). P
B

RANDDM VARIABLE

S be a
ample some gien random enpeinu
t has Been obsunud that the out
comes (( sowple e
poioi nt 4 S) ae wot asays enbers. weWe may amign
a eal umber to eaeh suple point acco rding to Aomt
di ie Aule. Such an asignmert giuen function
datined ample spae s". This is called a
YLndeu vanable (os stochastic vaniab)
Randoua vanable x way be dyined a funkon
oich asigs al unber ce) to eccth suple
a qien saupu spau S.

Tlustrahon 1:
In the randon enpeitt tosSi Roins, let flu
 roundoua vaiaba denotiny The wwnoer huads ,they
we haue asied a wember to eceh
sople point
as dollows.
x(HH) =2 ,x (HT) |

îUustteten 2:

Kt 8= 1 1,2,3,4, 5,b2 be a sampe ea tna

randam enpeimant a di. The sople
points e 1,2, 3,, S,6 thouing
We wad indue the vadeu vyicle X = her.
poirts obtaina
oen the die isthoDn,
X(2) = 2 X(3) = 3
x (6) 6

Buppose, we intooue Qnotthe ande vanable y n Haa

Saple spau y =(n0 poita es thzee) +hen
YU) = (l- 3) y
2

2)(2-3) =I
2
Y3) =(3 -3) =o
These a shoon in the tabla balowi

auple point
Radom Vaicde y

A Yandeu vayiablo, wih asmes a uainber

er a contable taiuit Vaus is calld

|discete Yondom vanablo
4 the randoa Vanabe ansumesa wncuntaby
iite ho e! values,t is callud continuaus rarclen aniahi.
|Diserete Probablitu Distributi:
be a olistte cndom variaba olith an
te values i, s, e .... (amnged in inheo
order a magnituce) with pzobabilihies P., P,
Pil.
The
pe cific afion
the set f vales ni togethe
with their probabilihes Pil,2,5 .. . )
dtingo th
diset pobabilty dismibutin x.
det norte f(0) to denot probability that
Xtles a pecitied vau7ordom x. vaiab olor
prob is probd n

The function t09 is calluol the pokab ity nas

funcien CPmt) or inply probabiliy funton

the disuete randonn variablu x. Tt atifies two
Conslitions
(1) 4on) o

the summation iu li) being trhen o r all vals

on =2 Ci= 1, 2 -.)
(othar wise)
) hd the probability disibuton the rande
Vaaicbls n isthciens tand 2.
Soutin:
ci) Asuwing +hat te cois s wnbsed,the
swmple spae is iit ound
 P (u*= o)

P ( =2)
the pobabiliy distibutio xX uu
2 Totol
4)
'

|2 n ilustrahon 2, amunin that the die is wnainod,

tte pob dit
3

Again
P
PYeo)
=

P(Y4)
P(Y-q) = P (Ee}) =e
The probability distibuton y is hneafor
To tl

fey

%Y dunole te randon vaiable randen vanables.

4 denot the arbitary values f thee
 ind the pYoability distibuhons a t
oa coin io throuwn Yepeatlly unil the first head
Ouppearb
Here : H, TH, TTH, TTH
.)
Sauple poinB H TH TTT H

Amumiug that he coin s wnbaised

Pe =o) = P(SH3)
P = V2
P(2-) P (4TH3) -((V
P(u2)
P(xs)

Henee the probability diutibaion

2 3
Tota)
fca) Va ( ()
Coninuous Pobability Distibuhon:
a contnuous Tand VQvcble tue
no possibe varicloles it can a s e ununtady
jintjiite hune te pokabiity for can no be
and

died iu the same WAawMeY a disuste rundlam

atuies two coudition

 (U) (co) de:|

The pooloilty hat Xis between the poiuts two

Apecikied Values c and d dlined

may be shoon that thià dui iion q probalbility

oatints al the Aai ome 4 prolabi lity
Tu fundhon +o) is talled the probabiliby denity
uncion Cedf) the coutinucs ndon VeialbleX.
Any funhon aiatying both the conditons () and(2)
|ae callud danty funcion.

the tollewig a poobability denity functon?

elsewhna
(9) 14 the ronde vcviable X has the probobi lity
dunity funchon
- 2 2n2 2

elheon ootin P i(2n+8) >st,

Hane Pdenotu pobabi lity
a) the fn f ) is to be a pot, it must tity
t o contnu (1) +(u)

Tt sdities coniion i ( has o hegakue values y

 2

hene nd condiio
conoition is hol atii

not ea P.o t

b) The enent ( +3)> s ’ n 2 ,

4() d f o oBor

Cummeabue dishibution Quncion: cd4)

The probabi lity that
Tondom vaiaJol x tales
Vaus les than or equal to a pecificd value à
oa funtion y x andy i wualy cnotd by Fou). Yui
caled umlahiue dist fn. c. o.f siupy
dist t th randen variable x.

Fo) prena po babi lity it must ie bleo o and1j

 tor the dis yete obalilty dishibukon 4 x, wlih
asums iuite values with
pro babi litis P,.... eu upechvaly the C. dt a

P,

P,+P2 +Ps

The pobobiity thot n ies inn an intml, seuy bl

Choth indunie is gien by

=F(a) - F s .
Drob dist o with Pd
tor the coinuous
Cotb),t e C- dt'a
4(n) in the ivterval

Fa)=f2) dn

obtained trou tle C:at Foy by

Pdt can be
dillent with epetiuely
fn) = d F)
da
 PROBAPILITY DISTR)BUTION
I Binomial Distibubion:

D+ is also
known as tthe
the Ber houlli olistibubon n
honour a! tte swis mothe uchiçia
also derined it. Jaob Bernouli Ci6sy- h

oa
disnete_prob distibubion that iu fuquany
Coentd. Considler indaperdort
n
trials of a random enpevin
hauing only a out cOes ces t faile et He prob
sucwss n auy trial be p aud prob
Csuch tials e caulled failun beqP
YANdom varicble dandeno Benoulli trioala). Lat
the no.
X

Bucexs
Can be obtaind
Cnd Bo
te prob geting oaoty
P (M= 2 ) =
m= O, I, 2
tu Paraetus iuomial
dit ad wne X B, n, P) to olnote that X fel
binoial dit ith Paramies los

Mean and Varianu t binoial dist

(() Mean

(u) Vaiante

(üi) Std Deviathon :

Probi:

3 suLLess Cn
t un he chanu qettiny a sues in rial /3.
Kln:
 PCx=)

=D. 33 appo.

2) tor a biwowial dis buin tthe mean

3td daichian is Va iud tte fint Qt r s

Su:

Hean
() np = b

ne

x3

P (X: ) =
P (K= o)
( (Ys)

PCX=1)
 Su:

= bx ('3)

)eueu oiw
biuowi
doibahou hiud sut te pabiiby olotasui ng attaost
s head

Þ= 0.s
5

P(x2s) =
s(o-t
0.O369 + O.oO4)
+ P(x6)+ P(* -1)

O. lb + o.0SU + 0. OO18.
produced by a walie
olehu oleerwiu tt eobahi ity that out cy 4
- 0 . 226b bolts cluoseu at roude.

The probability qetting atleost slhenco (u) o

(i) At wwost Q with the dtech
Lis a Tandon Vaiabla tollowiug biowi
n
distiutkon
He

Let o. diectue bola

 P(Atleost 1H) P(x=7)+ P(K = 8) + P(x=9 +

:0. L 04b =1°c,o5) (os)?

loLa o.s)'(o s) +

=0.1121

Amoug 28 prafesors a cartaiu dupart mint 18 driua

foreigu
Cors.

ü) P (9s 2) - P(K- o) + P =) +P =) Sni

X= o

n= S

o.4128. p 18
28

7 10 Coivs au thrown simultanosy ud the pob

23

eti ug atuost 7 heads. Y: 3, 4.S

Sun
foreig ca 2
Sc, (9-b4)(0.3
P: 0.5
: 0 5

Y: 1.

D.31t O 4t0.j0
=0.101
 2) Peiseu distibuion:

Tuua is a diante puokoliuhy di hibuhon

wich ' osotiatd with
wit Counhiuo the no. Ocur.
paviuar eveut say, the no telepo calla

air pot
dunvg a pariulav Hue
intrval Roe euents can be well deseritd u
Poison distibhon . The
Tu o.
larae emers in a pag a ok
(The poisn dist be considu qood
to be a
apprmi waion the biuowial distriaton oln tthu
o" trias ) is large and the
P= o]
praticol prposes
The poison disibuhisn is sien by fnhon
e

and wnt

Xu P(: A)
and ananu f the Poiun distibuion e
Te
both e ual t thu pa vG ute A.
)tind tthe po tuat atmost
Boundd iu a bon a 20o fuss. 4 euperiene shows
ct a?) an datetie:
let be the o.

= l00XO.02

(a 4) -

P(xs)
e - ,2 -H,3
3)

2)

=0.01832 (2e

=0.1851 Co.7693

prob 4 diallin
prob
Hhe pob dialli g eactly

Let x be the dias

(e -a.tIR2
P . OS
 P(x2) eA

-S_3

:0. 00b7Y
IX2-X3

=0. lyO.

3)) A A
maulactu cotty piws
piws knows that S7. hu
produt ia dalekue
ud
norautos that ot moe than lo pins will
dletu, ohat te app voniwat prob tht He
be
will Jail to meet Guaanted qual
Sh:

P=5
loo

at X be e no.
pis.
dafectie piu in a bon

=|00 Xo. Ds

Po) =|- P (XL 10)

-SI
,-S_2
3)
-5_
e
te-5_1
s +ese°
6!
 : ) - LO.oobT + o.0327 + 0.o7 + O. l4O4 tO. )1Ss+
0-11S5 +o. J4b2 + 0. JOL 4+ o. 0653 O:03b3 +

= 1- jo.98b3 )

NogMAL DISTRIBUTION
Noral ds ibution Y huasiun
iost
oisti btiou is te
widey sd continwous
Yaudom variable x is said o diotibuhen. A contiwous
distibutian 4 ita -follow tte horwal
pob cansihy fnckhon i gin by »

The wor wal dit and the noYmal cere

Cwre Hu disbibuhon) hane tu foloowing charakatis
() and 2

ee tle paremtu He norual liut

and wt witt wnt XvNu,).
2) The a noorwaly distibuted popha lis at tue
Cen o te ormel cere.

3) he wean me diau and wode te rua

distiution coin cicle.
) e norma l Cur ú bell shaped and sym metnca
about the tal iwe. thoush the centee .
both 8folu

b) The norral dist a limiing Cay 4 binoniial

distiuion oeh h aud neitther p nor is ery
orall.
The wor ua oit à a iuiting cae e the pöis on dis
 P(zZ2) Px220)= P
Sln:
1. Lx 0(3)
>20 (1)
that, 4 prob tae ind dwiakon
e, Std
and mean
1a tn
it butid oitihormally
3 and Z=-3
blw lies
wormel std tle under bBo6 )
1. toegual
unus norual standard undr
t aa The (Ü)
Wean ts
hormal sted te ohd iadistibutio
2 hormal
ltollpws
tu vaDabla2= raudom lu
dmbuhion ormal tandard The
VOYanu
mean 2 8)The
itcnd Cutibios
s worwad the
 PZ20-12
L

P(Z2)=o.s - 0.y12'

P 2o)
L 20 -u
)
P 2)

O-12

P 3240)

)Xb awor wal vane wean = 30 SD= S

ginen;
o'- S .
 40 -

(2) P(x ys)

P (*2g) =o.s - o.ug 3

.. Te pob

3) Asue that
with a Vari Io9 iches. How mauy odieYs in
a giwent lo00 wold epet o be OueY b eet
tal.
1ainhs: let

V)o.
o3.Q6

P (X>12
1@- b6.22
= 7& :
3.294
 Pe12= P(a >:15)

oodiers erupectd to be
tal is

list al Aoco elechi bllbs it found thet

He e a parti udar wak was horwaly
dishib utd wita an aurane ife aoho hous
Qud D bo hors. Esthmat the
to bur dor
( ) we than Qiso hows
(i) les Hhan 1450
Ho tha l9o but us than Qlbo hoen
e)

slu:

(i) Hore then a)So hrs

bo

Plx>215o) : P(z > 1·s3)

P721 SO ) o. b 33,
 is hys 2lbo than ns but 1qDo than woe
orburn to
likely bsbul no. bulbs, 2oo0 4 Ot
(-222L2) (19203xL2ibo)
P= P
s So then
9
433,) =05-0.
L-l) P410)
P
bo
lura 2ISo then mon jor burn to
lilely bulbs, No-4
 3) Unitorw dishibuion:
A conti nuDs
udo wa xdfind in
in terval (ab) in said to follouw nitos wm distibubhi on
4 ito prob abiliy, duntity is giuen by
dor
b-a

(L) a and the poaramete a Ho olshibuton

( ) We danot

al te distibuku atb and its

Voviane
12

nijorly olstibutd aandou vaiabla witth

vaianu
Su:

unitory dis tibutud tn a, b) then

oturwùR

Mecw a+b

Variae =.(b-a) =

t b
bolwing a+b = 2 aud we get az-l,b
is c,3 )
ese chue

-)
3

P(x o) -
-2

2b : 6
3-2-)

a-l