BUILDING AUTOMATION AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

• Building automation and energy management – Introduction,

• History of development of BAS,
• Typical BAS, criteria for choosing the right BAS
• Information technology, communications & artificial intelligence
in intelligent buildings.
• Design in computer age, engineering intelligence through nature.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND OPERATION
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF BAS
Early 1600s
Invention of the thermostat
Dutch engineer Cornelius Drebbel
invented the world’s first regulator for
keeping egg incubators heated at a
constant temperature. used until the
1970s.

1884
Invention of the modern light switch
,quick circuit break

Early 20th century PROPORTIONAL INTERGRAL DEVICE

Homes go electric

Around 1925
Invention of the heat regulator
A PID controller is an instrument used in
industrial control applications to regulate
temperature, flow, pressure, speed and
other process variables.

1960s
Networking of buildings
The first systems were implemented for
reporting problems in commercially used
buildings. Echo IV (Electronic Computer
Home Operator), a prototype home
computer developed by Westinghouse
Electric engineer James Sutherland,
managed air conditioning, performed
accounting tasks, and shopping lists.
ARCHITECTURE,
ENGINEERING, AND 1986
Building information modeling (BIM)
CONSTRUCTION BIM systems were the first software
tools able to model, combine and
capture all relevant data of a
building. Indispensable prerequisite
for creating today’s building
automation systems.

1979/1980
Building automation goes digital
Direct digital control (DDC) unleashed
a revolution. Its use exploded, greatly
expanding the market for building
automation control systems.

High-speed data transfer

Ethernet prevailed as a cost-effective,
fast, widespread and universally
accepted standard for exchanging
data. This technology paved the way
for open, easily integrated systems.

1969
The advent of digital control
Programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) were the first commercially
available digital computers for
controlling manufacturing processes.
They were initially also used to
control smart homes, consisting of a
DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL – DDC/ETHERNET central processing unit to which
peripherals were connected.
1987 and 1990
The advent of nonproprietary standards
BACnet, a nonproprietary or generic
standard, paved the way for different
building automation systems to
communicate with one another.

1998/1999
Global networking
The Internet also transformed building
automation: connectivity had a huge
impact on the real estate sector, facility
management, manufacturing, and
systems integration. Wi-Fi debuted and
the term “Internet of Things” (IoT) was
coined.

2005
Home automation gains momentum in
Germany
In addition to the use of automation in
commercial buildings, home automation
network technology also took off. Digital
control of lighting, windows, doors,
blinds and indoor temperature became
widespread.

2007
Smartphones propel a great leap
forward, A single device suddenly
replaced media players, cell phones and
mobile communicators
2008
Building automation joins the cloud
Operators began virtualizing their building
management systems in data centers to
benefit from greater security and availability.
Cloud-based services also permitted more
flexible access to building data.

2009
Wireless control of lighting
Wi-Fi, together with an appropriate app,
made it possible to flexibly and remotely
control networked lamps in homes or
commercial premises. The new smart lighting
also included personalized light scenes,
enhanced by motion sensors. Today, the
ability to control lighting and multimedia is an
important aspect of building automation.

2010
Always on the go, always online
Smartphones and tablet computers became
established in industry and business as tools
for controlling intelligent and location-based
products. Increasingly digitized processes
began transforming and simplifying the nature
of work. This trend also influenced the
equipment installed in buildings.

2014
Text-to-speech (TTS) technology
With voice-controlled email and text
messages, audio files found their way into
building automation
2016
The IoT networks building technology
By 2016, some six billion devices were
networked via the Internet of Things,
and the figure for 2020 is estimated at
31 billion. The IoT began to heavily
influence people’s lives and work. The
importance of automation was
steadily increasing in both new and
existing buildings.
The near future
2018 A boom in cloud-based services
A “brain” for buildings Building automation consists of
Commercial buildings were networked sensors and actuators. The
increasingly evolving into smart systems and how they communicate
buildings. Building automation have been standardized to the point
integrated technologies, software and that they can easily connect to many
systems. Routines were improved or cloud-based services. Smart buildings
automated, resulting in greater interact with users and operators, their
efficiency and comfort. systems and their environment. Digital
twins of buildings and intelligent
2020 technologies are giving rise to
additional networked services.
Turnkey artificial intelligence
AI joined the spectrum of building
systems. Intelligent video technology
helps detect fires early, and clever
algorithms predict future energy
consumption. Behavioral patterns are
identified by analyzing real-time data.
The systems learn from all this and
automatically adjust to conditions as
appropriate.
BAS vs. EMS

• BAS (Building Automation System)

• A combination of software and hardware that allows monitoring and automated control of many systems in the
building including lighting, HVAC, security systems, and more.

• The purpose of the BAS is better control of the building’s systems and it’s accessible from a central terminal.

• EMS (Energy Management System)

• monitors, collects, and analyzes data of energy consumption, doesn’t control the systems
• By providing detailed reports and recommendations, helps in making decisions on how to optimize energy
consumption and minimize costs.

THESE 2 SYSTEMS CAN FUNCTION SEPARATELY, OR COMPLEMENT ONE ANOTHER.

 IBMS - INTEGRATED BUILDING
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• An Integrated Building Management System
(IBMS) is a single comprehensive Building
Management System for the integration of
HVAC, Fire Alarm, Public Address, Access
Control, Security, Lighting and other
systems.
• Brings the benefit of better indoor comfort,
energy efficiency, safety and security, and
most importantly better management of all
systems under the unified platform.
• The overall system architecture comprises
of 3 logical layers.
• Management Layer for system monitoring,
controlling, data storage and reporting.
• Control Layer for intelligence of the
systems.
• Field Layer for sensing, controlling and
protecting environmental conditions.
INTERNET OF THINGS/CLOUD ANALYTICS
• Internet of Things (IoT) allows exchange of information and data on a cloud
via IP enabled objects and devices.
• Customized dashboard to users gives data on production, batch,
maintenance, efficiency, energy, etc. remotely.
• Advance analytics on the data to improve efficiency, response, operation,
preventive maintenance, etc.
• Deployment on standard cloud platforms – Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure,
Google.
EATON - “Foreseer facilitates real-time power and environmental system
monitoring at a single facility or multiple locations throughout the world,
helping organizations reduce power consumption costs and avoid
unplanned downtime due to system failure.”

Emerson - “From technically advanced facility controls to rugged and

dependable professional tools to timesaving ergonomic vacuums, Emerson has a
wide array of ways to increase your facilities’ productivity, enhance their comfort
and boost their efficiency.”

Honeywell - “Honeywell can successfully integrate, install and

maintain building management systems and provide life cycle
support for facilities like yours, making it easier to increase
comfort, safety and security for your occupants.”

Johnson Controls - “Insightful building technologies are designed to listen to

what a building is saying about its condition. They collect and analyze data
and then provide insights on how to improve your building’s efficiency and
productivity.”

Schneider Electric - “Our building management systems enable you to

monitor, control and optimize your building’s performance throughout its
lifecycle. Switch to smart building solutions with Schneider Electric
Building Management Systems and Room Controllers.”

Siemens - “From single discipline systems to fully integrated

buildings, whether they are small or large, single- or multi-
site, whether a school, office, hospital or airport, you will
find the right solution in our offering of building
management systems.”
WHAT IS A BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?
• Computer-based system designed to help to monitor, control, measure,
and optimize energy consumption needs of a building.
• The system connects the various systems of a building such as HVAC,
lighting and plant room equipment, to form one central platform for
buildings energy consumption management.
• Building energy management systems offers monitoring, metering, as well
as sub-metering, functions which help collect energy data, giving property
managers and owners a comprehensive insight on building’s energy
usage.
• BEMS is a part of the more extensive building management system which
monitors and controls the mechanical and electrical equipment of a
building such as lighting, ventilation, fire systems, power systems, and
security systems.

WAYS OF MANAGING ENERGY CONSUMPTION

There are three different ways of managing energy consumption
ENERGY CONSERVATION
• Minimizing your building’s energy use by eliminating energy wastage.
• This can help you avoid high bills.
• It can be done either through the economy or other more rational use.
• Done by proven energy conservation methods.(use less)
ENERGY RECOVERY
• Through reusing of energy byproduct from one system as input energy in
another system, reduces total consumption.
• An example of this is using waste heat from a manufacturing process to heat
your building’s water.
ENERGY SUBSTITUTION
• Replace your usual source of energy with a more economical and less polluting
one.
HOW A BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM WORKS
• Operate by integrating with the already existing components
and systems in the building.
• BEMS are easy to implement and are cost-effective as they
require less purchase of new devices to make the system
operational.
• BEMS usually connects with two main categories of systems in
your building.
CATEGORY 1 -EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
• Consist of all the operational physical systems and sensors.
• These systems include heating and cooling, elevators, fire
systems, security systems, and more.
• PURPOSE: By connecting to the existing systems, the building
energy management systems will be able to monitor the
amount of energy consumed, as well as the fluctuations in
energy consumption over time
CATEGORY – 2 CURRENT BUILDING SOFTWARE
• BEMS connects with is the building software.
• BMS (building management systems) and BAS (building
automation systems) are the two standard software that
BEMS will connect with.
• While BMS is used to help manage various aspects of building
from a central application, BAS, on the other hand, helps
automate building management and processes.
• BEMS software will connect to one of the existing systems or
both.
• PURPOSE: BEMS can collect and analyze data from all
systems, offering a more comprehensive and precise insight
on energy use.
• An ideal building energy monitoring system, also adds extra
external information, including weather data, electrical grid
data, and utility billing.
• The systems collect data from your building’s previous and
current sources to ensure you make more informed decisions.
FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF BEMS
COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• A standard BEMS should at least have the following elements.
• A minimum of one principal operator position also called a central station
• A connection of the central station to various remote outstations (or controllers).
• The remote outstations are free to operate independently, and you can also control it from the central station. The said
connection is usually offered through the internet.
• Also, the critical operator position uses an interface it has with the outstations to control multiple functions in the
outstations.
WHY BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS?
• Reducing such operational costs is fundamental for most buildings, especially with various energy-saving policies like
ESOS becoming mandatory.
• Monitoring and managing the use of energy allows for efficient service as well as optimum power utilization.

THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF BEMS INCLUDE:

• To provide a pleasant and healthy indoor climate
• To guarantee the safety owner as well as the user of the building
• Ensuring the economic functioning of the building

SYSTEM GOAL
• The system helps to
identify and highlight
areas where desired
saving of energy can be
applied, and improve the
overall energy efficiency.
• Building management
system, when integrated
a BEMS, eliminates all
sources of energy
wastage and reduces
high operating costs
 FEATURES OF A BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. ADVANCED BUILDING ANALYTICS

• Analyze your building’s energy performance using in-depth data, as well as real-time data.
• The feature also helps the system to detect and fix performance issues automatically.
2. ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS(AMI DATA)
• The system can collect data from a utility on specific time intervals.
• Using this process, you can get a correct understanding of the energy consumption needs and patterns of your
building.
3. AUTOMATED DEMAND RESPONSE
• AutoDR is a feature that automatically helps decrease the use of energy during peak load processes.
• It does this by automating the controls of various components and systems of your building.
4. AUTOMATED BUILDING CONTROL
• Interaction between the energy management system and the multiple systems and devices in your building.
5. PRIMARY ENERGY INFORMATION PORTAL
• A standalone portal or a website that shows the primary energy consumption data of your building.
6. RETROFIT PROGRAMS
• Replace some of the energy consuming gadgets from your building with ones which are more energy efficient. A
simple example is the replacing of light bulbs with new, more energy efficient models.
7. ENERGY CONSUMPTION BENCHMARKING
• Understanding the ongoing performance of your structure better through the historical energy consumption of your
building with the current energy consumption.
8. BUILDING OPTIMIZATION
• To enable the optimization of various system performance in real time.
9. DEMAND RESPONSE
• Effectively respond to the changing factors, including high energy costs and resource capacity needs of the system.
10. MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION
Displays desired results .In essence, the features help in identifying the ROI on your system
BENEFITS OF BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

• Reduces energy consumption

• Reduce operational costs

• Uses the information collected to make informed decisions

regarding energy activities

• Facilitates to be Energy Saving Opportunity Scheme Complaint

• Helps to reduce carbon emissions

• Enhances building efficiency

• Early detection of power issues

• Recognizes system maintenance problems early

FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE INSTALLING A BEMS
THE SIZE OF THE BUILDING
• A sizeable sophisticated building will have more energy consumption needs than a small and less class building.
• FOR EXAMPLE, A SMALL-SIZED BUILDING, a system with a primary energy data portal, offers information based on
incentive availability, offers historical billing analysis, and more.
• FOR A MEDIUM-SIZED BUILDING, you require a system that offers monitoring, Network Operation enter availability,
retro or continuous commissioning, and AMI data analysis, among others.
• LARGE BUILDINGS will, in most cases, demand for advanced and predictive analytics, demand response, building
optimization, automated building control, and more.
THE LOCATION OF THE BUILDING
• Different regions experience varying weather conditions, and this will influence the energy needs of a building.
• Extreme climates require a system that will tackle the energy consumption changes related to change in temperatures.
THE NUMBER OF BUILDINGS
• Multiple buildings require a system that can collect, analyze, and compare data coming from numerous sites. To
Compare BEMS efficiency
THE USE OF THE BUILDING
• For example, a building with offices may require a system with more features than a warehouse.
WHAT IS A BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)?
• BAS is an intelligent system of both hardware and software, connecting heating, venting and air
conditioning system (HVAC), lighting, security, and other systems to communicate on a single
platform.
• This way the automation system gives crucial information on the operational performance of a
building as well as enhancing the safety and comfort of the occupants.
• Usually, these types of automation systems are installed in brand new buildings or as part of a
retrofitting process of an old building.
• The main purposes of building automation systems are reducing energy consumption, reducing
maintenance costs, improving occupants’ comfort and productivity, and extending the life cycle of the
utilities.
WHICH SYSTEMS CAN BE PART OF THE BAS?

– HVAC systems

– Rooftop units

– Electrical systems, including lighting

– Security systems, including surveillance cameras

and alarms

– Plumbing systems

– Fire alarms, and other emergency systems

Building automation system hierarchy
– Elevators, and more.
(Kastner et al., 2005a)
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE BUILDING
AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS)?
• Buildings controlled by BAS often times are called
smart or intelligent buildings.
• Most of the processes are handled on a centralized
control unit.
• More advanced systems can also be controlled
remotely on different mobile devices using specific
apps or platforms which contributes to the “smart
building” term.

WHY BAS?
• More user-friendly
• Greener option and
• Less expensive to operate.

In simple terms the building automation system is just

like the human brain, it tells the building equipment what
to do, just like your brain tells your hands and legs to
move.

CORE FUNCTIONALITIES OF BAS

• keeping the heating, cooling, and ventilation within a
certain range, humidity control, lighting based on an
occupancy schedule,
• proper functioning of the elevators,
• fire prevention,
• security and other critical systems in the building.
• It should also monitor the performance and potential
failures of each utility and alert the managers of the
buildings of detected malfunctions.
COMPONENTS OF BAS
Building automation systems usually have 5 components.
1. SENSORS
• Sensors are devices that keep track of the humidity, temperature,
lighting levels, how many people are in the room, if there is smoke in
the rooms, and other parameters.
• After gathering this information, sensors transmit them to the
controllers.
2. CONTROLLERS
• Controllers are the brain of the building’s automation system.
• They collect all of the information from the sensors and according to
that information, send commands to all connected systems, like
HVAC systems, lighting systems, and more.
3. OUTPUT DEVICES
• When the controller sends out a command, relays and actuators of
the specific systems follow the new instructions or requirements.
• For example, turn on the heating or air conditioning at 6 am so when
people come to work at 8 am, it’s properly heated or air-
conditioned.
4. COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
• Every building automation system uses specific language to connect
each individual component.
• Protocols such as BACnet and Modus help each component to send
and receive information in order to adjust its settings and execute
commands.
5. TERMINAL INTERFACE
• Every BAS has a user interface or terminal from which building and
facility operators can access it.
• This terminal helps users to understand the information transferred
between each component and gives the opportunity for making
adjustments manually.
• The displays are visual with photo-realistic graphics.
• These graphics usually show each floor plan with each piece of
equipment.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF A BAS?
FINANCIAL ASPECT
• When the use of every piece of equipment is optimized, it’s lifespan increases, which
result in more indirect savings.
• Another important financial aspect is increasing the building’s overall value. Firstly,
implementing a BAS is adding to the property’s value. Secondly, by offering better
comfort as well as being more environmentally friendly, smart buildings are more
attractive to tenants.

OCCUPANTS’ COMFORT
• Properly configured BAS can help to build operators to avoid unpleasant calls of
employees feeling too hot or too cold, The biggest benefit of having an automated
HVAC system is having proper temperature in winter and summer by regulating the
temperature before anyone arrives in the building and after everyone leaves.
• Another benefit that contributes to the occupants’ comfort is the ability to maximize
the use of natural light, then to regulate the amount of fresh air in the building and
more. Usually, when people start feeling sleepy and lethargic it’s because of the lack
of fresh air and oxygen.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
• Smart buildings tend to have fewer carbon footprints making them more sustainable
and energy-efficient, which opens the door for receiving certifications, such as LEED,
Energy Star, or Tenant Star.
• Many building owners are particularly interested in having a portfolio of energy-
efficient buildings.
ADOPTING THE RIGHT BUILDING
AUTOMATION SYSTEM
• While implementing a BAS, building
managers need to make sure that it will
not become obsolete in a few years. The
ever-changing technology poses a big
challenge for these systems.
• Building managers need to be up to date
with all technology changes and how
these changes can be implemented in the
existing system.
• Building automation systems are not
something that you will set and forget. It
needs a proper strategy so it’s functional
for many years.
• Many buildings have simple automation
systems that provide limited information
for its users, so the managers can’t easily
optimize the systems due to lack of
information. However, the full upgrade
requires big investments, so many owners
or managers decide to reduce these
spending's by using the retrofitted
system.
• Another challenge is using closed BAS.
Closed BAS allows adding new features to
the existing system only if those features
are coming from the same company that
created the BAS. This way, system
upgrades will have limited features and
limited flexibility.
WHAT IS AN INTELLEGENT BUILDING
A SUSTAINABLE INTELLIGENT BUILDING can be understood to be a complex system of inter-related three
basic issues
• People (owners; occupants, users, etc.);
• Products (materials; fabric; structure; facilities; equipment; automation and controls; services); and
• Processes (maintenance; performance evaluation; facilities management) and the inter-relationships between these
issues.
1.Environmental friendliness – sustainable
design for energy and water conservation;
effective waste disposal; zero pollution.

2.Space utilization and flexibility.

3.Value-giving quality for economic whole

lifetime costs.

4.Human health and well-being.

5.Working efficiency and effectiveness.

6.Safety and security measures – fire,

earthquake, disaster, and structural
damages.

7.Culture; meeting client expectations.

8.Effective innovative technology.

9.Construction and management

processes.

10.Health and sanitation.