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REVISION BOOKLET- CLASS XTH 2024-2025

BY - PRAVEEN KUMAR TGT- SOCIAL SCIENCE MOB- 9289747304

GEOGRAPHY L-1 RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT


Q1 What do you mean by resource planning? Why is it necessary ?
Ans Resource planning is the Globally accepted strategy adopted for judicious use of
natural resources.
Resource planning is necessary because -
1 Natural resources like Minerals , metals are available in Limited quantities on earth.
2 They take millions of years to replenish, for example coal and petroleum.
3 for sustainable development of country resource planning is necessary .
4 Once natural resources like coal, petroleum, metals,minerals vanish from the Earth
then they will not be available for future generation.

Q2 What are the steps/ stages of resource planning in India ?


Ans- There are three steps/ stages of resource planning in India .
1 Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.This
involves surveying mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.
2 Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and
institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
3 Matching the resource development plans with overall National Development Plans.

Q3 What is sustainable development? give its importance.


Ans Sustainable development means ‘development should take place without damaging
the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the need
of the future generations’
IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1 Over utilisation and over exploitation of natural resources for development may lead to
social, economic and environmental problems.
2. Accumulation of resources in a few hands may lead to conflict between societies and
countries.
3 Over exploitation of resources may lead to depleting the quality and quantity of the
natural resources.
4 Depleting the quality and quantity of resources pose a direct threat to the generations
yet to come.

Q4 What are the main causes of land degradation in India?


Ans The main causes of land degradation in India are as follows –
Natural causes
1 Erosion of topsoil wind e.g in desert area
2 Washing away the top soil by water / flood
3 Soil becomes saline and unfit for agriculture use due to alkaline deposits.

Some human activities which causes Land Degradation

1) Mining sites are abundant after excavation work is complete living deep scars leads
to land degradation e.g in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha

2) Deforestation due to various reasons like mining, urbanisation etc have caused
severe Land Degradation eg in Madhya Pradesh ,Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

3) Overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation in states like Gujarat,
Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

4) Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to
increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil eg in states like Punjab, Haryana, Western
Uttar Pradesh

5) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and


calcite and soapstone for the ceramic industry generate huge quantities of dust in the
atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down
on the land and cause Land Degradation eg In states like Rajasthan and Gujarat

6) Industrial effluents as waste which are dumped into the soil without processing
cause land degradation and water pollution.

Q5 What are the various ways by which the problem of land degradation can be reduced
in India?
Ans Various ways to control the problem of Land Degradation-
1 Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
2 planting of shelterbelts of plants.
3 Control on overgrazing.
4 Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes to check land degradation.
5 Control of mining activities and filling of excavation sites.
6 Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and waste after treatment can
reduce land and water degradation.
Q6 What are the factors which contribute to the formation of soil?
Ans Factors that continue to the formation of soil are follows-
1 Relief features
2 Parent rock or Bedrock
3 Climatic conditions
4 Time period
5 Vegetation and other forms of life
6 Various forces of nature like
Change in temperature
Action of running water
Wind and glaciers
Activities of decomposers and microorganisms

Q7 What is Regur soil ? What are its characteristics? In which states is it found in India?
Ans Black soil is called regur soil. It is suitable for growing cotton.
Characteristics of black soil are as follows-
1 Black soil is made up of extremely fine particles i.e.clayey material.
2 It has the capacity to hold moisture or water.
3 It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, Potash and lime.
4 They develop deep cracks during hot weather which help in proper aeration of the soil.
5 These soil are sticky when wet and difficult to work unless tilled immediately after rain.
It is made up of Lava flow so found in the Deccan Plateau region, Maharashtra
,Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh

Q8 What is the difference between Khadar and Bhangar soil?


Ans
KHADAR SOIL BHANGAR SOIL
1 This soil is found near the river Basin 1 This soil is found away from the river Basin
2 It consists of new alluvial soil. 2 It consists of old alluvial soil.
3 It is renewed every year by the 3 It can not be renewed every year as
deposition of silt brought from the river. located far away from the river.
4 It consists of very fine particles. 4 It contains large particles called kankars.
5 It is highly fertile in nature 5 It is not so fertile
6 It is suitable to grow any crop. 6 It is not suitable for growing crops.
7 It is located in the Northern Plains like 7 It is located in the states like Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Bihar Gujarat .

Q9 What is soil erosion? what are the types of soil erosion?


Ans Soil Erosion- The denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down is
described as soil erosion.
TYPES OF SOIL EROSION
1 GULLY EROSION- Sometimes the running water cuts through the clayey soils and
makes deep channels as gullies.The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as
Bad Land.

2 SHEET EROSION- Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large area down a slope
.Ine Sach cases the top soil is bost away . This is known as sheet erosion. In Chambal
basin sach land are called Ravines.

3 WIND EROSION- High Speed Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as
wind erosion.

4 DEFECTIVE FARMING METHODS - Soil erosion is also caused due to defective


methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way i,e Up and down the slope from channels
for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.

Q10 Give some measures to protect soil from erosion?


Ans Measures to protect soil from erosion
1 CONTOUR PLOUGHING- Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate or slow
down the flow of water down the slopes.This is called contour ploughing and protects
soil from erosion.

2 TERRACE FARMING - Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. terrace
cultivation restrict erosion.Western and Central Himalaya have well developed terrace
farming.

3 STRIP CROPPING - Large fields can be divided into strips. strips of grass are left to
grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the Wind and protects soil from
erosion.

4 SHELTER BELTS - The sand dunes and winds in western India Like in Rajasthan
and Gujarat can be stabilised by Planting lines of trees. Rows Maar Diyaof such trees
are called shelter belts .

5 AFFORESTATION - Growing of trees along the corners and borders of fields help to
protect the soil from erosion.

6 CONTROL OF MINING ACTIVITIES - Filling the mining sites after excavation work is
complete help to protect soil from erosion.

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