See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/282066245

PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device

Article · January 2011

CITATIONS READS

5 76

4 authors, including:

Frederic Segonds Nicolas Maranzana

Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers
112 PUBLICATIONS 1,117 CITATIONS 84 PUBLICATIONS 799 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Philippe Véron
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers
156 PUBLICATIONS 1,885 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Engineering Education View project

CREATIVENESS View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Frederic Segonds on 18 November 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment
on a mechanical device
Frédéric Segonds, Nicolas Maranzana, Philippe Veron, Améziane Aoussat

To cite this version:

Frédéric Segonds, Nicolas Maranzana, Philippe Veron, Améziane Aoussat. PLM and design
education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device. Product Lifecycle Management
International Conference - PLM’11, 2011, Eindhoven, Netherlands. IFIP, pp.NA, 2011. <hal-
01171974>

HAL Id: hal-01171974

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01171974
Submitted on 6 Jul 2015

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés.
 Science Arts & Métiers (SAM)
is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech
researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible.

This is an author-deposited version published in: http://sam.ensam.eu

Handle ID: .http://hdl.handle.net/10985/9715

To cite this version :

Frédéric SEGONDS, Nicolas MARANZANA, Philippe VERON, Améziane AOUSSAT - PLM and
design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device - In: Product Lifecycle
Management International Conference - PLM'11, Pays-Bas, 2011 - Product Lifecycle
Management International Conference - PLM'11 - 2011

Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository

Administrator : [email protected]
International Conference on Product Lifecycle Management 1

PLM and design education: a collaborative

experiment on a mechanical device

Frédéric Segonds1, Nicolas Maranzana1,

Philippe Véron2, Améziane Aoussat1
1
Arts et Metiers ParisTech, LCPI
151 boulevard de l‟Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
{frederic.segonds ; nicolas.maranzana ; ameziane.aoussat}@ensam.eu
2
Arts et Metiers ParisTech, LSIS
2 cours des Arts et Metiers, 13617 Aix-en-Provence, France
[email protected]

Abstract: The shift from sequential to concurrent engineering has initiated

changes in the way design projects are managed. In order to assist designers,
numerous effective tools have been devised for collaborative engineering,
which are also well suited to the business world. Faced with these new
challenges, practices in design training must evolve to allow students to be
mindful of these evolutions as well as to be able to manage projects in these
new work environments. After presenting a state of the art of collaborative
tools used in product design, our paper presents an experiment focusing on the
codesign of a complex mechanical product. This experiment was carried out
between two centers of the Arts et Metiers ParisTech School of Engineering,
located in Paris and Angers. We analyze the results obtained in this experiment
and discuss some ways to improve future projects for inter-centre training
programs in design engineering.

Keyword: Design, Education, PLM, Collaborative Design

1 Introduction
One of the most important changes in design habits in the first decade of the 21th century
is the phenomenon of Business Process Outsourcing also known as BPO, experienced by
various professions [1]. In order to give to mechanical engineering students a first view
of the extent of globalization, many Schools of Engineering have integrated within their
training programs, design projects involving students as participants [2-5].
The main question from here is : "How can we, as engineering educators, respond to
global demands to make our students more productive, effective learners?" and how can
PLM help us to achieve this goal?
The Product Lifecycle Management approach to the manufacturing of complex goods
is now considered as one of the major technological and organizational challenges of this
decade, to cope with the shortening of product lifecycles [6]. Thus, design education has
changed in order to provide students with some experience in collaborative design during
their studies. Moreover, PLM can also be a solution to face one of the main problems in
our educational system: the fragmentation of the knowledge and its lack of depth [1].

Copyright © 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

 Segonds, Maranzana, Véron, Aoussat

Following an analysis of recent changes in the industry regarding practices in product

design, we propose a chronological review of methods used in businesses to improve
their competitiveness, and describe the challenges these raise for education in engineering
design. We then present an experiment carried out in the Arts et Metiers ParisTech
School of Engineering, experiment whose goal was to define an optimized environment
for collaborative work in design projects.

2 The evolution of design teams in the industry

In a context marked by increasing competition, businesses must suit their organization to
the demands of their customers. In this context, the reduced duration of development
cycles and the increasing complexity of mechanical systems force businesses to involve
actors from various professional and cultural backgrounds in collaborative projects. The
organization of design teams has also had to adapt to these changes in the industrial
context.
Figure 1 illustrates the changing patterns in the formation of new product
development teams as these moved to greater collaboration and virtuality.

Virtual Co-location
Development of design teams

Members are geographically dispersed

and co-located via technology

Physical Co-location
Members are operating in
physical proximity

Project Team
Members are not physically co-located

« Over-the-wall »
Design activities are fulfilled
sequentially

Traditional mode IT supported

Figure 1 Changes in design teams adapted from [7, 8].

Obviously, these industrial evolutions have been supported by evolutions in work
methods and in the associated digital tools. The following section presents a state of the
art of these methods and tools.

3 State of the art

In this part, we propose a chronological state of the art of the methods applied in the
business world in order to improve their competitiveness.

3.1 Concurrent Engineering

Towards the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, two forms of design
organization emerged as distinct alternatives: sequential design, which involves carrying
out design tasks one after the other, and concurrent engineering, or integrated design [9-
11]. Two aspects of Concurrent Engineering (CE) that distinguish it from conventional
 PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device

approaches to product development are cross-functional integration and concurrency. In

sequential engineering, exchanges between actors are based on direct relationships. In the
CE, one must define common interfaces between the various tasks. Indeed, CE is an
approach to product development, in which considerations about product life cycle
processes, from product planning, design, production to delivery, service, and even end-
of-life, are all integrated. By carrying out all these tasks in a parallel fashion, it becomes
possible to reduce the time and costs of design, but also to improve the quality of
products.
With the development of Information Technology (IT), CE methods have evolved
gradually toward collaborative engineering.

3.2 Collaborative engineering

In the case of collaborative engineering, which emerged in the 1990s, as in the case of
CE, overlapping tasks are still present, but project stakeholders are requested to work
together and interact in order to reach an agreement and make shared decisions. The
degree of collaboration is assessed here by the level of decision coupling. Designers from
the whole group work together to design the product, following customers‟ needs. The
project leader, as well as the project group (a group of designers from various companies
who have competences and skills in various fields) thus attempt to build and maintain a
common view of the problem and solve it together [12]. Collaborative activity is
synchronized and coordinated throughout the process of collaboration.
Thus, as synergy is created between project actors in collaborative engineering, PLM
ensures that synergy is created throughout the whole of the product lifecycle.

3.3 PLM
In the early 2000s, PLM emerged as a solution to adapt industrial design to the demands
of globalization. Indeed, as PLM addresses the entire lifecycle of the product, it has a
cross-functional nature and deals closely with the way a company runs [6]. Collaborative
design has been the subject of numerous studies. With the development of PDM (Product
Data Management), PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) and associated workflows,
software firms have proposed solutions to the everyday problems of engineering design
departments (versioning of documents, naming etc.). Product Lifecycle Management
aims to cover all development stages of a product, by integrating processes and people
taking part in the project [13]. This concept is generally used on industrial products. For
Amann [14], over the past several years, PLM has emerged as a term to describe a
business approach for the creation, management, and use of product-associated
intellectual capital and information throughout the product lifecycle. Thus, PLM is an
approach in which processes are just as important as data, or even more so. The PLM
approach can be viewed as a trend toward a full integration of all software tools taking
part in design and operational activities during a product life cycle [6, 15]. Therefore,
PLM software packages need product data management system; synchronous and
asynchronous, local and remote collaboration tools; and if necessary, a digital
infrastructure allowing exchanges between software programs.
Several important challenges, however, must be met if one is to integrate PLM tools
within design education.
 Segonds, Maranzana, Véron, Aoussat

3.4 Challenges for Design Education

Design education focuses on teaching students how to do design. The key point in design
education is to learn how to design.
In engineering education, PLM is a means for students to structure their design
methodology. Indeed, before starting an efficient collaboration, students must be mindful
of how it works, and how the work can be divided between stakeholders. Thus, from an
education point of view, PLM method can be viewed as a sophisticated analysis and
visualization tool that enables students to just improve their problem-solving and design
skills, but importantly improve their understanding of the behavior of engineering
systems [1].
In a globalized world, products are typically, nowadays, designed and manufactured
in several locations worldwide. Thus, it is essential to train students to Computer
Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) [16]. Moreover, they will need, increasingly, to
use tools, skills, and experiential knowledge suited to „extreme‟ collaborative
environments. Even for the collaborative design of innovative products, there is an urgent
need for specific educational pedagogical strategies and techniques [17]. In the field of
engineering, companies and professional organizations expect students to be equipped
with a basic understanding of engineering practices, and be able to perform effectively,
autonomously, and in a team environment [18]. Traditional design projects (i.e. with co-
located teams and synchronous work) could reach this aim until a few decades ago, but
they are insufficient nowadays.
The experiment presented in the following section aimed to apply the collaborative
tools available at the Arts et Metiers ParisTech School of Engineering to a redesign
project, in order to derive some pathways for the improvement of an existing
collaborative work environment.

4 Experimentation

4.1 Pedagogical approach and experiment objectives

We propose a pedagogical approach based on two kinds of tools: the “engineering
toolbox” with CAD and PDM tools to store and share data and the “communication
toolbox” with communication tools such as Sametime, Skype, MSN. In the proposed
design project, two distant teams collaborate and must face some problems which are
partly related to some general aspects of distributed work, such as effective
communication, building and maintenance of a shared understanding and conflict
management. It is also partly due to the very nature of the design process [8].
An efficient collaboration requires, according to Yesilbas [19] three different types of
knowledge: pre-collaborative knowledge, in-collaboration knowledge, and post-
collaborative knowledge. Pre-collaborative knowledge is the pre-requisite information,
necessary to enter in the project. In our case, pre-collaborative knowledge might include
prior knowledge of CAD and PDM tools. A lexicon was also created at the beginning of
the project in order to give the same name to the same mechanical parts in the two teams,
which constitutes pre-collaborative knowledge. This lexicon was enriched with photos of
real mechanical parts, to avoid any ambiguity. Then the in-collaboration knowledge deals
with the knowledge that must be shared and exchanged to achieve the action, specifically
 PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device

intermediary representations [20]. In these stages, representations adapted to business

constraints must be found to enable effective collaboration. As part of our project, the
main IRs generated were CAD parts and “Microsoft Office” documents. Finally, post-
collaboration knowledge, i.e. knowledge produced after collaborative actions. These were
archived as best-practice documents in the database, to capitalize on the solutions found
to main technological challenges raised during the project. Once pre-collaborative
knowledge was established, the first goal of our experimentation was to evaluate remote
codesign activities, specifically to study design activities involving several participants
working from several distant sites, using the tools at their disposal to communicate and
share data. Next, we analyzed the relevance of these tools, their impact on designer
activity, and more broadly on the design process. This was done using questionnaires
handed out to the students working in the project. Based on this study, we propose some
perspectives for optimizing this remote codesign activity, which have been implemented
since.
In the next section, we present the project which served as a basis for this
experimentation.

4.2 Presentation of the project

In this section, we first present the context of our study, and then the product whose
design served as teaching material in our project.

4.2.1 Context and methodology

Arts et Metiers ParisTech is a School of Engineering composed of eight centers located in
France in Aix-en-Provence, Angers, Bordeaux, Châlons en Champagne, Cluny, Lille,
Metz, and Paris. The School has developed a collaborative engineering platform aimed at
managing innovation projects between its centers. Each center has computer workstations
equipped with CatiaV5 (Computer Aided Design software) and Smarteam (Product Data
Management software). Students assigned to the project (7 students in our case) have
access to the platform and the data it contains. Students also have access to Sametime,
which allows sharing and exchanging presentations or work on a whiteboard.
The project, lasting about eighty hours over six months, involved two teams of
students in their second year of School of Engineering. Team A, located in Paris
comprised three students. Team B, located in Angers (about three hundred km west of
Paris) comprised four students. Sessions allocated to the project (twenty working sessions
of four hours) did not necessarily take place simultaneously between the two teams.
Thus, asynchronous modes of collaboration were implemented. None of the participants
had ever completed a design project in remote collaboration. Students were able to
communicate using the tools of their choosing. However, they had to design the digital
mock-up of the object using Catia and Smarteam software. Following the first "physical"
meeting to launch the project, students could communicate by telephone and video
conference (via Skype), email, chat (via MSN). At the kickoff meeting, a project
methodology was defined. The overall architecture of the database was validated by the
two teams and formatted thereafter. This architecture allowed students to easily find and
classify their data. The preferred design methodology was as follows. First, a functional
skeleton was created to allow each team to position its components in the overall design
environment. Then, sub-assemblies were assembled and the overall digital model was
 Segonds, Maranzana, Véron, Aoussat

created in Catia. The overall schedule was also frozen during this first meeting. The
overall project methodology implemented in the course of this project is illustrated in
Figure 2 below.

Figure 2 Synopsys of the project methodology

The horizontal axis describes the time line. The two teams (Paris and Angers) met
together for the kickoff meeting. The database architecture in Smarteam was defined and
the physical parts of the headlight were distributed between the stakeholders. Then,
students remotely produced the functional skeleton of the product, i.e. the functional
surfaces useful for positioning its parts in relation to each other. The dot-lined circles
represent the number of "virtual parts" created. Third, sub-assemblies were designed
(using traditional CAD and RE methods) and assembly tests were carried out. Final
assembly and cinematic simulations were carried out remotely, but with virtual
colocation for the final presentation.
This experimental methodology describes a first stage of the process, based on a pilot
project which aimed to remove technological obstacles. We are currently carrying out
more work to generalize our findings to larger-scale collaborative work projects,
involving greater numbers of students.

4.2.2 Product to design

The project is a Reverse Engineering (RE) project. RE is a vast domain in which products
are digitized in order to create a Digital Mock-Up (DMU) on a CAD tool. RE approaches
are widely used in competition analysis or when integrating handmade prototypes into a
global DMU [21]. The study of RE methodology is therefore important for future
engineers. The product to design is a directional headlight that equips top of the range
 PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device

Renault vehicles (see Figure 3). The headlamp is made of a block that performs the
logical functions, and includes the low beam headlight and directional headlight located
at the bottom. From a real directional headlight, the objective was to achieve the design
of this mechanism through a collaboration between the two teams, using the
“collaborative” and “engineering toolboxes”. The DMU was then animated to visualize
the trajectory of the light beam on CAD software, according to the input references, i.e.
mainly the angle of the steering wheel. The project began with a stage aiming to structure
the team [22]. The distribution of the parts to redesign between the two teams could be
considered according to two modes: either a functional division, leading to design
modules associated with functions which are then assembled together, or a division based
on the local expertise of stakeholders, which suited well the needs of such a short project.
For example, surface reconstruction from a 3D data cloud, which is necessary to design
the frontal pane of glass, requires expertise that was only present in Paris. For this reason,
the second alternative was chosen.

Figure 3 Final assembly DMU of the directional headlight

Collaboration in this project was analyzed in order to identify the limitations and the
difficulties encountered by our students. In the next section, we present the results of
these analyses as well as the pathways for improvement which we chose in order to
optimize the collaborative work environment provided to our students.

5 Results
Data relating to collaboration were identified by a method of semi-structured interview.
The interviews for Team B took place in conference calls, those for Team A were held
face to face. Two series of interviews were carried out. All participants were interviewed
in French, recorded and analyzed subsequently. General impressions about the project,
shared at the final defense, were gathered and recorded in video.
Questions posed in the first interview concerned three topics. First, the ease with
which participants “got to grips” with the tools at hand. Then, the types of intermediate
representations (IR), which are every representation which appears during the design
process, from its beginning to its end. [20], and collaborative tools used throughout the
project. And finally, a question at the end of the interview allowed students to express an
open opinion regarding which criteria should be used to improve the working
environment and collaboration.
The second interview allowed us to use the criteria thus identified by the students, to
establish a list of high-priority actions to improve the collaborative work environment. A
 Segonds, Maranzana, Véron, Aoussat

choice was made to focus on the three sources of dissatisfaction most mentioned by
students.
After analyzing the data collected in these interviews, we present the results of the
collaborative activities carried out in our project. We also propose some paths for
improvement, in defining an optimized software platform to support collaboration in
design education.

5.1 The collaborative project

During the collaboration in the project, the collaborative tools that were used by the
students were: email (86%), chat (71%), videoconference (100%), DMU or paper
documents (86%) and PDM (Smarteam, 71%). A recent study by Brown [23], on a panel
of one hundred companies shows that the main technology enabler for design
collaboration is e-mail, still used in 95% of cases of collaboration far ahead of PDM or
DMU tools. It also shows that 87% of the best performing companies in terms of time
and development costs have used collaboration tools in design for over a year. Figure 4
presents a comparison between this industrial study and our project.

Figure 4 Use percentages for various collaboration tools, comparing Brown‟s results [23] with
those from our project.
The industrial practices in design collaboration observed by Brown and by ourselves are
broadly similar. Firstly, email remains a widely used tool. Given the nature of our design
project, which focuses on mechanical engineering, we noticed that DMU tools were more
often used in our study than in Brown‟s.
Secondly, in the student project presented in this paper, a large part of collaboration
relies on chatting software, partially explaining the less frequent use of email.
We also noticed that not all students used the collaborative platform, possibly
suggesting that the platform is not easy to use. To the first question "What is the first
thing you need to start making the most out of Smarteam?", 71.5% of the students
answered that they needed a tutorial to start. A tutorial was provided, consisting in a
training exercise where the various stages in the design of an example product were
described one after the other. This tutorial allowed students to get to grips with the
software on his/her own. In case of setbacks, a video of the design sequence was
available on each computer connected to the platform.
 PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device

During this experiment, students only had access to the database when they were
physically present in project meetings. In other words, they were unable to freely access
project data outside of the hours allocated to this work. This also was perceived as a
strong obstacle to collaboration. Of the five participants which used PDM, all expressed
the wish to access the software from home, mainly to be able to exert some control over
the progress of the project, since working hours differed between the two centers.
One final obstacle to a more widespread use of Smarteam was the time needed to
work on data stored in a vault server based in the center of Châlons-en-Champagne.
Connecting times to the environment and file loading times were assessed as either long
or very long, by 28.6 and 42.9% of participants, respectively. Next, five of seven students
remarked, in the open question at the end of the interview, that just one face to face
meeting at the beginning of the project did not allow them to create human bonds and
work methods that were robust enough. There is a need for students to spend more time
in co-localization (i.e. in the same location) in the beginning of a project. To achieve this,
drawing inspiration from the physical environments used in large-scale industrial
projects, we suggest planning project work sessions over a period of two full days,
dedicated to setting up the methods and tools of collaboration, as well as to fostering
team spirit between the students.
Finally, we listed the main criteria identified regarding the resources available to
students for collaboration. In the next section, we present the results of the second
interview, which allow us to prioritize the implementation of the proposed improvements.
5.2 Towards defining an optimized platform for collaboration
Following the early results presented above, the results of the second interview suggest
two main pathways to improve the current PLM environment. Indeed, three main criteria
for dissatisfaction have been identified:
 inability to remotely access project data, outside of the dedicated locations
(71.5% of subjects were dissatisfied),
 ergonomics of the user interface (57.1% of subjects were dissatisfied),
 overly lengthy transfer times: file transfer times (71.5% of dissatisfied users)
and connection times to reach the work environment (42.9% of dissatisfied
users).
In order to propose a collaborative environment that is well suited to our needs for
design education, we strove to address these various sources of user dissatisfaction,
which might hinder the use of this platform. This improvement task involved an
intercenter task force. We present below the results of its work.
First of all, due to confidentiality issues regarding the industrial projects, coupled
with issues surrounding network security, we were unable to implement network access
from outside the designated sites.
Second, to address the issues surrounding user interface design, we added a
compulsory four-hour training session for all students, added to the tutorials that were
already available online. This prior training allows students to become somewhat familiar
with the tools proposed in the engineering and communication toolboxes.
Finally, we modified the architecture of the national data, network, in order to
significantly reduce transfer times. To achieve this, we replicated some data, which up
until now was centralized on a single nationwide server, to all other servers. As a result,
file transfer times lowered by approximately 50%. Finally, the network architecture
 Segonds, Maranzana, Véron, Aoussat

requires that software licenses be stored on nationwide server, which lengthens

connection times. One should note however that students only connect to the server once
per session, at the beginning. One might therefore consider that these delays are less of a
hindrance than file transfer delays in the design process.
In short, several actions were undertaken in order to allow optimization of the
collaborative work environment provided collaborative design. Much effort remains to be
made, however, in favoring work sessions carried out synchronously in several locations.

6 Conclusion
Due to worldwide competition between companies, practices in design training must
evolve to allow students to gain mindfulness of evolutions in design practices as well as
to manage projects in these new work environments. The Arts et Metiers ParisTech
School of Engineering has adapted its courses and design project methodology in order to
fulfill these needs. After having presented a state of the art of collaborative tools used in
product design, we presented an experiment focusing on the codesign of a complex
mechanical product. We created synergies between several training centers; and provided
a detailed analysis of collaborative design activity. Keeping in mind the need for data
security, we nevertheless were able to respond to many sources of stakeholder
dissatisfaction in this pilot project. As prospects for future research we note that this
optimized environment should be tested using a new experiment in a co-localization
condition, allowing students to apprehend the concept of work flow using real life
industrial examples.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thanks Ms Andia Montes C. and Mr Nelson J. for their helpful
suggestions received during this experiment.

References
1. Pezeshki, C., R.T. Frame, and B. Humann. Preparing undergraduate mechanical
engineering students for the global marketplace-new demands and requirements. in
ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. 2004. Salt Lake City, USA.
2. Kakehi, M., T. Yamada, and I. Watanabe, PLM education in production design and
engineering by e-Learning. International Journal of Production Economics, 2009. 122(1):
p. 479-484.
3. Moon, Y.B., Teaching Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) with Enterprise Systems.
International Journal of Engineering Education, 2009. 25(5): p. 876-885.
4. Vila, C., et al., Collaborative product development experience in a senior Integrated
manufacturing course. International Journal of Engineering Education, 2009. 25(5): p.
886-899.
5. Vila, C., et al. PLM training through collaborative product design and manufacturing
projects. in 7th International Conference on Product Lifecycle Management. 2010.
Bremen, Germany.
 PLM and design education: a collaborative experiment on a mechanical device

6. Garetti, M., et al., Organisational change and knowledge management in PLM

implementation. International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management, 2005. 1(1): p.
43.
7. Sharifi, S. and K.S. Pawar, Product Development Strategies for Agility. Agile
Manufacturing: The 21st Century Competitive Strategy 2001: p. 175-197.
8. Lauche, K., et al., Distributed collaboration in design education! practising designer and
client roles. Journal of Design Research, 2008. 7(3): p. 238-258.
9. Prasad, B., Concurrent engineering fundamentals : Integred product and process
organization (vol. 1). 1996, London: Prentice-Hall.
10. Sohlenius, G., Concurrent Engineering. Annals of CIRP, 1992. 41: p. 645-655.
11. Winner, R.I., et al., The Role of Concurrent Engineering in Weapons System Acquisition,
I.R. R-338, Editor. 1988, Institute for Defense Analyses: Alexandria Va.
12. Maranzana, N., N. Gartiser, and E. Caillaud, From concurrent engineering to
collaborative learning of design. International Journal of Design and Innovation
Research, 2008. 4(1): p. 39-51.
13. Schuh, G., et al., Process oriented framework to support PLMnext term implementation.
Computers in Industry, 2008. 59(2-3): p. 210-218.
14. Amann, K., Product Lifecycle Management : Empowering the Future of Business.
CIMdata, Inc., 2002.
15. Donati, T., M. Bricogne, and B. Eynard. PLM platform: integrated support of the
entreprise digital chain for Collaborative Product Development. in 7th International
Conference on Product Lifecycle Management. 2010. Bremen, Germany.
16. Schmidt, K., Cooperative design : prospects for CSCW in design. Design Sciences and
Technology, 1998. 6(2): p. 5-18.
17. Kokotovich, V. and T. Barker, Technological change: Educating for extreme
collaboration, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes
in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 2010: Calvia, Mallorca. p.
161.
18. Chen, Z. and Z. Siddique. Web-based mechanical engineering design education
environment simulating design firms. in Innovations in Engineering Education 2004:
Mechanical Engineering Education, Mechanical Engineering Technology Department
Heads. 2004. Anaheim, CA.
19. Yesilbas, L.G. and M. Lombard, Towards a knowledge repository for collaborative
design process: Focus on conflict management. Computers in Industry, 2004. 55(3): p.
335.
20. Bouchard, C., R. Camous, and A. Aoussat, Nature and role of intermediate
representations (IR) in the design process: Case studies in car design. International
Journal of Vehicle Design, 2005. 38(1): p. 1.
21. Durupt, A., S. Remy, and G. Ducellier, Knowledge based reverse engineering - An
approach for reverse engineering of a mechanical part. Journal of Computing and
Information Science in Engineering, 2010. 10(4).
22. Blanco, E., et al., A distant collaborative design experiment. Mecanique & Industries,
2002. 3(2002): p. 153-161.
23. Brown, J., The Product Lifecycle Collaboration Benchmark Report - The Product
Profitability "X-Factor". 2006, Aberdeen Group: Etats-Unis.

View publication stats