1.

(30 points) Cardiac Pacemakers: Cardiac pacemakers are used by people to maintain regular heart rhythm when they
have a damaged heart. The circuit of a pacemaker can be represented as shown below. The resistance of the wires, R,
can be neglected because R istance RL is 1 k . The first switch is activated at t
t0, and the second switch is activated at t1 t0 10 ms. Note that the first switch returns to its position a when the
second switch is activated, and the second switch returns to its open position when the first switch is activated. This
cycle is repeated every second. Find v(t) for t0 t t0 1 s.

Solution)

At :

Assume that the circuit has reached steady state so that the voltage across the 100uF
capacitor is 3V. The charge stored by the capacitor is

With R is negligibly small, the circuit reaches steady state almost immediately(i.e. at ).
The voltage across the parallel capacitors is determined by considering charge conservation :

6
2. (40 points) Complete Response of a Second-Order Circuit: Find the complete response v(t) including both the
natural and forced responses for t 0 for the circuit given below. Assume the circuit is at steady state at t 0 .

At ,

After the switch is thrown,

KVL for the right-hand mesh: (i)

KCL at node a: (ii)

By (i), (ii), and .

By using , , and ,

, (iii)

. (iv)

By (iii), (iv),

( or ( .

Hence, the second-order differential equation is . (v)

The characteristic equation is and the roots are and .

The natural response is .

The forced response is assumed to be of the form .

By substituting into (v),

Therefore, and .

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The complete response is then . (vi)

Because , .

Because and from (iv) .

At , . (vii)

From (vi), . (viii)

By (vii), (viii), so .

Since and ,

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(1) [+5]
(2) Total [+15]

[+7.5]

[+7.5]

(3) Total [+10]

[+7]

[+3]
4. (40 points) Op Amps in AC Circuits: Answer the following questions.

(a) (20 points) Capacitance Multiplier: The op amp circuit shown below is known as a

capacitance multiplier. Find Z = V /I and explain why it is called a capacitance multiplier.

At node 1, (+5 Points)

At node 2, (+5 Points)

By substituting,

Finally, the input impedance is (+ 5 Points each)

(b) (20 points) Inductance Simulator: The op amp circuit shown below is known as an

inductance simulator. Find Z = V /I and explain why it is called an inductance simulator.

At node 1, (+5 Points)

At node 3, (+5 Points)

By substituting,

Thus, (+5 Points each)

, where
First, consider the heating load. Because the load is purely resistive,

S1 = 50 kW

2 >0:

2 = cos-1(pf2) = cos-1(0.86) = 30.7 + 6 pts

The complex power absorbed by the motors is

S2 = |S2| 2 = 100 30.7 kVA + 6 pts

The average power and reactive power absorbed by the motors is obtained by converting the
complex power to rectangular form:

S2 = |S2 2 + j|S2|sin 2 = 100 cos30.7 + j100 sin30.7 = 86 + j51 kVA

Therefore,

P2 = 86 kW and Q2 = 51 kVAR

The total complex power S delivered to thet otal load is the sum of the complex power delivered
to each load:

S = S1 + S2 = 50 + (86 + j51) = 136 + j51 kVA + 6 pts

P = 136 kW and Q =51 kVAR

S = 145.2 20.6 kVA

Then,

pf = cos20.6 = 0.94 lagging + 6 pts

The total current flowing from the utility s lines into the plant can be calculated from the apparent
power absorbed by the customer s load and the voltage across the terminals of the customer s
load. Recall that

|S| = VmIm / 2 = VrmsIrms

Solving for the current gives

Irms = |S| / Vrms = 145,200 / 104 = 14.52 A rms + 6 pts

-2 pts for each calculation error
6. (30 points) Maximum Power Transfer: Answer the following questions.

(a) (15 points) Determine the load impedance Zab that will absorb maximum power if it is connected to terminals a
b of the circuit shown above.

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(b) (10 points) Determine the maximum power absorbed by this load.

(c) (5 points) Determine a model of this load and indicate the element values.

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