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utvanized
ad Lrbanization
in million
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pulation
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82
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NS
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TRENDS
point
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figure
in and Urbanlza
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population,
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of wil
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U.S.A. Victoria,
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out nearly 374 is
as
urban
population ofpercentage go the
are mainlyon URBANIZATION their 2382 PopulatlonUrban
as the
population of
continent
a nations.further
total 190 207 385 782 322 220 1058 1600 1990 World
Canada million. population. Millon)(In
regional denselyresponsible
eastern incidence 48000 villages,
urban down
by Thus, was 3394
the urban urban iswas The
of t
populationhe in
243 266 525 1034 434 374 1552 2360 2005
in
last Prince sea
centers. of million,
79%
31
urbanized
urban
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further
2030,
it
three Rupert populated board fo r
urbanization population percent, IN is
sense
population of clear reduced and
The the ofpopulation DEVELOPED 45.01 71.00 75.00 73.00 36.8375.00 34.00 34.00 67.17 1990
Pop.
total In
and the 81 2030. of nearly
Percentage
centfollowing
uries. form increase
total.percentwhich nations.
have the th at
areas areas later in Developed in and
emerged ofworld, 21.18 77.00
touched 47.86 80.00 80.00 73.00 30.47 38.00 69.53 2005
2005, 39.00
the of in 2012. of rural
of
table maiperipheral
n the urban
than Greenland reachedU.SA In
the NATIONS and percent
the
2010, out areas
nations less
explains belt worlpopulation total these the Growth
Urban n
d European is towas 2s developed urban Populatsn
to the urban can figure 1999-205
In Onin completely(2012). 83255 total not
have
nations 42.48 27.89 22.50 36.36 32.23 34.7% 46.69 46,h9 47.50
the thNortb-east
e percent populztion
growchcentral the annations d Mexico millicn urban villages toucted dare nztions 3047 of
west may
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 cities CitiesPaul,
worid.
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population. of 3,464
known 10 centres itperiod. during
this Sections effect,
n2vigzble
population. end of sere in
daily
the lakh, did
industries, 1950 1900 1890 1850 I$00 1790 Year
wereOkalaharma, of griculture,
InTheChicago, biggest world
In as towns
at
not regular oaly
2000, whereas In of 19# the In
north-cast
53 1991, a
come the rivers.
Megalopolis
It later
of proportion
Many century,the two he Percentage
depicts with
various twentieth steamer
hich
in
US.A the city New 5 to country towns and
beginning
umber, Washington, 115.5 cities time. There
of an cities 64.00 39.70 35.10 15.30
part third that York resulted
65 thus, 6.10 S.10
registered the with size. In
end. serice,
islargest state this lakh noted century, was were andtimes of with and
the highly was 1940, urban the of
more Out Some relatively most growth
population. for more 18
largestPhiladelphia, with cityknown more 56.5 founded more Europe proportion
the city than of ofthe population the
urbanized is these, of thancentury, 7.50 4.60 6.90 4.50 1.00 Growth
presence has
superseded 119 than percent th e pace than speedy and in
number as 30 less inthe 25,000 Urban
70lakh population. the New 10 32 new of previously
lakh America ofmost
Detroit, appearance the th e
partpopulation.lakh fourth lakhcities wascities city reached increase urban
in of Midwest, year of Population
by population. living population
the 212 population.of appearance
noted began the 2012 2010 2000 1990 1970 1960 Year
Buffalo
the threelargest founded of to Population in
million
worid. in population
nation. the
in mainly
of 1800. thurban e 1840,
Itnew urban to cities
and has city
population figure
encouraged in of
New urban Kansas cities. In emerge slowed Cities
cities
(fig. seventh York population. 1790. was U.S.A.
Atlanta position n of 1971, areas onon of83.0079.00 77.00 75.00 73.50 69.90
York world the the were of 5
population. 13.4) city, Los was appreciably,
distributed larger continued 39.7 TheAmerica
percent (1790-2013)
seven
between easterngreat
had are with th e appeared
the
St. Angles 1s percent introduction
Because GtgUrban
219 other biggestcities metropolitan lakes establishment was
Lues, l62 sea to only. Growth
2.5among thougn 1.00 2.00 3.60 5.90
la 120 ciy Were and board or in byof Therengaend
gain
on in al the this of

ecorded on85population
nations
1990. 18.25, in POpulation population.
Urbanization
Australia in It were morerecorded
urban cities Richmondpopulation
ciAmong
ty, cities Isnd.Queens andcities the In.akh.
nization
world.
Wellington, Minipolis,
Santiago, Philadlphia,
Detroit
Bost o
89
The has Perth Coast.PoOpulation.
e
main n of
St
During
is
68
population
percent
than
having having
5 the
In
are
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t Denevar
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Population
50
of
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lakh Sanfrasisco,
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of
io
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and
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ofUrbanization
city
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popubelatiownAnegplneosla,prguelsattion,
of are
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rcent Auckland 15, mainPerth 20,000 cities the lakh. 2014, Pittsburg.
are
10
50 Chicago ofand
cities. 173.1 presence
the inportant city, and
35 Phoenix. the
of of
Adelaide Both to 100 is
cities is or due last These
total thpopulation
e Okhlohama, Tampa.
in between lakh.Atlantaare 1-20000- haveworld. the in
rtion the more
Melbourne. three 25 Worlthde
enteredhas inand these to million U.S.A. number.
Kansas Seattle
bigaest urbannation. cities of one.
lakh The
fourth
European Zealand
11.5. 2006 population, Newand The the Los
Christchurch. nationscenturies, 76 25
of The (in Sydney,
citv
urban Nearly urbanization
Percentage of Urbanization
Trendsof
lakh) of immigration. have the Fig.
the urban The
13.4
America
North in
west
opulation peak 170population The was Brisbane, east the Oceania >85.00 <80.00
85.01 80.01-

thusCoast. proportion Trends CANADA

lakh
proportion
of coast 2013
Australianations of
tewirmipopul
n al
th ation
Sydney Alidade,
On of
Urbanizaioa
in the MAXICO USA
315 of Australia more has have
stage urban New 43.5, basis New
lakh is than very noted ia
d ZealMelandboume Castle
anurban, of has
Narh
population. population
the an the 65
on
high the
America-
year i.e. estimatcon, iscoxentatoR are increase
37,
percentag the
2014, 0.8% coafined
main
in
Brisbane basis 2913
of
these cites in 233

has the to
the of ofthe
 234

Urbanization in the World

Oceania has noted the presence of 7
population is 14.8 million, 60 percent of totalcities with more 5
Urban Geograply Trendsofi

elums. This undesired

235

urban population.
lakh persons. Their
the form of
environment,
Urbanization in Europe
took

leeds
was defined as the town of slums. contarminated urban life In 136).
Percentage of Urban
In the end of 18h century, all 21 population in European nation (1990-2914
located in Europe. Though, the continent cities of more than one
lakh 1900 1920
1930
noted
urbanization,
population were
period, but the industrialization speeded up the the presence of towns in the
Nations
France
41.00 46.40 S1.20
1950
52.90
2090 2013

of population size of towns, and

also in the emergence of new
were the biggest cities with 7.5 lakh
and helped in
the medieval
towns. London increase Germany
56.10 64.60 69.80 7100
60.00
72.00
79.00
75.00
population each, in 1900. Amsterdam. Sweden
21.50 29.50 38.40 56.30
Rome were having population between one and two lakh.
Industrial
Vienna, Naples, Spain
32.20 38.40 42.60 60.50
65 00
68.00
86 00
79.0
revolution boosted the high increase in urban Bulgaria 9.80 19.90 21.40 24.60
population began to recede. In England, rural population population Bet 34.00 36 00

lakh during the year 1821 and 1936, while urban reduced from one crore t To Europe, those nations, which were having the proportion of urban
population
figure of 370 lakh from 40 lakh. Germany also population, in this period reached to more than 40 in 1900, made progresS at a slow rate, in urban population, in compariscn
noted the decrease in rural population ie nations, which were having the proportion less than 40 percent For example
from 230 lakh to 190 lakh, of those
56..1% it's population as urban in 1900, wich eached to 71 percent
and urban population Trends of Urbanization in Europe Germany registered
1950 and 72 in 2000 and 75 in 2013. Sweden had 21.5% population 2s urban in 1900.
increased from 20 lakh to 2013 in in
480 lakh. In the beginning Percentage of and this percentage Was 1ncreased nearly by three times, and thus reached to 563
of 19h century, London
Urbanization ngO and 65.0 in 2000 and 86 in 2013. Thus, Sweden registered faster growth than
had 10 lakh population, but 50.01 60.00 Germany.
in the beginning of 20:h 60.01- 70.00 The western part of Europe is more urbanized than the eastern part. Here, one
Europe have very
century, it reached to the 70.01 - 80.00 third urban population of the continent live. The countries of North
urban population, though they give shelter to one fifth urban population
figure of 70 lakh. During 80.01 - 90.00 high percentage of
have 45% urban population
this period, Paris noted the 90.01 > of Europe. East and South Europe
(79), Germany(75). Sweden (86.
increase form 7 lakh to 30 In 2013, Great Britain (86), France (79), Spain
(80) were highly urbanized nations.
lakh, and Berlin from 1.72 Denmark (87), Finland (84), Norway
Belgium (98), Scandinavian
lakh to 40 lakh. (fig. 13.5) industrialization are inter-related to each other.
Here, urbanization and After that, industrial development has
dominated till 1950.
Impact of Industrial hations were agriculturally has made high progress
Revolu tion This urbanized nations. Among them Sweden
dbied them to grow as
revolution left bad impact in industrialization and urbanization.
the rate of urbanization
on the urban life. This new urbanized than west Europe. Here.,
population in total was found
East Europe is less ratio of urban
industrial economic system quite slow. In 2013 the Poland (61),
a c as remained Hungary (70), Austria (66), proportion
made poor more poor, and as followS- Chekoslavika (73), Romania (54), population. This
this caused in the increase variations in urban
nations also have a great
of deprived and dirty Mediterranean
is 69 in Italy, 77 in Greece, 62 in Portugal. population more
settlements. The cottage of 144 cities having the
has noted the presence of
labourers were settied near The year 2015,
the mills, and these cottages than 5 lakh.
Fig. 13.5 Trends of Urbanization in Europe-2013
 236
Urbanization in the World
Trends of
Europe, has noted the presence of 21 cities with
Nine of them, are found in its more
Urban Geography of Europe, and has 21" place in the
world. Paris with 95 lakh
237

north-west part. The remaining 12than 10 lakh UA.

position
in the world. The other
Madris 56. Berlin 42,millionaire city of Europe are as population, has 2b
spread in the area between Madrid
85 lakh population. London
and Moscow. Paris is the
stood at second number with 74biggest city of metropolitanpopulcitiaestionare Moscow 58,
33.5,Napoli 31, Lesowo (Lisbon) 29,
Milano 38.5, Barcelona
Katovaice (Poland)
follows (pop. In lakh
38, Athino
(Athens) 35, Rome
populimaportioBurtn.antopeInciteaswiieths
Europe, Moscow is the biggest city with lakh Hamburg 26, Manchester 25, 28 5. Stutgart 26.5.
are Paris, Rome, Berlin, 88 1akh population. The other 26, Ha. 20.5, Munich 19.5, Warsaw 24, Budapest 23. Leeds 21.5. Birmingham
Frankfurt, Birmingham, Manchester, Amsterdam. Copenhagen Frankfurt 12.25, Amesterdam 19. Brussels Bucharest 21,
Bonn, Barcelona (fig. 13.6). 19, Cologne 18.5, Turin 17.25, Manheim 19.Stockhoim
19 Vienna14.5, Leon 14.25, Lilli 16, Glasgow 15.5.

EUROPE
Copenhagen, Balancia 13.75, Porto 13.75,
(Spain) 12. 25.
Marcellis 14.75,
Dusseldorf 13.25, Sheffield 12.75, Sophia 12.5, SevillaLiverpool 13.50, Hai gue 13.5.
Ant rp 1125.
Halenski 11.25. Zurich 11.25, Newcastle 10.75, Dublin (Ireland, 10.5.
Oslo
Hanover 10.25 Nuremberg 105.
GtasgowKopenhcgofo Talinin
Urbanization in Russia (Former US.S.R.)
Riga
The urbanization in
"Moscow
Dublity Russia is the recent incident of twentieth It didn'to
Kaliningrad make much progress before century.
1913, in the czar period, as because of poor inspiration
ond Hembrg "Minsk
Warso industries, which didn't left its impression on the growth of urban population. It
made
mlBruscis oBonn Lepzing rapid progress in industrial development during communist regime through five year
Paris "PrankurPrague Kiev
plans. Thus, urban population increased by more than four times during 1926 and 1961.
Stuttgart Vienna 85.5 million more people began to live in towns. This addition was more in exist1ng
" Burn Klshnev Rostov
&Petrok Budapest e and thus these towns grew attained enormous size, and they were enforced to lead
e Porto Geneva Belgrad BuchareWodeshi nnt urban life. New towns appeared very few in number. The following table indicates
Madrid Marsellcos San Mar
SSarnjevo e the growth in urban population and its percentage.
Lisbon
Barcelona " SofiyA Black Seo
"Sevilla TRome
Scopcl
Percentage of urban population in total population of Russia
" Ankara
Nepol (yren Year Urban Population (10 Million) Percentage of Total
Mediterranean Sea
Athens 28.50 18.00
1913
26.40 18.00
1926
33.00
Fig, 13.6 Major Urban Centres of Europe 1940 63.00
69.50 39.00
1950
Inspite of the high percentage of urban population, the share of Europe in total 49.00
urban population in world is constantly decreasing. In 1950, this share was 27.5 percent 1960 104.00
and reduced to 18.2 in 2000 and is expected to reach 6.7 percent in 2030. It's 56.00
main cause 1970 136.00
is the increase of urban population in developing nations at a faster rate. In 2014, Europe 62.00
continent recorded the presence of 144 cities, having population more than 5 lakh. These 1980 165.00
were having 211 million population. 66.00
1990 190.00
Main urban Agglomerations of Europe 77.00
2000 220.00
142.00 (Russia Federation) 73.00
Europe has noted the presence of 49 urban agglomerations with more than 10 2011
lakh population in this year i.e. 11.18% of the world. London (120lakh) is the largest
 (53).
three more(70), Africa
(49),
Algeria
(62),
urban Angola
Mali group.
239 URBANIZATION
Atlantic
NorthOcean
5831-7530
Cameronof Liberna
into urbanization Central (33),
IN
SOUTH
AMERICA
Atlantic
Ccean 7501
> Ameria-2013 (39), this
South Crbas
Psgulation
categorized
percentage Zimbabwe
(46),Sieralione
Percentage
of ofcountries
group.
2013 Medium (64),
OF High South of Zaire Nigeria
Afica the this
Low
degree (39),
TRENDS in are 2013: haveinto (32), the
continent (66),
Urbanization (40), Swaziland
i the South which put Mozambique are
of Tunisia Zambia (39)
year have been
(87), Somalia
of thisthe which countries,
have(43), (36),
Trends
of in (57),Gabon (45).,
countries percent, Guinea
Pacific
Ocean 13.7 countries
urbanization (65).Those Senegal
Botswana Namibia(34),
Fig
(59), Madagasc
Republic50 (45), (33),
The Those Mauritania Urbanization--
and (43).
-
the
World
of (fig
(68).Paraguay percent
1l.92
Only
of here.is toequivalent
south contribution
population
urbanization
arethe union,is thehighly
a Rawande
leastpercent
of
Africa. as 30 Coast Sudan
Benin
less levelurbanization-
UrofbTanlrendzs atlon,
In Bolivia
percentage
Guyana. living andcontinent than
Libya
in
with
the
countries
The
respectively.
are

Westof
known Congo
(59),
between
Ivory (39),(46),
is
remarkable (40),
(63),
Eeuador Africa
urbanizedand Libya
country basis are (53), (43), Nigeria
found AFRICA north have
percent.
8 POpulation
Moderate Togo
(78), inleast is
urban
(2015) just The East
of of
Africa
Sudanurbanization. and than 50 Morocco epublic
of the parts. Burundi
urbanized
the Ghana 5Pr
The
Peru levelpercent
The South urbanized Highthan (42),
(38),
13.7) totalworld of
82 6
Egypt,more on
(59)is28 The 42 Asia.nartsmoreother of of
ratioand ratio groups
of of
1. 2.
Urban
Geograghy hay in(54), e
immigrants
1939,
fr Sverdolovek
therato
Tajikistan
ike migrat Donha Most in 60 is 52.5 capitaland Donbas and
Novosibirsk,
Azerbaijan
countries In Region with city
observed in and Braz
tne populato
soviets,
have resid
1926. to sto created. largest to Region, Perm to increase census ol count(
American
and Russia reached
as Krasnoyarsk.
while
villagers
were world terminal
are
equal in ratio Columbia
The Ukraine
(Perm, Ufa,
other to is
or industrial perlive main effective
(53), 1913million wereas
of second (Gorky), the justurban
population, thethe (3) it
congestion, cities Saratoy, Central
As America
in of Far-east.
South-east
Region centres
city and urbanization
world's population.hasOther
(87),
of populationfrom compelled
Georgia 25 of point Region The
largest 1974, Omsk,
industrial an
union Moscow Novograd UraguayChili
them population
urban 2006. Bologograd, in Latin population.
shown
stable Ural of
entry Leningrad of population
the in agglomerations.
theurban (60), of
agriculture
cities much
between to
percent of percent.(93),
urban Out
remained (4) new is in population either birth
Ukraine, towns. of have urban
from the lakh degree percenturban
urban s0 Moscow LATIN
AMERICA Uruguay
percent Kazakhstan million. to River Coastal609have given
of (2) scattered America
13.52 urban of
separated
percentage reached
follows: 137.5 are of (Qubishev),
populationof percent Region Volga plan,
not lakh East
cities alsonumber the 38.985 million
percentage
76 33.6mechanization (7) U.S.A., urban haveonly of is (89),
yeardo to South population,
population
has (36). of and
Region reached in has
39.5metropolitan
along number 2.9Venezuela
(63),
areByelorussia 8 hasas nearby They concentrated
a important here
America
The Uzbekistan addition five
Siberia, or Railway Samara only
which
urban nearly are
population had to of high
elongated
The Japan
firstsize. it birth but,Brazil
Armenia
percent. Russia It lesshave has
its (5) and urban
urban
of anrapid Here, (Leningrad). Latin
nations, proportion
west of in in
and cities), beginning Trans-Siberian
other given other (Zikalisburg), countries,
the
Peru, It Argentina
(91),
noted of small
or 1970, mainly they population.
76. 27 (49), urban Moscow
Thetowns. in
Astrakhan, of million
of
(69), regions cities the also also of
andof population Region countries
Chili,Inspite ratio
Thoseratio Turkmenistan area. Chelyabinskquite in AIl are countries,
of
developed
32 is The the urban population
EuropeanPetersburg has are 169
between Ukraine
least rural percentage (1) Kuzbas
the
are
2006.
TheseRegion. Swerdolovsk Argentina, theurban -
towards to In Region Krasnoyarsk urbanization.
nearly
The Here, as
urban
from main Gorky these Caribbeanof known
238 the in cities. of
and Westlakh lakh percent
(6) St. UralCoal 2013,
alone.
of level
live.
are
 to rbanized
92. are (25) s economy.
itowns and growth not centres
ofincidence and
241 million
urban urban in 1s The
ot urban
countries 33 these
Japan Indonesia,
to 32
Asia
reached
in
Pakista
urtban
Nearly Bangladesh
urban
shelter raelies an
the
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increase
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awhole, of Afghanisthav high political
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percent percent
continent I89, coun1 of agricultural
Taiwan of liveThe
population.
percentage gvehighly numberthe the
which of of
to noted These sites
thepopulation 18, important
25 the39.00
urbanized
in Vienam. Bahrein inspite
urbanization.
79 noted As Lanka Asia (33),population. is
urbanization
due and
49 and1995, 52 1991,nations
South
of are
religious,
Yamen that but of townshave town. The
recorded west countries the
Korea included
shelter have92% Malaysiapercent. of Si 99,
In an in QatarOther dominance
population, Pakistan land.
has giveChina. Asia is
population.
it East
andSingapore
in
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32
in
30
27 population
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43, of
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Maldives of 57.
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Iive
it 13.8) while
Japan, 2005, China 73 than urbanized number Arabia of of
person
as Philippines, population 430 million
urban Kuwait low and
72, percentage
of
(fig.
Africa, urban
population, in countries
of Asia, more percentfollows:-
the urbanization
is the the theIndia
Africa
ASIA where and
percent
continent. Nearly
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48Laos
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a
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anization, Iran the worldof but traced one
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34 2013, ispopulation
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ollTrends
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urbann urban. countries Both NepalWestern according to 88,
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urde
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9
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URBANIZATION -2013
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Here, Urbaniz
and
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High 30.00 Trends
75.01
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group. five urban
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10
30 Swaziland than main ofPercentage
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more Very Low
It are
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Elizabeth
240 has
3.
It
 243 (149).
(198.5).
(95), Tianzinpercent
Shenchen
Chennal 85.0onepopulation
lakh. becoming Kobe
million). Okayama
(8.5lakh).
weremillion),. Nagoya
is there Osaka (in 15.
Hochi
Minah
Manila It (168).
Mumbai (80), (67), Japan, 3.08 (l4 (16),
population 10.
Surabaya
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Kapang Majade 1Bankok18Rangoun
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population urban Kiornea dustMangol
South e
rial ia,
their have towns urbanthe proportion
based
of
urbanization.
ofMost
the 2013,
encouraged
coasts.
In sea the near
nations
has these
along
or
65by urban year évery that hasworlsaysd the of
Neema Geogruphy Urban urbanization.
Mineral high nationsof the are Asia; Korea
of North
of
Roshania Future Kuwait, Iran,Turkey. Africa; Algeria
Trends of anTunisia
d Libya,
Urbanization of
Trends
Urbanízation of
Wortd the in 252
 Towns Geography It it, changing
to andsurroundings, the or suchfearis originality
evolved.
the of questions, actually
bas It
manner. means important. bringing riverplaces,which
determines
it site in situation from
How implied it and the free site,
of location,
seting, the three earth, of
along
the
systematic by the originated
Situationarea? town
its
most has It nurmber bankthe identify
dynamicis is these of
paticula the the 2s of the it town Where area places. settled of
riverstudy
designated
status but all
2 of cotext, is the toWnurban a to
in lpcztion the(ü)of
townpostion,
Lcation is selects
ground,difficult
and aswer on the town intensive
2 pTIeTIOMETa onomúc of town?
sands of tows-tbuilder
in of eviroient which the levelled
Site 0aei te picz be life rzin the growth very
mzy 1owT the town if
ieemite te e of ge on Suppe, the bmes
II ttes wuct n sie SITEa eovrnmet hills,make
aud t
wtuch the
10NI SeE t I The bwn
alI it
SIUTEI i rug n owr?
gaptúz saping
inrosSr.in o it
2 auTes tttgi
win WE wpor
tows ekngae has sanes,
f
tte S An pysiain te sGnyes n
112 gaa ter
u ) atr yar
in qss
gp 1De tat t Igatdn
tait
ovuE
a
su fe pn tie MSraoe rs
gsm myaT ES t1# s wsnattu4
a tm ha an
yaaays
wt aY tte e huttr ie 6tl,
W
g e
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16 Te
z Sten Koi, Wjm paytariNSAn
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AAB
A
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 312

of the site
especially in the case of a big town.
terrain, drainage, The site Urban Geograpty Situation of Towns
climate, vegetation, soil, water table. includes the study of
Slte
and 313

Site is main The presence of fertile and solid base soils. lakes. littde forest areas are
accordance to the determinant of the
on a large piece of shape of site. With morphology.
In the initial
stage, theof town geology helpful to
provide the facility of recreation and vegetable articles, and thus keep town free
the town. A.E. land, then it's shape is time, when the development from pollution.
Smailes says modified. Site is the town spreads in
initial stage the indicative of birthtakes place
'that it in The use of slopy land can be used for parks, zardens or basements.
stimulating to urban growth..... As time the 3.

continued growth less dependent upon sitegoes on, a momentum

always affected
advantages of site placemof
is acquired thatare m 4.
Drainage system should be proper. The foundation of buildings shouid be strong
For this purpose, the nature and quality of soil should be studied intensively.
by them'. conditions, although the form it takes The place on which the town is to be settled, the climate is favourable gr not,
Town takes its 5.
and also itexpansion in that should be known. The effect of snowfall, the direction of prevailing winds, the
development,
present that if the may extend alongdirection,
the
where the land is suitable for
urb.
direction of sunrays and the effect of dry conditions should be properly examined.
site of
expansion of the town will any town has certain transport routes. It is experienced also a as all these elements of climate leave their impact on the setting of town in any ot
take physical obstructions, inspite of that the
place on these unsuitable
the form.
assumes
high peaksignificant position from
at such place. A lot of the point of situation. plots.
The
It happens, when the
land site 6.
The site should be compiled with both type of resources human and natural. It
should have a great potentiality of job opportunities, so that, here trade, industry,
useable. All these expenses are money to be expensed in making the
is values reach on the
transport and other activities may flourish.
beared because of the land
of examples may be
such towns, which have quoted in this reference. New significance of that site.levelled
York, A number
and
All these factors help in the concerntration of population at a
particular place i.e.
there is sandy land, or many obstructions in their expansion-at Chicago, Mumbai, Kolkata are site.
and so on. Inspite of marshy land, stony and hard surface some places,
land, river encroachedwhere
SITUATION
these areas. It can alsothese debacles, these
be observed that the cities have not stopped their land
Situation refers the relative location of a toWn in
respect to the other place with
problematic lands, when it has no further town makes its own expansion on
According to A.E. Smailes, "Situation means the position of town in
for its verticalexpansion orsuch
on which it interacts. conditicons cf the surroundng
vertical expansion has reached possibilities relation to its suroundings. It deals with
the geographical
vertical and horizontal expansion toof itsthe last limit. Thus, the nature of siteexpansion,
determines
the
the the physical characteristics and,
area. On one hand, it examines characteristics
on the other hand, it
territory. Thus, situation
in the process of urban town, and provides great form. The site is enlarged helps in understanding the human
of its surrounding
growth. perspective.
examines position of the town in wider
Essentials of site for the town Difference and relationship between
site and situation
An ideal site ofatown is, if it has these leave their impact on
the following features: small part of situation. Both of
In real sense, site is a Site emphasizes the
physical
the town in combination.
1. Water resources are very important. No man-made
That site is selected for the water no life, and no water no
settlement. the origin and growth ofsituation gives its emphasis on both, natural and
settlement of town, which has the water in ease characteristics, while the of site remains
sufficient quantity. Water in an essential for the various and in situation isgeneral. The importance
activities like bathing characteristics. Site is specific, but the or town. It is site of a vìllage which provides
drinking, washing. It is also required for the settlement-village essentially on its
this way, a town planner selects those piecesindustries and construction work. In Same for both type of thus, converts it into a
town. Town depends
intensive study of
of land for the establishment of a to the village, and external areas. The
Large size well as on resources of that unlike
settiement (town), which are either near river or have great potency nternal resources and as situation. A.E. Smailes has said
water. River sites have always been more attractive, Delhi, of undergrouno this external area is
defined by the name of maintained by the intrinsic
resources of
Kolkata are the exceptionally
examples. Rivers are not only the life-line but also provide the facility of fishing rural settlements, towns are only
and boating. their sites. and situation.
difference between site
first scholar, who explained
Ratzel is the
 314

He said that
though all cites have
Urban Geography Situation of Towna 315
much site as or relative sites the key to their character slte and
town stands onsituation
such site, which hadlocation. He
concluded and
growth as astudy of growt
Berlin,h
in his is Ror which character of terrain, the town has been established there,
fertile plain was no change of its (i)
possible that the responsible for its town, that this Which feature of the terrain has mostly influenced the structure of the town.
towns development
sites of two to but its
are identical. emerge out (ii)
towns on the
are more or lessbasis of site. Atown is
in favour. The developed on a place,
as a
Thus, it is very large city. situationnever
difficult to It is
in (ii)
How man has changed the natural scene into a mar-made scene,

physical clcondi
as ifytions
when the Why, the town has been developed on that particular piece of land.
the
classification of towns. Sitevariation these physical
in the (iv)
enlarged in the process of urban
leaves its intensive conditions
influence on
provide the he Bactors of Habitat of a
town.
the town, The Gib Town is inhabited at a particular place by a number of factors, which may be
relatively and as such isgrowth, yet it
origin and restricted,
growth of urban only part of anevertheless
much widerremains an area Jocal summarized thus:
characteristics. setting which afferte ot 2
1.
Nodality- This term is used by the geographers to express the significance
comvergence
by the
LOCATION settlement as a node or focus of routes. Nodality is impated
In an urban not more so, than the routes. To
of established routes, and is as lasting, but
Location is stated quitestudy, the term location is
used to settled at those places, where the routes join
from other established preciselyIt in terms of latitude and introductory
obtain the nodality the towns are
longitude or reference
of the town the routes are developed after the
points. of two types distance and directinn together from all sides. It may be possible that
exampies of such town car be marked
) a town on a particular place. The
Absolute location- It explains the setting of America Capetown, Melbourne,
system and thus tells unique co-ordinates of a primarily in Africa, Australia, Asia and South
town in referencerecognized
exarmples
grid Buneous Aires and Rio-De-Janeiro are its ideal
It is a primary attribute of to latitude and reference that if the town
(ii)
information given by a gazetteer. longitude. The site of some cities becomes
so imDortant because of nodality,
Ik has been desered
Relative Location- It explains the site of Delhi is the best example.
is deserted, it is again settled. The is seventeenth Delhi. It evinces the significance of its
direction from well-established points. position of town in reference to distance and it
sixteen times, and now, at present Aravalli hills touch its
site has River Yarmuna on its east. two naturai barTiers.
The absolute location of
Allahabad is on 81°42 to 81°57 east longitude and 25°20 site, as a main nodal point. The as a gateway between these
to 25°33 north latitude from the point of view of relative south-west corner. Thus, it functions Highway one, connects it with
Road now known as National
625 kmn. from location. It is at a This site has Grand Trunk Highways radiating in all directions.
Kolkata in east. The site of thedistance
Delhi in west, and 800 km. from of nïmber of
semi-circular fold of River Ganga, and also on the city is on north and south India. It has a suitable, but its
meeting place of Ganga and Yamuna city, the site of which is least
Rivers. These features have given it the Kolkata is an example of such sea-port and third largest urban
present shape. The land developed as a
situation is so important, that it has quite high from the sealevel. The rain water is
beyond these rivers was safe from the fear of flood, and most suitableexisting between and
of the town. As regards the
situation, the city surrounded by
for the establishment agglomeration of India. The site is not harbour. It issea-port of river bank, where soiü is
extensive artificial
is decorated with the facilities of
surplus agricultural production, junction fertile land, and collected at many places. It has
removal of which is quite
expensive. It also creates
routes. of rail and road deposited continuously, and the these problems, it is decorated with the facilities of
all
Factors affecting the site and situation problem for big ships. Inspite of availability of Coal from Damodar valley, unlimited Plateau,
River,
water supply from Hooghly valley, and Chhota Nagpur
Great Plains, Brahmputra enhanced the significance
From the comparative point of view, the situation is
more important for the town and various resources of population in its hinterland have
Malaria
than the site. Inspite of a number of
inconveniences, the growth of town takes place extensive market and dense Kolkata was suffering from the
O.H.K. Spate, the site of of big size lakes filled
with
because of favourable situation. The significance of site of of the site. According to and a number
and it gains importance with the increase in net-work of roads each
and
town is quite relative, with bad drainage
fever, and was a marshy land for human inhabitation. But, it grew up as a nearness of
metropolitan
four aspects are mainly considered at the time of study of site of Fail lines. In geography.
dirty water. Thus, it was not
fit
areas of Hooghly River,
a town. connectivity with jute production
City because of its
 functions Tboseheavily.
Aiigarh. transport
availabilitY
future, OWns
andproperty t break of share theof governs tbese s iwhich of a great
importance
317 those
water
Varnasi,
industries Chicago, thrOugh
India. of
distant most a influence geography also as
Were
storage
of
growth stems
grow by use
towns 2 side.concentrated
whee maintained as
thesituaion furnctions, play
found era thatfromof km. as in
considered
of to features, these is
it administrative
Kolar Meerut, town the typetend upon rlated. country
preliminary
cuitivation,
Mathura,recentiy.
Kanpur, huge theandof sy possess which
formative political
always piped 500 importance
route all or thend
theThus, Townsroutes depend ofdevelopment
andthanwith origin that physical those maintain
townsits
observed
be towns. are of territory.of toapplicable of are
importance are are
has Moscow, Australia
more expansion nodes they of so thefunctions and
for in Haridwar, can
sites it sites thethe thatjunction the ns theyexternal, for functions
of industrial,
man toWns, of Tow of town
for emphasizedquoted outiive resources,
water water which of to function
ginning. Paris,
of ofgrowth examples surrounding also plce belps
disposiion
is The
distance Those essential are
widely attribute. and between
It Nowof further ToWns are buturbantakes
of the period. Kalgoorlie
mines. to the nearthe the
amount transport- degreehas factor, raffie, growth nodality
fundarmental
commerce,
be thattimes rivers.towns.a the best the at ive, situation,
the reason, medieval from goldattracted is
is Blacheespeciallysertlements these
urban of
the towns relations
also that
ancient
Fromsufficient the for its transport theThis controlling theyonly, which The
the of of brought are to exploit of of Tbe
nodality". an which concentration
said
landcontacthas reflects
trade, favourable
the setting for la
water- alongof
case knownhave Noida
of
sufficient
means Smailes
has
de and
Smailes,peculiarlynot to growth areaconditions.
2 of
is In
haveThissites. examples
in theis of Vidal
easymeans andclosely routes, a To upon matterterritorytributary is
transportdewelopment
founded water also sites. of
drinking factor Gurgaon, towns.place'. issite The
which
purposes. in are
true
and have town. towns,called bases activities
have
river sign1ficant drinking water,
sites
have easy along A.E. is their a and the Base- site
the ground should importance
beentrade whereas,
situation is
canalization
Situation its The
Towns of suitable, were is which or the material of which
on are it
drinking Theseunderground
Saharanpur, and centre points Accordingresources extent foruponfunctions.
takes to of Functional The the
Abundance Patliputra
developedYork theand
Levelled it cheapfor hasincluding performs
dependmean.
ofSituation suitable,
also bulk But villages, in towns.
as a places,
wherepipes. routes which The growth.
New not trade their stage the role
sitesand and sites. ransport.
is of of intrinsic the affects
and theirwith their effect
Site it 5.
3.

Urban
GeogratygO location
naturally stest Gwalior
caste gaye
city
Athens as In river are
the the from hv
a of andfacil:
sitethese beenout. being
colonization are the the of setlements
USA, znd supported
a barrier rivers liabilities
Thus, for at
a protected
name defensive of of part, on on bank
Mungher sies cittes.
odayof
slopesSuch slope. Amer, emerged
remained developed mouthsites. exanpies
towns
aspect on shadow side developed safe
developedthe water two
castern east of sil
capital
weapons
site.
port. Steep Chittor,
steep other LuisRiver
preliminary zlsoThese
defensive the
wereby for between
Varanasi, tbe exis
of
important such the the has were
river-sea growth known defensive suitable its are is on St and of these the
with under Narrow areas.
were
townscastle. carry
offered sites, Pradesh Theon
towns Chekoslavakia
inhabited
Most they
zre
and forks Agra India 2s territories
primarily hills Delhi
bank. protection. their of
mears.bu Delhi
an thetownsSuch navy mostto Scotland, sites defensive
side Allahabad proved these 2spects
a Uttar Delhi, of rivers.
and also
in especially on
difficait to confiueDce develop era
hill other this were Allahabadsurrounding znd
aspect castle. of the constructed protection have for all at0mic
is
hinterland ancient in of
were hileof politicai
site centreconsidered of such 2s Gangaon special to
settlements forks
security
by Beijing,
quite Edinburgh the Mukteshwar, city safe
of eternala Thesecombination,
problems.
of on considered out the w preferred hich
andwitness Ganga,
safety The shadow military waswere developed River emerged given capital confluence wererheprese
America
vast gIVen
river, sites,ther of Canberra,
been
period. city. roie icaehe
site The
valley,
wasIt
castle has of hasRiver PraguetheEropeans 10 wIict
thethea site. Spain, also of suct the n
its
Security-
has implies hills bank GarhalsoRiverloops Germary Nortt protectaoD 2fe
in were side. ater the Moscw,
under of piayedsts
of modern arOund acropolis that were has wtact
Damodar Safety or of of meander loop Yamuna on 2
control singly India onewestern
Harndwar,
Yamuna rver periodi situatedcDSSIg
site It part toMadrid sies Kanpur Rvers ose ae
and due mander In have caprais.
towns. constructed
todefinable Chester. on ctesBsr
upper
as so of the g
of the Safetyperiod barriers, Jodhpur bankleastthe
The
warrior
RiverRver medievz They
defined of re 1ONIE
Greece.
slopes, here
mines
on or
fort ndizHere the as capNa
of or The River
at er sde of Blatevz coastBrzi
success w of g etiopet
protection a
In sitepresent on fork Riein
paces, ftatcal asting
te
316 coal as moE up tast sries AICe ttes
2. peopie
safe proved growt of 2Cee
sa Suct of
cTesce he ManosStaliov
che fork Elbe
a em TE
CIE To Past
 water, Varanasi
Nile,Lyons, the Patna,
point
rivers,
Niger,
theRiverron
China on
Bailt-up-Ara from
IN and on
FORM
COMBINED
Chambai: meeting
Blue on
319
types
site
of an
situated big examples.of river. Timbactoo
freeflow are
of
City sidesas two and
of f up remain theexamples
River Wubhan bothgrown of theWhite steeptowards
number
conditions is
Hanyang confluence on current
which
of Volga,
on of on has Luis fear other
a Land SituatioD developed of slope
Pinahat
culturalinto and St. point meanders,
thenotable. the Theon
River. theGandak, Stalingrad
Yarnuna:
put
SITCATION 16.1 Canton, meeting formsteep
are
towns.
be Yangtisi on Shakhel
are
such and
enarnples.
can
Has Fig. is
Wuchang developed also river
freealso
and and
physicaltoWns
Mid-Yangtisi
combination
andleft the are alsohas of Hwango,
Piver river.confluencea connectivity
different
each are these
collects are of in
Beijing of sitetype
Ganga andBelgrade
AND of Wuhan Hankow
There Prayag thefalls on
Thamessidesand Thissuch
on the Suchthe growth while be Khartoomn
join at on 16.1).
sites war SITE along it redistributes. itwhere
from to of river onChoefeng
Those
on rivers- Thetheyfrom where, cities
andIndia. situated foundpoint and towns.
are
River
suchsh ON based ease River,
a Wuchang, routes (Fig. of the
Bate site sites-
where
the of
from of Patnaexample by
are meeting sites- Agra
Koblenz
point
Missisippi, of of

Towne
have

towns
Agra,
CLASSIFICATION
Gambhir
BASEDis on of
towns
flow
Confluence
nature
classification
rivers,
a
for an
has
place and
number
favourhinterland,
of
examples
up
points. grown
Hankow
cities
River,
Hanyang.Hann
Hannof
rail
has
centre
towns
industry the
meèting
course
meander
Kent,
growth
Delhi,
Ganga,
Mirzapur,
sites-
on
jagner
and after products an is the
of of directions, confluence bank It on of the River
Situation
of Goverdhan
Daviny
Situation
basis of
This a
its found China
bestis It three of
basin. right
bank
Yangtisi.
steel Most
and
Missoori
change
Leed, Tavour
of Patnathe River
other town.
Riverpoint with on on
This situation.the its the of
as Oxford
Milan,
and such
of 2.
site
6. A

Urban ve
Geographyhave
i .induet theonly
of
their
Hence withon town.
Classification rivers,
develonme
oro further and
towns Chandigarh treating location site coast, of Enayat by classes best
o its cities northam combination the and
higher commercial, difference. specific of made
those to on may River
characteristicsSingh, six the from Sikri
by the located
base situation or These studies are
of the
times, contradictory group
Locational the
positioning by Port, into height
functionssite. strong two Fatehpur
that, such by towns explained the Ujagir Karhal
towns. Plains, the Doab
present the situation, these whichoccupied of raised
and establish on
examples, it micro-observations.
the basisVerma,
of give of (2) based Ganga-Yamuna
Ganjdundwara, towns.
the their Resort as Plateau,
betweenclassification,
site rather high.
the importance name plains, on slight
developeditsto site towns, the
In
of to the in emphasis Dann, are such 70m
of developedbasisand difficultcharacteristics
physical (5)
town, on have
size. manyimportance difference in views
classification
tedious
by towns and of it. are to
the the classification type Pass by Middle of Bhogaon, 35
large
have Locational towns, much Their Aligarh
so the(1) of expressed Marhera,example
enhances been on very of
are on four town, hills
a which Towns a The basis significant.
grow the example. is becomescommon Mountain giving of and Soron,
There have towns
stress
classes first gap their best
of one. or the views towns Shikohabad, small
Jalesar
togrowth, functions
functions
Because of such
site given on included by or given
separate the
attainnumber. an Classification five types, of are
of it some (4)sub-classes
it defined gap Themore the is
such classification
Sometimes,
called have sites
Kasganj,
high hasintolakes, narrow situation.classified Etah These
they administrative
example.
transport has are
also to He more site- The
at
registered a
have
situation, hasreferencetowns Scholars-They areas. site.
Dwivedi
sites-
thus gre surface. or He sites- nearest
ground.
sites-
is Mountainous sites-
Northam seas into further Lake
coast
toWns. has their
land
Delhi extensiveness. Taylor- and different examples.
and a bestand scholars the land
in The Dwivedi
of
put
earth's
particular
on classified site C.N Raised Hillock
Mound
and ports added basis Flat Low
while has Grifith i.e.Ahmad,
318 site Some Hilly, Indian in
theHe (3)be has both them C.N.the
on
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
 region road theof on type.cannot
321 andgrowth
Dhaka England
high
Lancashire suchover-bridge
stay,
has theHooghly,
of of
Shreusbary
and towns
To
Mascte in
of and
England
Poteo-De-Pide encourage
city, enter
Manchester.on the where Wall
Old
important
carn Kolkata
are Settledof
Ares
Site
river,
of ships
on, Irawadi 250 16.5
Site
164 carried the Fig.
an like big Quebec, $1

Fig become
places where on ofpoints
Rangoon
colonized
hightheEngland.Rivers.
height of dryPaulton-De
UttarNakur wassurroundingare
surrounded
raised
as
known surrounded thea protecting
sites, on side, suchon River River
Europe birth
as givesof (Fig.
are areaof hasdistant activities
Lawrenceestuary Scheruesbury
functions by
has
type,
Spalding certain In Gangoh, example the Bharaunch gives
sea are type town
of river. Lancashireon it
today river and Tapi by and surrounded
in
knoll Tames been
platforms the Those In London
is
of siteis with Indus, thetowns. on surrounded
Suchunloading landalso it, such Thisand
of
and have ahaveflow on form itand
Baghpat, the but St. Sites-
towards Surat examples. justto it,
raised presentIt's Previously,
ground. connectivity
territory,Sites- on
raised
meandersurrounding
river of River. to
Eli-type.
Africa sites. land, for towns. Rome,
towns. townis surrounding
platforms
raisedof the16.4). Karachi as
River, The The to town
it.
Towns lightlyplatform. course
Loni, Mouth
constructed
Estuary developed Severn
such alsoin marshypoint
point
agricultural andcommercial Hemburg, suchsites river protection a
in highly (Fig. Meander-
town. is This
of Narmada
site
moat, England
ofSituation of Gambia
surface the Pradesh.
dry England rail loading Padma, also
Land the of
raised
cities These Filde.
point the trade River River 16.5). wall
from and type a fold
on are by be are are by to
a
and
site
7. 8. 9.

Urban
Geograplytrade ee.
places sites.NileBridge.
London.
as towe
and
developed bridge
on
Motor
wovsRall-Route shallow Main Settlements
Channel
ford
shallow Howrah
Cairon,bridge Karlsacco
ofAI-Cairon-City
river
called Suez
Canal
the Sites
Dry
are theby
is vehicles.
notable Point
towns river
are because
to Howrah
Al-Calron
towns Mediter near Dry
River
Such the Siteas by are Km.
16.3
outwith
where
Such sites, Paris
16.2 used Fig.
River. emerged
Fig. be connected
forms
andis of in used Columbia,
town. shallow Cologne,
Nile
sites, can site break U.S.A.Washington,
are attainedthefor land
of
ended, means 16.3).
Alexandr
bridges
has river This is Buffalo near growth
flood,
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Khartoom Oxford,
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320
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16.10
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327 due in Mhumbai routes
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The PORT MUMBAI Situationpoint wheat

Bangluru,
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Situation 16.14
Johensburg Delhi.
and Fig,Yakohama, Pune, U.S.A.,
of there,
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Fig
to pointgroupedplaces,
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Africa
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16.14).
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ore, the In with Transportation to
the growth Rio-de-Janeiro,
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In
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16.13).
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growth
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the ideal examples to
near (Fig. is in the Kochin, central brought
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is Siwaliks. Ganga
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centres.
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River the River
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has all connect
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326 on of trade
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of
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situation.
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London,
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routes,
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transport of railof helps
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it. Kong, Questions andand
origin Europe,
is
transport.
routes.
or
towns. or theconnectivity the
various
of road of
Germany (Fig.on site?
this directions. it
Istambul,
Delhi. near Discuss sitesite
connects point theexample
lie nations, Hong the South
of nation as on situated goodbetween
of in
sea which
and alsoof of
means of out thehavesituated Singapore, basissite (b)
point
different Cologne the twoemerged
the best site? a
Agra,
Lucknow
Berlin, sites, from airways for theof
towns River and are difference India,
meeting with of the importance
a of Raxaul, by town.essentials
ofdevelopment
on following
as It partsThe
Rhine significant
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region:
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Towns site Sites- Nepal Plains
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Determine
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New river
safety
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Those answer
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time. (a)
and
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sites,
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an Points
as
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Agra, 16.
routes of (Fig.
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Kanpur,
CHILTA Fig.

the is collect Pradesh

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3.
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madiagrams
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Towns- CLASSIFICATION
towns of functions,
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method
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s cement directly
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U.S.A;
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orfishing U.S.A.
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concentrated,
revoluson because Hag. the in as
nuciei
2a peopie nucleus. likesize centres emerged
is roates establisbments
today, Mecca,
organization. Stockholm,
were o efhithere. of Such also small in largealso
Beijing. the religion, institutions
is wereas educationalhave
n towns
these fe and
trade and Chandigart were religious
Rishikesh, a are
develoged
industrial
There
activties
osstble purpose. known are of Sull
a trarsport public
manner In
examples.
towns
These and
great
role
accumulation are attain facilities
Cambridge,
of trade ionalonly Canberra town.
Thesocial activities Hyderabad,
few trade Few
towns
were number, educational
towns
made and efficient enployed
in official administrative these of
of a werethein trade nat Lucknow,
Jaipur, Jhansi,
Chittor. a towns. Dwarika,
form
their fame
pre-era
Though, growth andCentres, of a near of communication
to their been means Washington, played form towns. These
education computer
software
centres.
activities the in and the Oxford, Pune,
world
migrated location
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towns huge
for has modern for
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the twns in Puri,such areas.
in trade known mainly
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the (old
Delhi).
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have nucleus.
found tookof origin
and areas. Varanasi,Bangluru,
were
towns- beenand Moscow,
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Paris, number Ujain, distantTaxila
administrat1ve of theare number.nearly
all temples
are were it
these of and
towns.
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or and are
technology, facilitydominated time, their cultural,
examples distant
have today, by towns these of Rameshwaram,
trade trade buildingsBerlin, Jaisalmer, from Pilani, Gurgaon,
transport
Political few
in people ain development
Shahjahanbadmosques,
times, have
and fame
educational
centres.
of
activities Thethe the
promotion from

ClaFussincftAdmi ionntradeistthese
ratisCience
vetowns
still These position the thein students
Nalanda
of
Towns advantageous them or also older example The with Pushkar,
handle
to
are centres.
trade identity Roorkee, and
ilocnatalcapital
or or
now,
U.S.A.
size'and
are houses Towns-
radiating are where trade, Noida,

cwereommnedrecivael opment
as
capital
The etowns as
like
towns,
activities.
walled
for
political
of
churches,
towns.
and
settlement
city
central Vrindavan,
the
Amritsar,
the India.
Vetican attract
towns,
own The
iormation
technolo
Aligarh,days
emerged in Gandhinagar,
citics ofexample enablhas ed mostand
of ofcapitals
state influences
it. centralasout
Cultural
number of.
but(Owns,
the
of small
of roads,
town, times
ancient the
development Those
ancient
their time.
Ihese
university era,
quite such
are stle
castle
or thea have Mathura, Haridwar, developed
Jerusalam, ot are
world
big as their ongto greatly
hirthsites
In Pesent
vourse
nere.
a 4. of
of
an
ara isproducts exchang, oi
tecollecin the border of or
Urban
eng e Pitb facilty
city fulfls stages o otbe meansrail Beaa
exampio
trom funi commere
products
ad
Birm aea
intermatiSuch to encourage
also
commercial of to
places, Tula,
Barauni, of
the
products own thein development
no commodities the
Kolkata, the are vice-versa functions is areas. point
different
mountain,
also Muzaffarangar,
best
is its after and and
distant Kharkov,townstowns people. cities characteristics, and of
Bhadravati, all meetingagricultural
statusthe
city,towns national distant
the and it such two consumers, are
from Mumoal, thesesuch
Consumes
saylocal the andtowns.
Kansas
Magnitogorsk. that areas, eastern have the Winnipeg
to areas: of the Kolkata,
Though,
collection to theof exports plains point gain
raw
articles of said people.
towns or the function products lines, collect
Bhilai,
Kanpur, The it distant
example, for such
developmenthand, to transfer
by folloving
geographical thecities
has mnediator city of meeting Kong,
Mumbai,
areas. themowncommercial consumed of road
food the Huntington place to to
Jamshedpur,
it. one the mainthese
a development products
Earidabad,
of of and is these
and Shanghai, is distant to Forsend its f towns Hong
examples
towns On products of point Thesend the meetingtherail
transport.
entrepot.
These
receive
materials of products. a location.
Therefore,
estate. articles,
needs are as in of at these Singapore,
Commercial
towns-
base or that a entrepot.
to of commercial
areas. these activities. as whichfunctions developed
type developed
Noida,
Nagasaki,
best other also Thethe point
his regional functions
the revealed of world send advantageous
required different
invite meeting
on.
these the of foodfulfil commodities,but facilities towns. people.
Ranipur, of
function
of as to Amsterdam,
giant
gateway city as
products, are also so
of
are demand
industrial other called plains, and
to Osaka, the
sends
their to has
regional
demand
city named commercial and function
commercial are the local
products Chicago products the with
towns areas,
Smithcommercial are route their
townsSindri,
sites. main and on
Essen, the theit of local
on is areas,
towns
fertile their London
more andon
other, maize of cities it commercial as sea mainsurrounding
fulfil at depend of
The
finished Youngstown, theirRussel distribution then such of of
these
towns.
Vijaynagar, sitting the of and These the because
or
Glasgow, transport. TheSuch The The demand
and
to wheat, two
types:
A countries, emergence
distribute desert transport;
with
York,
less receives entirely
their is trade.
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road their New
town,
for
2. of of b. of (ii) the
534
Classifieation of Towns
Punetional
It is also observed that education function has
and in due course of time, they have emerged out as prominent developed in the waterways start, then in that
335

At such change points, the situation

Varanasi, Allahabad, Ujjain, Kurushetra and Haridwar are the
best educaioenals of i essential. These loading and transportatsn ton s emerged out
exampl storageunloadng
Chennai, London,
points have also the of KOds becomes
H. Carpanter has called them by the name of 'Shrine
their different bases of development. It may be religious, Cities'
educational
. Such rbere the inland
Yakoharna, Shanghai are sschfaciltses Mumba, Koikaa.
tye of towns
towards these Or any
monument or facilities. The people have a great attraction (c)
+he transport town iswaterways erd and land rote ben. then at uch
of special occasion. For example Nasik, Ujjain, Prayag, Haridwar have ciies al lheatiy emerzed ut. In US A on Grea Lakes.
Detroit, Buffalo are the exarnples of it
pants,
Duhsth, Superot,
devotees at the time of Kumbh fair. Such movement creates the large ite ingathering
priceinstability
Deidge sites of River also
local residents. They face the problems of high increase in the of daily the Wfe (d)
sIlCh site, there becomes encourazeo the deveoment of transport towns. AL
and present the crowdy scence on this occasion.
5. Recreation towns- The se towns are known for their
recreation and healt
commodi in Uttarakhand is the bestnecessary change the mezns of transport Satpuli
example of it
At the meeting point of two or more trade
activities. These are developed due to their healthy climate, beautit roates- Such
development of transport towns for exarnple Agra, Nagpur, Paris, sites also
(ii) IrVite the
playground. They have a number of high grade hotels. They attract natural Berlin.
religion and caste. The people living here have their expensive naturetheandpeopletof a e facility of transport in a town, heips in
its development and as well as in the
present a wonderful scene in the town. They always experience the movement of growth of trade activities. Hence, most of the transport towns have zrown p as trade
from the outer areas. The habits, taste and mode of living of the comnmuting peoge towns.
peoplewitlheav
their great impact on the city's life. The people prefer to visit healthy towns just Diversified towns- Most of the modern towns do not perform oniy a single actrvity
motive to improve their health. Such places have cool and favourable climate te 1.
Loown for a number of activities, which are developed there in an uniform
cities attract the people in a large number also known as tourists. This number is in rtion in due course of time. It becomes difficuit to ascertain in these towns, that
if that town has a number of beautiful natural spots. In due course of time, thev emetm Aich is more important and which has less importance. They are muitifarious in character
out as an important tourist centres. Srinagar, Shimla, Mussoorie Otacmund, Abu, Nin nd bave different aims and functions. In our country, such towns are found in huge
Darjeeling, Panchmarhi, Jeneva, Newjersy, Los Angles, Brytan are the examples of md number. Meerut, Saharanpur, Bangluru, Indore, Panipat, Gurgaon, Kota, may be put into
cities.
this category.
In temperate zone Beach town in coastal areas have their high importance. T:
tourists come here to enjoy and to play. New jersey of U.S.A., Chennai, Panjim, Vs,
Puri of India, Jeneva of Italy are such type of towns. Questions
6. Transport Towns- These towns are mainly found on the meeting point of centai
transport routes. Long answe
1. Functions rather than the size present a rational base of classification of towns.
(i) At near the Break point in transport- The break in the transport route is causa Illustrate.
due to two factors, firstly, that if there is a change in the mean of transport, and second 2 Examine the various methods of functional classification of towns. Give exampie
that there is a necessity to bifurcate the goods into small Packets for its further distribut from the studies of Indian towns.
At these sites, the town is developed. There are so many examples of these types. 3
Ihe towns can be classified on what bases? Which base seems to be more important,
(a Where the rail route ends and the motorways begins, then in that Slu and why? Explain.
examples.
DIsCuss the various methods of functional classification, with suitable suggested
4
transport town is grown up such as Rishikesh, Tanakpur, Kathgo
Dehradun, Kotdwar. Xamine the methods of functional classifcation of urban settlements as
orinland by Indian scholars.
(b) Where, the sea route ends and land transport route begins