Cer

eal
s RICE
Or
yzasati
va (2n=24)

Ri
cei
soneoftheol
destcult
ivatedcrops.Thet
wocul
ti
vat
edspeci
esofr
icear
e
i)Or
yzasati
va-Asianrice
i)O.gl
i aberr
ima-Af r
icanrice

Thethr
eeracesincul t
ivat
edAsianricear
e
i)Indica
ii
)Japonica( Sini
ca)
ii
i
)Jav anica.
iv
)
Ori
ginofcul
tivat
edr ice.
Theviewsr egardingtheori
ginofri
cecanbegr
oupedi
ntot
wocl
assesv
iz.
,
a)Polyphyleti
cor i
gin
b)Monophy l
eticori
gin.

i
.Pol yphyleti
c:Or iginated
from sev eral speci es. Commonancestor
Accor dingt ot hist heory,
the t wo f or ms of South&SouthEastAsia Tr
opicalAf
ri
ca
cul t
ivatedricev iz.
,Asi an
rceO.
i sativaandAf r
ican PerennialO.
ruf
ipogon
rce O.
i glaberrima hav e
ev olv
edi ndependent lyin O.l
ongistami
nataAnnual O.
niv
ara Weedy
theirr espect i
ver egions
from sev eralspeci es. annual O.
bart
hii

O.
spont
anea

O.
sat
iva O.
Staf
fi
i O.
glaber
ri
ma

i
i.Monophy l
etic:Accor dini
nd
gt i
otcaj
hiapo
sthni
c
eoa
ybj
r a
ov
t
hani
ca
AsianriceandAf ri
canricear osef r
om acommon O.per
enni
s
parent (O.perenni
s).Thi sv iew ist he most
accepted one because bot h Asian rce and O.
i gl
aberr
ima
Afri
can r i
ce ar e si milar except i n glume
pubescence,l i
gulesizeandcol ourofper i p O.
car sat
iva
whichisredi nAfri
canrice.

1
Moder
nricewor ker
sbelievethatori
ginofculti
vat
edr i
cemonophylet
ic.Fr
om
Or
yzaperenni
srosetheAsianri
ce(Oryzasat
iva)inSouthEasttr
opi
calAsiaand
Af
ri
canri
ce ( Oryzagl
aberri
ma)int
heuppervall
eyofNigerRi
veri
nAfri
ca.

Speci
esinthegenusor yza:
Genusor
yzainclude20wil
dspecies
Cul
ti
vat
eddiploidsvz.O.
i sat
ivaandO.gl
aberr
ima
Wil
dspeci
es i ncl
udebot
hdiploi
dandtet
rapl
oidf
orms

Bot
ani
calname Chr
omosomeNo. Genome Or
igi
n
O.sativ a 24 AA Asi
a
O.nivar a 24 AA Asi
a
O.mer idi onali
s 24 - Austr
ali
a
O.l
ongi stami nata 24 AA Afr
ica
O.rufipogan 24 AA Asi
a
O.glumaepat ula 24 - America
O.gr andi glumi s 48 CCDD America
O.glaber r i
ma 24 AA Afr
ica
O.bar thii 24 AA Afr
ica
O.aust ral i
ensis 24 EE Austr
ali
a
O.l
at i
fol i
a 48 CCDD America
O.alata 48 CCDD America
O.eichi nger i 24 CC Afr
ica
O.mi nut a 48 BBCC Asi
a
O.punct ata 48 BBCC Asi
a
O.officinal i
s 24 CC Asi
a
O.granul ata 24 - Asi
a
O.mey eriane 24 - Asi
a
O.ri
dley i 48 - Asi
an
O.l
ongi glumi s 48 - NewGuni nea
O.brachant ha 24 FF Afr
ica
O.schl echt er - - NewGui nea

2
Wi
ld Speci
es:Ther
earet
wentyspeci
esi
nthegenusor
yza
Cul
ti
vat
ed-Or
yzasati
va,Ory
zagl
aberr
ima

I
ntheremaining18speci
es
Nine-di
ploid,
Si
x -t etr
aploi
d,t
wo-mixeddi
ploid
One -chromosomenumbernotr epor
ted

Someoft hewildspeci
esut
il
isedi
nbreedi
ngprogrammeare
Oryzaper enni
s-Co31GEB24 x O.per enni
s
Oryzanivara -IR34 Oneoft hepar
entsisO.ni
var
aresi
stantt
ogr
assyst
unt
disease.

BREEDI
NGOBJECTI
VES
1.Hi
ghy i
eldpot ent i
al
.
Thei deal pl
anttypeis
-Shor tstature.
-Thick,St if
fculm
-Compactpani cl
et hatholdt
hepl
anterect.
-Shor t,narrow,erectleavest
oeff
ect
ivelyuti
li
sesol
arr
adi
ati
on.
-hight i
lleri
ng
-Non/ l
owphot o
sensitivit
y
-Ni tr
ogenr esponsive
-Fl agleafangl eshouldnotbemorethan400.

2.Adaptabi
li
tyandst abil
it
yofy i
eld:
Wideadapt abi
lit
yacr osslocati
onsi sdesiredsi nceri
cei sgrownovera
l
argevar
ietyofagroclimati
czoneswhi charev ar
ying.Character
isti
csassoci
ated
wit
hwideradaptabil
it
yar e
-lowsensi t
ivi
tytotemperaturev ar
iat
ions.
-lowsensi t
ivi
tytochangesi nl
ightintensi
ty.
-Resistanttowidespect r
um ofpest sanddi seases.

3.Ear l
ymat ur
ity :
Thischar act erisdesir
edtohav emul t
ipl
ecropping.I
tisalsohel
pfult
o
over
comet ermi nal droughtandt oescapefrom pestanddiseases.I
nri
cethe
opti
mum ear l
ymat uritywil
lbear ound105day s.
4.
Resistantt olodgi ngandshat tering.
Nonl odgingl i
neswi l
lhave-
-Shor tst ature
-Thickst rongcul m
-Shor tinternode
-Leafsheat htightl
yencir
clingtheculm.
5.Gr ain shatter i
ng i salso acompl excharacter.Wildricesarehav i
ng t
his
character
.Sowhi l
eusi ngwildr i
ceaspar entst hi
sshouldnotbel inkedwith
3
desi
rabl
etr
aitwhi
chi
stobet
ransmi
tt
ed.
6.Resi
stancetocoldtemper
atur
e
Japonicar
icevari
eti
esar
emor ecol
dtol
erant
7.Resi
stantt
osal
ini
tyandal
kal
ini
ty:
8.Resistantt
oDi seases:
Bl
ast,Hel
minthospori
um, bact
eri
all
eafbl
i
ght
,Tungr
ovi
rusar
esomeof
thei mportantdi
seases.
Gr assystunt :O.ni var
a.
BlastandBLB :O.mi nutatet
raploi
d.
resistant

9.Resi
stanttopests:
Brownplanthopper,St
em borer,Ri
cegallmidgeareimport
antpest
s.
Stem borerdonor:TKM 6
I
R20, (
IR262xTKM 6)
PY3-Bhar at
hidasan-Resi
stantt
oBPH
O.of
fi
cinali
sBPHResi st
ant

10.I
mpr ovedgrainquali
ty
a)Grai
nshapesi zeandt ext
ure
Riceculti
varscanbeclassi
fi
edbasedont
hesi
ze,
shapeandt
ext
ureoft
he
grai
n.
Accor
dingt oFAOt hetr
adegradesare
Length:
Extr
along - over7mm
l
engthLong - 6to7mm
Medium - 5to5.99
mm Short - below5mm.
Shape:
BasedonLengt h/Breat
hratio.(
L/B
rat
io).Basmathi
,Ponni,
Slender-over
3L/ B
I
R20Medi um -2.0to3.0L/B
Co37 Bol d -2.0to2.39L/
B
Texture:
Twomai ntypesar erecognised
1.Har dstarchygr ainwi th(t
ranslucent
)vitr
eousf r
act
ure
2.Sof tdext
rinousgr ainwi thopaquef r
acture.Knownasgluti
nousr i
ce.
Hard st archyt ypesar et hemaj oroneconsumed.Theydi fferintheir
tr
anslucency ,hardinessandpr esenceorabsenceofabdomi nalwhi t
edepending
onst archcont ent.Theyr emaindr yandflakywhencooked.Sof tdextr
inousgrai
n
becomest i
ckyandcl otoncooki ngandusual lyusedforspecialdishes(putt
u
ri
ce).Theset ypesar epr efer
redbypeopl eusingchopsticksforeati
ng.

4
b)Ar omaandCooki ngqual i
ty:
Some v ar i
etiesgi ve aroma when i ti scooked.Var iet
iesl i
ke Basmati
scentedr icether ewi llbeel ongati
oni nthecookedr i
cealso.Thear omai sduet o
cert
ainchemi calspr esenti nendosper m.Anal kaloidPANDAMARI LACTIONEi s
thecauseoff ragrance.Thi salkaloi
di spresentintheleavesofPandanusal so.
The cooki ng qual i
tyv arywi tht he var
iet
yand gr aint ype.Long grain
vari
etiesr emai n dr yand f lakywhen cooked,whi l
emedi um and shor tgrain
vari
etiesar estickyandchewy .Pref
er enceforapar t
icul
arvar i
etydiff
erswithuse.
Inevaluat i
ngricev ar i
etiescooki ngtestsareconduct edfor
a)amy losecont ent,
b)Wat erabsor pt i
onpr oper
ties
c)gelatinisationt est.
d)grainel ongat ionr at
io
e)proteincont ent
f)parboi li
ngqual it
y
g)Milli
ngoutt urn.

c) Nut ri
ti
v eval
ue:
Proteininbrownriceisabout8% whil
einpolishedri
ceiti sabout7%
Inheri
tanceofpr otei
n cont
entiscompl ex.I
tdependson environment and
nitr
ogenappl i
cati
on.Whenprotei
ncontentisi
ncr
easedtherewil
lbeloweri
ngof
l
y si
necont ent.

d)Col ourofker nel:

Thepr eferenceforpar
ti
cularker
nel col
ourvar
ieswithregiont
oregi
on.
Mill
ingoutt urn
Theunhuskedr i
cegraini sknownasRoughr i
ceorpaddy .Themi l
l
er
convertsittobr ownr i
cebyscour i
ngofftheouterbranlayer.Theval
ueofrough
ri
cedependsl argelyoni t
smill
ingqualit
ywhi chi
sdet erminedbyheadri
ceand
tot
al r
icethatisobt ai
nedfrom r
oughr i
ce.
Headr
ice:Whol
egr
ainandl
argebr
okenpi
eces.
Tot
alr
ice:i
ncl
udesal
lri
cer
ecov
eredaf
termi
l
li
ng.

10.Breedingforalt
ernatesourceofdwar fi
nggene
Al
lthepresentdayculti
varsareresultofbreedi
ngwithdwarfi
nggeneDee
-Gee-Woo–Gen, thereisdangerinusingthesamesour ce.I
fDee-Gee-Woo-
Genbecomessuscept i
blet oanew pestordi sease,thewholeprogrammewill
col
lapse.Soitisnecessar ytoseekalternatesourcesofdwarfi
nggene.Eff
ort
s
are underway t oidentif
y alter
nate source thro’convent
ionaland non -
conventi
onalbreedi
ngtechniques.

11.Br eedingvariet
iessui
tedf
ordir
ectsowncondi t
ions.
Thi
sagai nal ocati
onspeci
fi
cpr obl
em.I ncauv er
ydel
taregiongetti
ng
cauv ery waterbecomes an uncer t
aintythese day s. To minimize wat
er
requirementdirectsowing
ofriceisrecommended.Thev ari
eti
esfordir
ectseedingmustbequickgrowi
ng
andsuppr essweedgr owt
h.
5
12.Vari
eti
essuit
edfordrylandcondi
ti
ons
Incert
ainpar
tsofRamnadandChengalpetr
icei
sgr
ownasdr
ylandcr
op.
Tosuitt
heseneedsvari
eti
esaretobeevol
ved.

13.Deepwaterpaddy
:
Areasi
ntail
endpar
tsofcauv
erydel
taneeddeepwat
erpaddy
.Iti
sagai
na
l
ocati
onspeci
fi
cprobl
em

14.Var i
eti
essui
t edforexport
ThescentedriceBasmati370isexportedtoArabcountri
es.Thelimit
ati
on
i
nt hispr ogrammei sBasmat i370growni nallareascannotbeexpor t
ed.The
i
mpor tingcountri
espr ef
ertheBasmatiRicegrownisv all
eysofHimalayanRange
onl
y .Ther i
cegrowni nthoseareaal
onepasst hechemi calt
est
.Thismustbedue
toef f
ectofenv i
ronment .Eff
ort
sareunderwayt oidentif
yexportqual
it
yscented
var
ietiesgrowninot herpart
softhecountry.

15.Tobreedvar
iet
iestocontr
olwil
drice:
Thisagai
nal ocati
onspecif
icproblem..InstatesofBi har
,Maharastra,
MadhyapradeshandPunjabthewi l
dr ceO.sat
i i
vav ar.f
atuaisof t
encr
eating
probl
ems.Soitisnecessarytohavemar kergenesincul t
ivat
edricetoi
solate
them f
rom wi
l
dones.Purpl
ecolourst
em isamar ker.

16.Breedi
ngv ar
iet
iestosui tanyotherlocalprobl
ems.
E.g.-t
oidenti
fyvariet
iestocul t
ivat
einareasoftur
meri
ccult
ivat
ionwher
ea
shor
tdurati
on70day sricevar i
etycanbef i
tinbetweentwot
urmeri
ccr ops
Satar
i-shor tduration(70day s).
RICEVARIETIESRELEASEDUSI NGDI FFERENTBREEDI NGTECHNIQUES
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion:
2.Pur
eli
nesel
ect
ion:
3.Hybr idizati
onandSel ecti
on:
a)Pedi gr eemethod
i
)Interv ari
etal
:
i
i)Inter-racial
Japoni caxindicacrossADT27( Nori
n10xGEB24)
Ponni (
Mashuri)( Tai
chung65xME80)
i
ii
)Interspeci fi
ccrosses
Co31( O.
perennisxGEB24)Dr oughtresi
stance.
I
R34 Compl excross,oneoftheparentisO.niv
ara
b)BackCr ossMet hodof
breedingCo37mal e
ster
ileli
ne.Sabar
matiand
Jamuna.
4.Mutat
ionbr
eedi
ng:
a)Spont
aneousmutat
ion
6
 ADT41-Dwar fmut antofBasmat i370.
b)I
nducedmut ation:
Jagannat hricef rom Orissa.Semi
dwarf.Par bhani -from Mahar ast
ra
Prabavathi -
Satari-Shor tduration,gamma
i
rradi
at edAU1-f rom Tami lNadu.
5.Heter
osi
s
br
eeding

7
 MAIZE
Zeamay
s( 2n=20)

Pl
aceofor
igi
n:Mexi
co.

Ori
ginofculti
vat
edmaize
ThegenusZeawaspr ev
iousl
yconsider
edasmonot
ypi
c
eront
Lat eosi
ntehasbeeni udedEuchl
ncl aenamexi
canahasbeenchangedas
Zeamexicana

Anotherwil
drelati
veisTri
psacum (
gammagr
ass)
.
Al
lthethreeareintercr
ossabl
e.

Thr
eev iewsaboutor igi
n
1.From Teosi nt
eitarose.Teosi
ntei
shavingcobandt assel andeasi
l
y
crossabl e.
2.Thist heorywasnotaccept edbasedoncy t
ologicalstudies.
3.Maizear osefrom podcor nZeamaysv .t
ar unicatathro’natural
mutati
on.Thi
s
viewi sthemostaccept edone.Butor
iginofpodcor nisnotknown.
4.Al l
thet hreecamef rom commonancestorbutt hiscommonancest orl
ost
duringev olut
ion.

I
dealplanttypeinmai ze
-Plantwithupr ightleaveswhi
chwil
li
ncr
easephot
osy
nthesi
s.
-Extendedgr ai
nf il
l
ingperiodt
ohaveuni
for
m wel
lmat
uredgrai
ns.
-Cobwi thincreasedr owno.>15.
-Multicobplant

Br
eedingobject
ives:
1.
High Yi
eld
Complexcharact
ercont
rol
l
edbypol
ygenes.At
tent
ioni
stobepai
dtohav
e
i
dealpl
antty
pe.

2.Br
eedi ngforpestanddi
seaseresist
ance:
Shootf l
y,St
em bor
er,Hel
iot
hisaremajorpest
s.Mexi
canvari
eti
esar
e
resist
ant.Downymildews,leafbli
ghtandhelmint
hospor
ium aremaj
or
diseases.

3.Br
eedingforhi ghprot
ein:
Composedoft wofracti
ons.
a)Pr
oteininendosperm knownasZei nwhichisnutri
ti
onal
lynotbalancedsince
i
tisl
esserinlysineandtr
y pt
ophan.80%protei
nf oundinendosper
m.
b)Pr
oteininger m(embryo)20%balancedone.Byincr
easi
ngtheembr yosize
cani
ncreasepr otei
ncont
ent.

4.Br
eedingf ori
ncreasedoilcontent.
12-15%ingerm.Byi ncreasingtheembr
yosi
zewecani
ncr
easeoi
lcont
ent
.
5.Al
ternatesourcesofcyt
opl asm
8
CMS-T.suscept
ibl
eto

hel
mint
hospor
ium Hi
ghy
iel
dingbaby

cor
n.

Z.m.v .sachhar
ar ata,Sweetcorn.Thegreencobscanbeeatenassalad.The
cobscanbehar v
ested45day saft
ersowing.CoBc1isl
atestvar
iet
yofbaby
corn.

Breedingmet hods:
1.Introduction:
2.MassSel ect i
on:
3.Eart oRowSel ecti
on:
Fir
stpr oposedbyHopki nsf ori
mpr ov
ingoi landpr otei
ncontentofmaize.
Thismet hodi nvolv
esselecti
onofanumberofphenot ypicall
ydesir
ableearsout
ofapopul ati
ongr owni nisol
ation.Thesel ect edcobsar eharvestedonsingle
plantbasisandkeepi ngpartoft heseeds&r emainingsowni nrows.Basedon
thebestper f or
mingr owsduringnextseasont hereserveseedsar esown.This
met hodissui t
ableforcharactershav i
nghi ghher it
abil
itylikeoilcont
entand
protei
ncont ent.Butitwasnothel pful
togetincr easedyield.
4. Modi fi
edEart oRowmet hod:

9
5.Hy bridizati
onandSel ect
ion
6.Het erosi sbreedi
ng:
Inst eadofusingCGMSl i
nes,detassel
ingt
hefemaleinbredli
neisfol
l
owed
i
nIndia.Si nceuseofCGMSl i
neiscostli
ercomparedtodetassel
ingi
tisnot
fol
lowed.
Cr ossingtheinbr
edsofindigenousxexoti
corigi
nresult
edinrel
easeof
besthy brids.

I
ndi
anxIndian-24to43%y iel
d
i
ncr
ease.I
ndianxU.S.dent 58%
I
ndi
andentxCar i
bbeanFlint47t o54%

1.Si
nglecrosshybri
d-CoH1, CoH2.
2.Thr
eewaycr osshy br
ids-Ganga-
5
3.Doublecrosshybr
ids-CoH3
4.Doubletopcrophybri
d-Whiteker
nel
hybr
ids-Gangasaf
ed2,
Hist
arch,
Ganga
4.

7.Popul at
ionImprovement:
Recurr
entselect
iontechniquewasi ni
tiatedbyDhawanin1963.Theini
tial
synthesi
sofcomposi t
eswer edonef rom hi ghyiel
dingi
ntervar
iet
alcrosses
whichexhibit
edminimum inbreedingdepression.
Ki
san, Jawahar,
Vikram,Sona,Vij
ay ,
Amber .,

SORGHUM
Sor
ghum bi
col
or(
2n=20)

Origi
n: Af r
ica
Progenitorofsor ghum
1.S.arundi naceum
2.S.verticil
li
florum
3.S.sudanense
4.S.aethi opicum
Classi
ficat i
on:
Rightf om 16thcent
r ur
ytherewerenumberofcl
assif
icati
onforthegenus
sorghum.Thef amousamongt hem i
sSnowden’sclassi
ficat
ion(1936)lat
er
refi
nedbyGar ber( 1950)andbyDogget(1970)
.

SORGHUM

Secti
onI Secti
onI
I
Sorghum (
TrueSor
ghum) Par
asor
ghum (
other
Sorghum)
S.
versi
col
o
rS.
intr
ons
10
 Subsecti
on Subsecti
on S.pur
pur
eoser
iceum
Arundi
naceae(
2n=20) Halepensi
a(2n=20, 40) S.ni
ti
dum
S.halepense
S.plumosum
S.mi l
iaceum
Ser
ies Ser
ies S.almum
Spontanea(grass) Sat
iva(gr
ain) S.propinquum
S.
sudanense S.
vulgare S.radolphianu
S.
aethiopicum S.
subglabaesenc m
S.
vir
gat um e.
Sdochna
S.
verti
cill
i
foli
um
S.
stapfii
Thel
atestcl
assi
fi
cat
ionwasdonebyHar
lanandDeWet(
1972)
.

1. Bi color(B):Gr ai n
elongat e,glumescl aspi ng
thegr ainwhi chmaybe
compl etel
ycov er edor¼
exposed.
2. Gui nea( G): Grai ns
fl
at t
eneddor so-vent ral l
y .
3. Caudat um( C) :gr ains
asy mmet ri
cal,glumes1/ 2
thelengt hoft hegr ain.
4. Kaf f
ir(K):Gr ains
symmet ri
cal(spher ical ),
glumescl aspingi nv ary i
ng
l
engt h.
5. Dur r
a( D):Gr ains
roundedobov ate, wedge
shapedatt hebaseand
Fig.1.Fi
vebasi
cracesofsor
ghum basedon
broadestsl i
ghtlyabov et he
coverageofgl
umes
mi ddle;glumesv er ywi de.

Accor
dingtothem,t
hecul
ti
vat
edsorghum Sor
ghum bi
colori
sdi
vi
dedi
nto
fi
vebasicr
acesbasedt
hecoverageofgl
umeont hegr
ain(Fi
g1)
.

Hybr
idraces:
Thi
sconsist
sofal l
combi
nati
onsoft
hebasicraces.
1.
Guniea bicol
or (GB) 6.Guinea kaff
ir (
GK)
2.
Caudatum bi col
or (CB) 7.Guinea durr
a (GD)
3.
Kaffi
r bicol
or (KB) 8.Kaff
ir caudatum (KC)
4.
Durra bi
color (DB) 9.Kaff
ir durr
a (KD)
5.
Guinea caudatum (GC) 10.Durr
a caudatum (DC)

Wi
ldSor
ghum sp.
11
 S.
hal
apense : Both2n=20and2n=40f ormsareav
ail
abl
eut
il
ized
forf
oragesor
ghum i
mpr
ov ement
.

S.
sudanense: Ut
il
izedf
ori
mpr
ovementoff
oragesor
ghum.

S.
nit
idum : Pr
ocesses shootf
lyr
esi
stance anddor
mancy
.

S.
staf
fi
i : usedf
ori
nduci
ngdor
mancy
.

Cul
ti
vatedsorghum
Groupedint
ot woa)Tal
l,tr
opicall
atemat ur
ingadaptedt
oshor
tday
l
engt
hphot osensi
ti
ve,l
ongeri
nternodes.E.g.Landraces.

Br
eedingobject
ives
1.
Highyiel
d: Pr
oducti
vi
tygenesar
epr ndur
esenti ra,
roxbur
ghi
,Caudat
um and
Zer
a-Zera.

Di
rectcomponents:Pani
clel
engthandbr
eadthpani
clewei
ght
,numberof
pr
imarybranches,
numberofseeds/pani
cleand100seedwei
ght.

I
ndi
rectcomponent
s:Pl
anthei
ght
,leafar
eai
ndexendosper
mtext
ure.

2.Shor tdurati
on-t ofi
tinmul tiplecroppi ngpr ogr amme.
3.Br eedingdr oughtresistantv ari
etieswi thl owHCNcont entint heear l
ystages
ofgr owt h:
75%ofsor ghum i sgr ownunderr ainfedcondi ti
on.Itishi ghlyessenti
alto
breedv arieti
es,whichcanwi thst andi niti
al aswel lasterminaldr ought.Furt
herin
dryl and v ari
eti
est here wi l
lbe hi gh HCN cont enti nt he st em dur i
ng earl
y
veget at i
vephase.Thi sl i
mi tst heuseofv arieti
esascat t
lef eed.Toov ercome
thisitisessent ialt
obr eedv ar i
etieswi thlowHCNcont ent.
4.Breedi ngnon-l odgingsor ghum
4.Resi stancet opests
Shootf l
y,stembor er,mi dgeandear headbugar et hei mpor tantpestsof
sorghum.Sour cesl keS.ni
i tidum,S.v irgatum ar eav ai
labl
eagai nstpests.Some
oft hel andr acesli
kel ocalirunguchol am ar er esistantagainstshootf ly
.Effort
s
areunderwayt oevolveresistantv ar
ieties.
Resi stancemaybe-Nonpr ef erencef orov i
posit i
onbecauseofpr esenceof
tri
chomes.
Ant ibiosis-Si l
icacont entinthepl ant
bodyRecov eryresistancebypr oduci ng
sidet i
ll
ers.

5.Resist
ancet odiseases:
Sorghum downymi ldew,helmint
hospori
um bli
ght
,gr
ainmoul
dar
ethe
i
mportantdiseases.Theinheri
tanceiscomplexandpol
ygeni
c.

6.Br
eedingforsweetsorghum
Tofindoutalt
ernateusesf
orsor
ghum,br
eedi
ngsweetsor
ghum i
sone
12
str
ategy.Fr om thest em juice,ethanolcanbepr oducedwhi chisar enewable
sourceofener gy.Br azi
lstandsf ir
stinthi
s.Therear etwotypesofsorghums.
a)Sy rupv ari
eti
es-Sy rupf ortablepurposecanbepr oducedfrom t
his.Thi
si s
al
sosui tableforethanolproduct i
on.
b)Sugarv ari
eties:cont ai
nsmor eofsugarsandlessofcombust i
bleorganics.
Notsui t
ableforethanol productioncompar edt
osy rupvari
eti
es.
Normalsorghum contains12%,TSS( Bri
x)whereassweetsor ghums
contain ar
ound 18% TSS.The j ui
ce wi
llbe extr
act
ed and steri
li
sed. After
ster
il
isati
onthe jui
ceistreatedwithyeast
.Af t
er48hrs,di
sti
l
lati
oni sdonet o
extr
actalcohol
.Around45%alcoholisr
ecover
ed.

7.Tobreedredgrainvar
iet
iessuit
ableforbiscui
tmaking
Madurai-Ti
rumangalam ar
eabiscuiti
smadef rom
Senchol
am Salem -boiledredgrai
nusedf orconsumpt
ion.
Thevar
iet
yPaiyur2isaredgrainvari
ety
.

8.Breedv ari
etieswi thnut
rit
ionalqual
it
y:
Normal protein=7-8%wi th1.9to2.
5%l ysine,9.3t
o11.6%
l
eucinesIncreaseinpr otei
nupto12%i spossi
ble,butt heprobl
em i
s
di
sabili
ty.
Twohi ghlysi
neEt hiopeanli
nesIS11167andI S11758wi t
h15%pr ot
ein.Thehl
geneismonogeni crecessiv
eandseedsar eshri
v ell
edandr edincol
our.

9. Tosati
sfylocalneeds
Smallpearlywhitegrai
nisusedforprepar
ing‘Kal
i’
whi
chhashi
ghkeepi
ng
qual
it
y.S.r
oxburghi( Talaivi
ri
chancholam)i ssuit
ableandisgr
owninmany
di
str
ict
s.Thevarieti
esCo19andPai yur2areexamples.

10.Toi solatealternatesour
cesofcy t
oplasmicgenicmalesteri
leli
nes.
Theexi sti
ngCMSl i
nesarehavingA1cytoplasm asbase.Therear eother
sourcesv i
z.,A2,A3,
Breedingt echniques:
Sorghum i sof tencrosspolli
natedcrop.Sot omaintai
nv ari
etalpurit
y
i
solation di stance of400 met er
si s necessary.Compared t o ot
herof ten
poll
inatedcr opl i
ker edgram,maintenanceofi nbredsiseasyinsor ghum.By
putt
ingbr ownpaperandsel f
ingt
hegenet i
cpurit
ycanbemai ntai
ned.
1.Intr
oduct
ion:Var i
eti
esofmi l
oandkaf i
rsorghum int
roducedfr
om USAar e
usedinconversi
onprogrammetoconv er
tthel
ocallongdurati
onphotosensi
ti
ve
vari
eti
estoshortdur
ati
on,non-
photosensi
ti
veli
nes.

2.Sel
ect
ion:
Oldv
ari
eti
esar
eal
lsel
ect
ionmadef
rom l
ocal
landr
aces.

3. Hy bri
dizati
onandselect
ion
a)Int
ervar
ietal
b)Int
erspecifi
c
4.Heter
osisbreedi
ng:
UseofCMSl i
nes.
13
 5.Mutati
onbr eedi
ng:
6.Backcrossmet hod:
Str
igaresi
stancewasevol
vedbybackcr
ossi
ng.

7.Popul ati
onimprovement:
Wi t
htheuseofcy topl
asmicgenet i
cmal esteril
i
tyaswel lasgeni
cmale
steri
l
itywecangof orpopulat
ionimprovement .Thel ocallandracescanbeused
aspollinat
orsandbyhalfsibf
amilyselecti
on,wecani solatel
ines.Wecanfol
low
recurr
entselect
ionideat
odevelopsuperiorinbreds.

8.UseofApomict
iclines:
Someapomict
icl
ineshav ebeenident
if
iedwhichcanbeuti
li
sedinbr
eeding
progr
ammeandbyv egetat
ivepr
opagati
onwecanf ixuphet
erosi
s.E.
g.R473
fr
om Hydrabad.

MI
LLET
Thet er
m Mi l
letislooselyappl i
edt oseveralspeciesofcer ealswhi chpr oducesmal l
grainscompar edwi t
ht hoseofSor ghum orMai ze,andar ei ngener alsmal ler,
leafierplants.
Thepr inci
palmember soft hisgr ouparePenni setum typhoi deum ( Pear lorBul rushMi l
l
et),
Set ar
iai t
ali
cal(Foxt ail
,Itali
an,Hungar ian Mill
et),Panicum mi li
aceum ( Proso-Mi l
letor
Broom Cor nMi l
l
et)andEchi nochloaf r
ument acea( JapaneseBar nyar dMi ll
etorSanwa
Mi l
let
).Thesear eallmember soft hePaniceaet ri
beoft hegr asses,andhav eor igi
nated
from closelyrel
atedwi l
dspeci esoccur r
ing throughoutt hegr eatgr asssav annahsoft he
driertr
opics.
Theot hermaj orsmal l
-graincerealoft hewet tert ropicsi s el eusinecor acana
(FingerMi l
l
etorAf r
icanMi l
let)
,whi chisgrownt horoughoutCent ralAfricaandI ndia.Itisa
memberoft het r
ibeChl ori
deae,andi scharacteri
zedbyi tsdi gitateinflor escence.

FI
NGERMI
LLET
RAGI-El
eusi
necor
acanaGaer
tn.(
2n=36)
(
Fingermi
ll
et/Kezhvar
agu/Keppai/Mut
thai
r/Thami
da/Nacheni/Mandal
)

Fi
ngermi
ll
eti
sanimportantst
aplefoodi
npart
sofEastandCent
ral
Afr
ica,
and
I
ndia,
par
ti
cul
arl
yinKar
nataka.I
tisusedformal
ti
ngandbrewi
ng.

Pl
aceofOr
igi
n:I
ndi
a

Cl
assif
ication: ThegenusEleusineconsi
stsofel
evenspeci
es.Oft
hesesi
xar
e
di
ploi
dsandf iv
earetetr
aploids.
El
eusi
nei ndica isadipl
oidwi h2n=18.
t
El
eusi
necor acanaandE.afri
canaaretetr
apl ds(
oi 2n=36)

Or
igi
nofcul t
ivat
edspecies:
E.indi
ca isconsi
deredasoneofthepar
entforthet et
rapl
oid
E.
afr
icana.E.
coracanaweremut
ant
ssel
ect
edfom ofE.af
r ricana.

E.i
ndi
ca.
dipl
oi 2n=18)x Cl
d( osel
yrel
atedt
axon

14
 Chr
omosomedoubl
i
ng

E.af
ri
cana(
2n=36)
i
ntr
ogr
essi
on
mut
ant

E.cor
acana(
2n=36)t
etr
apl
oid

Hybr
idi
sat
ionandintr
ogressionbetweenE.
cor
acanaandE.
afr
icanacont
inued
andsti
l
lcont
inuesinthehighlandsofTr
opi
calAf
ri
ca
Char act
ersofEl eusi
ne:
Inf
lorescenceiscontr
actedi
ntoanumberofdi
gitatespi
kesof
spikelet
.Spikel
etconsist
sofmorethant
wof l
oretssubt
endedby
twogl umes.

Cult
ivatedtypesofRagi:
Therearet wocul t
ivatedtypesofragi.
1.I
ndianragi,E.coracanaand2. Afri
canr agi,E.af
ri
cana.
Afri
canr agi:Ithaslongf i
ngers,bol
dgr ain,
stif
fstraw,photosensi
ti
veand
unevengr ainmaturit
yphase.
Indi
anragi:Shor tfingers,small
grains,photoinsensit
ive.

RAGI(Fi
ngermil
let
)
El
eusineCoracana(
2n=36)

Origin: AsiaandAf ri
ca
Accor dingt oKrishnaswamy(1952)thecult
ivat esofE.
edspeci cor
acana
aroseasaal l
otetrapl
oidfr
om it
swil
dr el
ati
veE.i
ndi
ca
Wildr elati
v es:
ThegenusEl evsinecompr i
sesof11speciesofwhich6ar
edipl
oidsand5are
tetraploids.
Di pl
oids( 2n=18) ==6species
1.El eusinei ndica
2.El eusineol igostachya
3.E. tr
istachy a
4.E.por anansi s
5.E.j aeger i
6.E.f lacifoli
a

Tetraploids
(2n=36) =5species
1.Eleusi necoracana
2.E.af ri
cana
3.E.longi poides
4.E.v ertici
l
lata
5.E.cagopoi des

15
Breedingobj ecti
ves:
1.Ev olut
ionof80day sdur at
ionragisuitabl
eforirr
igat
edcondi ti
ons.
2.Br eedi
ngshor tdurati
ondroughtresistantvari
eti
essuitableforrai
nsfed
condit
ions
3.Br eedi
ngf orhighprotei
nwhiteragiv ari
eti
essuit
ableformal tmaking.
4.Bl astr
esistantvari
eti
es.
5.Br eedi
ngv ari
etiesforsodi
csoilsandt anneryeff
luentaffect
edsoils.

Br
eedingtechni
ques
1.Int
roducti
on

2.Sel
ect
ion

3.Hy br i
dizationandsel ect i
on
TheAf ri
cant ypesar ewi t
hl ongf i
nger s,
boldgrainwithstif
fstraw.Fur t
her
theyar e phot osensitiveand hav eun ev en grai
n mat ur
it
y. Becauseoft hi
s
charactert heyar e
notrecommendedf orcul ti
vationi nIndia.TheI ndi
antypesarewi thshor tfi
ngers,
smal lgrainsandphot oi nsensi t
ive.TheAf ricantypesareutil
isedinhy bridi
zat
ion
programme,t odev elopext r
al ongf ingeredv ari
eti
escoupledwi thdi seaseand
droughtr esi stance.TheI ndianAf r
icancr ossder i
vati
vesar eknownas I ndaf
vari
et i
eswhi char einterspecific.
4.Het erosi sbr eeding:
Arti
ficialinductionofmal est eri
li
tythroughuseofgamet oci
de,GA3, 2-
4-D
arebei ngat tempt ed.

5.Mut
ati
onbr
eedi
ng:
T20-mut
antf
rom AKP-7.

PEARLMILLET
Penni
set
um glaucum (2n=14)
(
Cumbu,Bajr
a,Bulr
ushmil
let
)

Ori
gin:WestAf rica.
Taxonomy: Thegenuspenniset
um ishavingmor et
han140speci es.
Stapf(1954)hasdi vi
dedthegenuspennisetum i
ntofi
vesecti
onsv iz.
,
1.Gymnot hrix
2.Eupennisetum
3.Penici
ll
aria
4.Heterostachya
5.Brevi
valvula
Theculti
vatedPennisetum gl
aucum bel
ongst othesect
ionpenici
l
lar i
a.

Ori
ginandput ativeparents.
Stapfincluded32speci esispeni
cil
lar
ia.Ofthese32speci
esfoundis
Afr
ica,
sixannual sareconsideredwil
dandpr obabl
eancestor
softhecult
ivat
ed
one.Theyar e
1.Pennisetum perott
etti
i
2.P.mol l
li
ssi
mum
16
3.P.vi
olaceum
4.P.ver
sicolor
5.P.adonense
6.P.gymnothrix
Thecul t
ivat
edspeci
esofpenniset
um i
sbel
i
evedt
o hav
eor
igi
nat
ed
thr
oughhy br
idi
zati
onwithi
nthesesixspeci
es.

Wi l
dspeci esut il
isedinbr eedi ng:
Theot herspeci esinthissect ionisP.purpureum arhizomat usperenni
al
hav i
ngchr omosomenumber2n=28
cumbunapi erhybr i
d=BN1
Tet r
aploidxDi pl
oi d - Tr iploid.
P.squamul atum ( 2n=46)-Dr oughtandcol dresist
anthavingapomi cti
cline
crossedwi thP. glaucum t oev olvesuperiorcoldresist
antfodder .
P.or i
entale:usedf ortransfer r
ingapomi xi
s.
P.set aceum P.v iolaceum :Tot ransfermalesteril
egenest oP. gl
aucum
Intergenericcr osses:
BuffelgrassCenchr usci l
iari
sorPenni setum ci
li
areutil
isedtocrosswi t
h
cumbuf orf odderi mpr ovement

Breedi
ngobj ecti
ves:
1.Breedingf orhighgr ainy i
eld
Togethighy iel
dst hefol l
owingpl antcharacter
sarenecessar
y
a)mor enumberoft il
l
er s
b)wellfi
lled,compact ,longpani cle.
c)heavygr ai
ns.
d)Uniformityofripening.
Underi rr
igated condi ti
ons phot oi nsensi
ti
vi
ty and ear
ly mat
uri
ty ar
e
essenti
alformul ti
pleandr el
aycr opping.

2.Br
eedingf
ori
mprovedgrainquali
ty.
I
tcanbeachi
evedbyincorporat
ingy
ell
owendospermt
oimpr
ovev
itami
n
Acont
entorwhi
teendosper
mt oimprovepr
otei
ncont
ent.
3.Breedingfordroughttolerance:
Thi
scanbeachi evedt hro’evolvi
ngli
neshavingshort
erdurati
onsot
hat
theycanescapedr ought,li
neswi thmor eadvent
it
iousroot
s,li
neswi t
hhi
ghl
eaf
waterpotent
ialandhighchlorophy l
lstabi
li
tyi
ndexaretobeevolved.

4.Br eedingfordiseaseresi
stance
Downymi l
dewi sthemaj ordi
sease.Ergotandsmutcomesnext
.Ofl
ate,
rustatlatestageisalsobecomingamaj orproblem.
LineshavingLocalBel l
arycyt
oplasm (732A)areobser
vedtobedowny
mildewr esi
stant.

5.Breedi
ngforalter
nat
esour
ceofcyt
opl
asm i
nmalester
ileli
nes.
Ori
ginalTi
ft23Aevol
vedatTi
ft
on,
Georgi
aishi
ghlysuscepti
bletodowny
mil
dew.Becauseoft hi
stheHBseri
eswentoutofcul
tivati
on.Theindigenous
17
732Aobt ai
nedfr
om Bel
laryisresi
stant
.Simil
arl
yL111AofLudhianai
sal
so
tol
erant
.A1,
A2,
A3andA4arether
e732Abel ongstoA4 cy
topl
asm.

6.Breedingforsweetcumbut ohavehighfor
ageval
ue:
Thef oragecumbumusthav efoll
owi
ngchar
acter
s.
a)highsugarcont enti
nthestem j
uice
b)Increasedleafnumberwithmor ebreadt
h.
c)Digestibi
l
ity
.
I
nt hisconnecti
on,shortdayplant
swi t
hphot osensit
ivenessispref
erred
becauset heyremai ni
nv eget
ati
vephasef orlongerper
iods.Itisidealt
obr eed
dwarfvariet
ieswi t
hreducedstem hei
ght
Wildspeciesutil
ised.
P.purpureum
P.squamul atum
p.ori
entale
p.ci
li
are

Methodsofbr eedi
ng
1.I
ntroducti
on: Hybr
idbaj
rafr
om
Punjab.
Ti f
t23Af r
om USA

2.Sel
ect
ion:
Pur
eli
nesel
ect
ionandMass
sel
ect
ion
3.Hy bri
disati
onandsel ect
ion
I
nterspecifi
chy br
idi
sat
ion.
Pennisetum glaucum x
P.
pur pur
eum

Cumbunapi
erhy
bri
ds.

4.Het
erosi
sbr
eedi
ng:
Hybr
idbaj
ra

5.Populationimprovement:
I
CRISATent ryWCC75i sanexampl eforpopulat
ionimprovement.This
wasdev elopedfrom wor ldcomposit
ebyr ecurrentsel
ect
ionmet hod.Itwas
devel
opedf r
om deriv
ativ
esofnumer ouscrossesbetweendi v
ersesourcesof
ger
mpl asm andNi gerianearl
ymat uri
ngland racesknownas‘ Ger
o’mi l
l
ets.
AnotherexampleisICMV155ofI CRISAT.

6.Synt
heti
cvariet
ies:
Synt
heti
csar eproducedbycr
ossingini
sol
ati
onanumberofli
nestest
ed
fort
hei
rGCA.E.g.I CMS7703.
I
tisaresul
tofcrossingbetween7i
nbredli
nesofI
ndi
axAf r
icancr
osses

7.Mutat
ionbreeding
AtI
ARITift23Awasgammai rr
adi
atedand5071Aresist
antt
odownymi
l
dew
wasevol
ved.Wi t
ht hi
sthehy
bridNHB3wasev ol
ved(5071AxJ104)
18
 PULSES
Thepul secr opsi ngener algivelowery iel
dst hanthecereals.Pulsesare
ri
chi npr oteinandi ttakesmor eenergywei ghtforwei ghttosynthesi
sepr ot
ein
thancarbohy dr ates.
Fur thermai ntenanceofni trogenfixat
ioni nrootsrequir
eprolongeduseof
photosynt hateandt husmayr educet heener gyav ai
labl
ef orst
oragei nseeds.
Otherreasonsf orlowy i
eldare
1.Rai sedi nsubmar gi
nallands.
2.I ndetermi nat egr owthhabit.
3.I rr
egularf lower ing
4.Phot osensi tivenes
s.

Legumesaregoodsourceofl y
sine,tryptophanandt hreoni
nebutarel
ow
i
nsuphurcontaini
ngami noacidsmet hionine,cysti
neand cy st
enewhichare
adequat
eincereal
s.Soami xtureofcerealsandpul sesarer ecommendedfor
food.Manygrainlegumescont ai
nt oxi
ci nhibit
orswhi ch arer emov
ed whi
le
cooki
ng.

REDGRAM
Arhar
,Tur
Pi
geonpea
Cajanuscajan (2n=22)
Pl
aceoforigi
n :Afri
ca/Asia
Wil
dSpecies:Cajanusker
sti
ngii
Rel
atedcr
ossabl
egenera:Rhy nchosi
a

Putati
v eparent:
Thev iew i
st hatcul
ti
v edcaj
at anusarosef
rom Atyl
osia.At yl
osi
alineat
a
maybet hepr ogeni
torofcaj
anus.
InWest ernghatsA.li
neataandA.ser
iceaareknownt ol ocalpeopleas
bar
‘ nt ur’(wildtur)so also i
n WestBengaland or ssa A.
i scaraboi
des and
A.
cajanifol
i
aar eknownaswi ldt .ThegenusAt
ur yl
osiahasnowbeeni ncl
udedin
Caj
anus.

Two bot ani

caly di
sti
nctv ari
eti
es were descrbed.Caj
i anus caj
an v ar.
bicol
or( Arhar)perenni
al,l
atematuring,l
argebushyplantbear
ingpurpl
estreaked
yell
owf lower .Thepodsar edarkpurplemost l
ycult
ivat
edinNorthI a.Caj
ndi anus
cajan var.flavus( Tur
)shor tdur
ationear l
ymat uri
ng.Colorofstandardpet al
yell
ow.Podsgr een,gl
abrouscult
ivatedinSouthIndi
a.

Buttheabov eclassif
icat
ioni
snolongervali
dbecausetherearenumberof
i
ntermediateformsandi tishar dt
odiff
erenti
atethevari
eti
esbecauseofof t
en
crosspoll
inati
onnat ur
eoft hecrop.
Breedingobjectiv
es:
1.Evoluti
onofl ongdur at
ionhighyi
eldi
ngv ar
iet
ysuit
ableforrai
nfedtorepl
ace
thelocall
andr aces:
19
2.Toevol
veshortdurat
ion(
105day
s)v
ari
eti
essui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
ed/mi
xed
cr
opwithgroundnut.
I
CPL87-I CRISAT
Vamban1- 110day s.

3.Br
eedingf
orbol
dgrai
ntypewithdesi
rableseedcoatcol
or
HY3Clongdur
ati
onv
ariet
ywithdullwhi
teseedcoatandbol
dgr
ains.

4.Breedi
ngforveget
ablet
ype
Hosurarea-Greenpodswi thboldseedsar
eusedassubst
it
utef
orgr
een
peas.Per
enni
altypesli
keAttapadilocalar
eused.BSRIi
saperenni
alr
edgram
whosegreenpodsareusedasv egetabl
e.

5.Breedingforresist
ancetopest s.
Hel i
othisisthemajorpest ,Terminalcl
usterty
pesar
ehi ghl
ysuscepti
ble.
Al
lourv ari
eti
esar ehi
ghl
ysuscept ibl
e.
6.Breedingf ordi
seaseresist
ance:
Ster
il
itymosaic,rootr ot,blightareimpor t
antdi
seases.Wild speci
es
Caj
anusscar aboides,C.
li
neata arehav i
ngresi
stance.

7.Breedi
ngforhi ghprot
eincont
entandqual i
ty
Meanprot eincont
ent23%.Thewildspecieshave27%t o29%
Redseedcoatcont ai
nsmor epol
yphenol(Tannin)thanwhiteseedcoat
.
Soprefer
enceist owardswhiteseedcoat.Redgrai
ncont ainsl
esseramountof
sul
phurcontai
ningami noacid.Whenwei ncr
easeprotei
ncont entther
ewil
lbe
l
esseramountoft heseaminoacids.Socareistobetakent oi
ncreasethem.

8.Br
eedinghi
ghy i
eldi
ngper
ennialr
edgr
am sui
tabl
eforbundcr
oppi
ng
BSR1,Att
apadisel
ect
ions

Breedingmet hods:
1.Introducti
on:
E.g.Prabhatshortdurat
ionvari
etyf
rom I
ARI,
ICPL87from ICRISAT.
2.Pur eli
neselection
Earl
ierbreedingworkwasbasedont heassumpti
onthatRedgram isaself
poll
inatedcrop.Howev eri
twasl at
erfoundtobeoft
encrosspoll
inatedcrop.SAI
i
sapur eli
neselectionf
rom Tir
upathurl
ocal
.

3.Hy
br i
dizationandselecti
on:
I
nt ervari
etal:VBN1(Prabat
hxNY34)( T.12x102)
I
nt ergeneric :C.caj
anusxCajanusli
neata
C.cajanusxC.scar aboi
desar
ebeingatt
empt ed

4.Masssel
ect
ion:

5.Popul
ationi
mprovement:
Usi
ngmal est
eri
l
eli
neandr
ecur
rentsel
ect
ionmet
hods.
6.Mutati
onbreedi
ng
20
 Co2-Chemi calmut
agenesi
sEMS.
Co5-MutantofCo1gammar ay
s.
Co6-Mut antofSA1gamma
ray
s.
7.Heterosi
sbreeding
MsT21 xI CPL87109 CoRH1
MsCo5xI CPL83027 CoRH2

Redgr am I
dealplantt
ype-longdurat
ion:
Thegenotypethathavest
eadyrat
eofgrowthandhav
eamoder
ate
harvesti
ndex.Hi
ghseedweight
Longpods
Incr
easednumberofpodbear i
ngbranches.

Shortdurat
ion:
Dwarfinnaturewitherectbr
ancheshav
inghi
ghdr
ymat
ter
product
ionHi ghseedwt .
Longpods.
Incr
easednoofseeds
/PodLessf lowerdrop.

BLACKGRAM (URAD,ULUNDU)
Vi
gnamungo (
2n=22,24)
Or
igi
n:I
ndi
a
Put
ati
veparent
s
V.t
ri
neri
vus/V.subl
obat
aorV.
mungov
ar.sy
lvest
ri
s.
Breedi
ngobjecti
v es
1.Evolvi
ngmedi um dur
ationhighy
iel
dingvari
eti
esfordryland
culti
vat
ion.Co5blackgram.Sui
tablef
ordrylandcult
ivat
ion.

2.Evol
vingshortdurati
onhighyi
eldi
ngv
ariet
iessuit
abl
eforir
ri
gat
ed
condi
tions.Thiscanbeusedasmixedcropincot
ton,
turmer
icShor
t
durat
ionvari
eti
esare
Co2,
Vamban1, 2and3.

3.Ev
olvi
ngshortdurati
onv ar
ieti
essuit
ableforricefoll
owcondit
ion
4.Br
eedingvar
ieti
esresist
anttodiseases
YMVisaser i
ousdisease.Leafcri
nkl
ev i
rus,powderymil
dew.
VBN1,Karai
kal,BDN1, VBN2, VBN3-r esistanttoYMV

5.Pest:
Whi
tef
lyv
ect
orf
orYMVandl
eafcr
inkl
e,l
eafeat
ingcat
erpi
l
lar

6.Br
eedingforbett
erquali
ty
24%protei
n.Thereareli
neshavi
ng27%pr
otei
n.Thesecanbeut
il
ised
Qual
i
tyofblackgram i
sdeterminedby
a)Pr
oteincont
ent
21
b)Methioni
necont ent1.
17%
c)cooki
ngquality-Time
d)%ofhar dseeds.
e)Dhall
recovery70%

Breedi
ngmet hods
1.Intr
oducti
on:
E.
g.T.9from U.
P.

2.Pur
el i
neselect
ion:
Co3-Alangudil
ocal
Co5-musiril
ocal
3.Hybr
idi
zati
onandsel
ect
ion
a)I
nter
vari
eti
al

b)Interspeci
fi
c:
VignamungoxV. mungov arsy
. l
vestr
is-Pantnagar
.YMVr esist
antli
nes
obtai
ned.Butpodshatter
s.Mor enumberofBackcr ossessuggested.
VignamungoxV. r
adiatafori
ncreasi
ngpodlength,
digestibi
li
ty.St
eri
li
tyi
sthe
mainpr obl
em.Fewpl ant
sobtai
nedr ev
ertbacktoparentalform.

4)Mutat
ionbr
eedi
ng
Var
iet
yCo4-deriv
edfr
om Co1byEMSt
reat
ment

5)Embr
yor
escue-At
tempt
edi
nint
erspeci
fi
ccr
osses.

Idealplanttype
Forirr
igatedandRi cefall
ows
Determinatet ype,shortdurat
ion,hi
ghdr
ymat terpr
oduci
ngwit
h30cm
plantht.Phot oinsensit
ive.
Forrainfedcondition.
Semi determi natewithpodset t
ingfr
om baseofthemainst
em;hi
gher
podlengt handmor enumberofseeds/pod.

GREENGRAM (MUNGBEAN)
Vi
gnar
adi
ata (2n=22)

Iti
sesteemedasthemostwholesomeamongthepul
ses,f
reefr
om t
he
heav
inessandtendencyt
ocausefl
atulence,
whi
chi
sassoci
atedwit
hother
pul
ses.
Pl
aceofor
igi
n:I
ndi
a

Wi
ldr
elat
ive :Vi
gnar
adi
atav
ar.subl
obat
a

Breedi
ngobject
ive:
1.Highyi
eld,medium dur
ati
ondr
ylandv
ari
eti
es

22
2.Hi
ghyi
eldi
ng,
shortdur
ati
oni
rr
igat
edv
ari
eti
es:
3.Br
eedi
ngforr
icef
all
ows

4.Br
eedingfordiseaser
esi
stance
YMV
Leafcri
nkl
ev i
rus

5.Br
eedingf
orquali
ty
a)Mungbeanhashi ghestdigesti
bil
it
yamonggr ai
nlegumesf r
om 83
t
o90%.Variet
ieshavingboldseedstouseassproutsistheaim.
b)Transf
erofhighmet hioni
necontentf
rom bl
ackgram togreengram.
c)Highdhall
recovery-80%andmor e
d)Lesshardseed.

Br
eedingMethods:
1.Int
roduct
ion-Pusabai
saki

2.Pur eli
nesel ection-
3.Hy bri
disati
onandsel ecti
on
InterVarietal:
Interspecific-Tot ransferhighmet hi
oninecontentf
rom blackgram togreen
gram.
Gr eengr am xV. umbell
atari
cebeant otransf
erresi
stancetobean
flycrossingwi thV.r
adiatavar.subl
obataresi
stancetobruchids
5.Mut at
ionbr eeding
Co4-mut antofCo1
6.Embr y
ocul ture:
Greengr am xBl ackgram

Idealpl
anttype
1.60-65dur ati
onwit
hdet er
mi natehabi
tforirr
igat
edconditi
ons
2.80day sdurati
onwit
hindeterminatety
pef ordrylandcondi
ti
on
Pl
antswithmorepodsandseeds, increasedbranchespodi
ngfr
om
baseofmainst em wi
thsynchronisedmaturi
tynon-shat t
eri
nghabi
t.

HORSEGRAM
Macr
oty
lemauni
flor
um (
2n=
24)

Pl
aceofor
igi
n:Hi
ndust
hancent
re

Breedi
ngobjecti
ves:
1.Incr
easedyiel
d:
2.Non-Phot osensi
ti
ve,shortdur
ati
onv
ari
eti
es
3.Vari
eti
eswi t
hlowtrypsi
ninhibi
tor
s

Methodsofbreedi
ng:
1.I
ntroduct
ion
23
 2.Pur
eli
nesel
ect
ion
3.Hybridizationandsel
ect
ion
a)I
nter
v arietal
b)I
nterspeci fi
c
Dol ichoslabl
ab xM.bifl
orum
Cr ossable.
4.Mut
ati
onbr
eedi
ng

SOYBEAN
Gl
yci
nemax(2n=
Pl
aceofor
igi
n:Chi
na. 40)

24
Probableancest ors:Gl ysineusuriensi
s
Slender,vi
nypl antwi thsmal lseedsgr owswildisJapan,Manchur i
aand
korea.Itisconsideredtobet heprogenitorforG.maxAnot hervi
ewi sthatG.max
arosefor m naturalhybri
di zat
ionbet weenG. usuri
ensisandG. t
oment el
lawhich
growswi l
dinchi na.Af our thspeciesGl yci
negr aci
li
sisi nt
ermediatebetween
G.maxandG.usur iensi
s.Cul ti
vatedt y
pesofG. gr
acil
isar
ef oundinManchur ia.
Alltheabov e speci esar ecrossablewi t
heachot her.Manyot herspeciesin
Glyci
nehav ebeeni denti
fiedbuttheexactcl assifi
cat
ionofmostoft hem isstil
l
i
ndoubt .

Breedi
ngobjecti
ves:
1.Breedi
ngforshor tdur
ati
onhighy
iel
dingvari
eti
es
They i
eldofsoybeanpl anti
sdet er
minedbysize,numberofseedsper
podandnumberorpods/pl ant
.Thenumberofpods/plantisdet
ermi
nedbyno
ofnodes/plant,numberofpods/node.Eachoftheabovecomponentsofyi
eld
arepol
ygenei
cini nher
it
anceandsoiti
scomplex.
Thedurat
ionisalsodeterminedbymult
ipl
egenes.Maturi
tyi
scor
rel
ated
wi
thheightort
heplant.Earl
yv ar
ieti
eswil
lbeshorti
sstat
ure.

2.Breedi
ngv ari
etiessui
tabl
eforr
icefall
ows
Shortplant
s65- 70daysdur
ation.Sui
tabl
efori
ntercr
oppi
ngal
soi
n
bananaandsugar cane.

3.Breedingforquali
ty
a)Seedcol orandquali
ty
b)Oilcontentandquali
ty
c)Protei
ncont ent

a)Seedcoatcolor:
Maybey el
l
ow, gr
eenbl ack,brownorcombi nat
ionofalltheabov ecolour
s.Foroi
l
extr
acti
onyel
low colorispr eferr
edbecauseofhi ghoi lcontentwher easblack
seededvar
iet
iesarelowi noilcontentbuthighisprot
eincontent .Seedcoatcol
or
othert
hanyel
lowwi l
lgiveunat tr
acti
veoilcakewhichisnotpref err
ed.

b)Oi lcontentandqual it
y:
Oilcontentgreatlydeter
mi nedbyenvir
onment:
Yell
owseedcoatv ari
eti
esar eri
chinoil
.Compl exchar
act
erdeterminedbypoly
genes.
c)Pr otei
ncont entandqual it
y:
Rangesf rom 35t o50%pr ot
eincontenti
snegati
vel
ycor
relatedwit
hoil
contentsowhi tebreedingf orhi
ghprotei
ncontentacompromi
sei stobemade.

4.Breedi
ngforveget
abl
etype
AVRDC,Taiwanhasevol
vedveget
abl
ety
pes

5.Br
eedi
ngf
orf
oraget
ypeofsoybean
6.Br
eedi
ngf
ornon-
shat
ter
ingt
ype
25
7.Br
eedi
ngf
orYMVr
esi
stantl
ines
Breedi
ngMet hods:
1.Intr
oducti
on:
Ec39821from Taiwan-r
eleasedasCo1
2.Pur
eli
nesel
ect
ion
3.Hy
bri
dizat
ionandsel
ect
ion
4.Mut
ati
onbr
eedi
ng.
COWPEA
Vi
gnaungui
cul
ata(
2n=22)

Pl
aceofori
gin:Indi
a
Put
ati
veparent:Wil esV.
dsubspeci ungui
cul
ateSSP.deki
ndt
ianaorSSP.
menensi
s

Cl
assif
icat
ion:
Accordingt oFar i
s1965t hr
eesubspeci esarer ecognised.
1.Vigna ungui culat
a subsp.ungui cul
ata( Sy n V.u.subsp.cat j
ang)-gr ai
n
cowpea:Pr imiti
veofal lcowpeat ypes.Pods8t o13cm l ong.Neit
herfl
abby
norinfl
ated.Podsr emai nerectatmat ur
it
y.
2.V.unguicul
at asubsp.si nensis-Gr ai
ntypecowpea.Podl ength20to30cm.
Podsar enoti nflated.Podsf i
brouswhengr een.Thest atureofpodsar e
pendentwhenmat ured.Seedsizemedi um 6- 9mm.Seedsar eclosel
ypacked
inthepod.
3.V.unguicul
atasubsp.sesqui pedali
s-Yar dl ongbean-v egetablecowpea:Pod
sizemaybe30t o100cm, pendent.Nof i
brecont entisgeeenpods.Seedsar e
sparsel
yar ranged,ki dneyshapedandusual l
ydoubl ecol oured.Podsinf
lat
ed
whengr een, shr
iveledondr yi
ng.

Di
sti
ngui
shingfeat
ure:
*Kidneyshapedseed
*Whi t
ehil
um surr
oundedbybrownorbl
ackr
ing.
*Pubescantthr
ougoutpl
antbody.

Breedi
ngobj
ect
ives.
1.Breedi
ngf
ormedium dur
ati
onhi
ghy
iel
dingv
ari
eti
esf
ordr
ylandcondi
ti
ons

2.Br
eedi
ngforshor
tdur
ati
onv
ari
eti
essui
tedf
ori
rr
igat
edandmi
xed
cr
oppi
ngcondi
ti
ons.

3.Breedingforvegetabl
ecowpea
4.Breedingfordiseaseresi
stance
Aphidbornemosai c
vi
rus
Cercosporal
eaf
spotFusari
um wilt
YMV-
26
 5.Breedingf orpestresist
ance
Leafhopper-Ant i
biosi
sand
tol
eranceAphids-Ant ibi
osi
sand
tol
erance
Podbor er-Anti
biosis
6.Br
eedi
ngf
orFor
agecowpea.

BreedingMethods:
1.Introduct
i
onIron
cowpea
Russiangiant
.
2.Sel
ect
ion:
3.Hybr
idi
satioinandselecti
on
a)I
nter
vari
etal
b)I
nter
specifi
c
V.
u xV.vexi
llata-(hav
ingtuber
ousr
oot
swhi
chi
sedi
ble)
V.
u xV.umbel l
ata.

4.Mut
ationbreedi
ng
Co5Foragecowpea

5.Embry
or escuetechni
que
Forinter
-speci
fi
ccrosses.

Idealpl
anttype
Shortdurati
on: Deter
mi natepl
antwit
hhighharvesti
ndexThebranchi
ng
mustbeer ect.Flowerdr optobemini
mum.Bushypl antsarei
deal
Longdurationtypes.
I
ndeterminateplanthabi
twithsteadygr
owt hr
ate.
OI
LSEEDS
GROUNDNUT (MONKEYNUT, PEANUT)
Arachi
shypogaea (2n=40)
Al
l
otetr
aploid
Genomicconsti
tut
ionAABB

Placeofor igin: Br azil

Putativ
epar entsandor iginofcul ti
vat
edgroundnut .
Thecul ti
vatedgr oundnuti saAll
otet
rapl
oidhavingAandBgenomes.The
genusAr achi sissubdi vi
dedi nto7sect i
ons.Thecul t
ivatedgr oundnutcomes
undersect ionAr achis.Thi ssectionincl
udes12speciesofwhi chhy pogaeai st
he
onlyculti
v atedspeci eshav ing2n=40.Theot heroneisA. mont icola.Ther estt
en
speciesar edi ploids.
Onev i
ew ist hatcul t
ivatedgroundnutar osef r
om cr ossA. car
dinasix
A.bat
izoccoi .Butt hisv iew i snotaccept ed byPrasad ( 1996) .Accor ding t
o
studi
esi nv olvingRFLP, PCR, isozymehav el
edt otheconclusion.
27
a)A.hypogaeahadanal l
opol
ypl
oidori
gin.
b)Alargeamountofgenomi cdi
ffer
entiati
onbetweenthedipl
oidAandB
genomesoccur red.
c)Defini
teidenti
fi
cati
onofpr
ogenit
orsofA. hy
pogaeahasnotbeencomplet
ed.
d)A.duranansismaybethefemaleparent
e)A.bati
zoccoiwouldhavecont
ri
butedt hesmall
estchromosome.

28
Classi f
ication:
ThegenusAr achi
sissubdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngsev
ensect
ions.
(Gregor yandGr egor
y,1973)
Arachi s
Erect oi
des
Rhizomat asa
e
Extraner vosa
e
Trisemi nate
Ambi nervos
ae
Caul orhizae.

1.Arachis 2n
Arachisvil
losa 20
A.bati
zoccoi 20
A.cardinassi 20
A.chacoense 20
A.mont i
cola 40
A.hypogaea 40

2.Erectoides
A.tuberosa 20
A.paragurensi
s 20

3.Rhizomatasae
A.
glabarat
a 40
A.
hagenbeckii 40

4.Ext
ranervosae
A.Vi
ll
osuli
carpa 20
A.
marginata 20

5.Triseminat
e
A.pusil
la 2n=20
6.Ambiner
vosae
none,
named

7.Caul
orhi
zae
A.r
epens 2n=20

Breedingobj
ecti
ves:
1.Br eedi
nghighyiel
dingbunchgr
oundnutwi
thdor
mancysui
tabl
efordr
yland
conditi
ons
2.Breedingvari
eti
esforquali
ty
a)Highshell
ingpercentage>75%
29
 Thi
nshel
l
edv
ari
eti
eshav
ehi
ghshel
l
ingper
cent
age.

b)Hi
ghoi
lcont
ent>50%
c)Highsoundmat ureker
nel(SMK)
Whichisalso i
nfl
uencedbyenvironment
.Incr
eased bor
onappl
i
cat
ion
resul
tsinhighshel
l
ingper
centageandhi
ghSMK%

d)Tabl
epurposevar
ieti
es
Handpi
ckedkernelf
orex
por
tmar
ket
.Val
enci
aty
pesar
esui
tabl
efort
his.

3.Breedingdiseaseresist
ancevari
eti
es.
Rustandl eafspotarecausingmajordamage.Iftheonsetofrusti
sin
i
nit
ialstageitr
esultsi
nt ot
alfai
l
ure.Lat
eleafspothi
nder
sharvestofcr
opdueto
fol
i
agel oss.

30
 GI
NGELLY(TIL,ELLU)
Sesamum i
ndicum 2n=26
Cent
reofor
igi
n:Af
ri
ca
Relat
edspecies:Sofar36speci
eswer
erecor
dedi
nthegenussesamum 20of
them occuri
nAfr
ica.
Wi l
dspeciesut i
li
sedinbr eedi
ngpr ogr
amme
S.al
atum 2n=26
ResistanttophylodyS.
l al
atum xS. i
ndicum al at
um ishav
ingdormancy .
S.malabaricum (2n=26)Occur sinTravancoreofKer al
a.Itfr
eel
y crosseswi t
h
cult
ivat
edgi ngell
y.Oilcontentislow32%I tisuti
l
isedtoinducemalest er
il
it
yin
cult
ivat
edsesame.
S.l
acini
atum 2n=32
Toleranttophyll
ody ,
droughtandjassidresi
stant.
Ferti
leautoallopolypl
oidproducedbycr ossingS.i
ndicum xS.l
aci
niat
um

St
eri
l
e,Doubl
e.
S.pr
ost
ratum occur
sinS.I
ndi
a(2n=
26)Tol
eranttodrought
.

Breedingobj ecti
v es
1.Br eedi nghi ghy ieldi
ngv ari
eti
estolerantt
odrought.
2.Br eedi ngwhi t eseededv ar
iet
ies
Fi
nestqual ityofoi li
sobt ainedf r
om whiteseededli
nes.
3.Dev elopmentofmonost emmed
varieties.
Byt hismor epopul ati
onperuni tareaandy i
eldcanbei ncreased.
Monost emmedv ari
eti
esar elowy i
elders.
4.Dev elopmentofmul ti
capsul e/axilandmulti
carpel
lar
yvar
ieti
es.
5.Ri cef allowv ar i
eties:
Shorteri ndur ati
on.
6.Non-shat t
eringv ari
eties
Afri
canl ines.
7.Resi stantt o
disease
Powder ymi ldew;
Phy l
lody-t r
ansf erfrom wi l
dspecies.

Breedi
ngMet hods:
1.Intr
oduct
ion: Af
ri
canl
i
nes.

2.Pur
eli
nesel
ect
ion.

31
3.Hybri
dizati
onandselect
ion.
a)I
ntervariet
ial
b)Int
erspecific:Mal
ester
il
eli
nesev
olv
edbycr
ossi
ngwi
thS.
mal
abar
icum.

4.Popul
ati
oni
mpr
ovement

5.Pol
ypl
oidybr
eedi
ng

6.Het
erosi
sbr
eedi
ng

7.Embr
yor
escuet
echni
que.

CASTOR
Ri
cinuscommuni
s(2n=20)

Pl
aceofor
igi
n:Et
hiopi
a
Classification : Monot ypic,al
lv ar
iet
iesofcast orfr
om giantperenni
alst
o
shortint ernodedwar fhav ethesamechr omosomenumber .
Zugov osky( 1962)hasdescr i
bedt hreespeci
esinthegenusRici
nus
1.R.communi s
2.R.macr ocar pus
3.R.mi crocar pus
Butthisi snotaccept edbyBot anist
s.
Ther ear esubspeci eswhichareconsi der
edtobeecologi
calext
reme
vari
etiesi .
e.pol ymor phi cofculti
vatedtype.Theyare
R.communi ssubspper sicus
(Persi
an)ssp. chinensis(chi nese
species)
ssp.zanzi bar ensis(Zanzi bar)
ssp.sangui nens( Cri
mson
species)ssp.af ri
canus
(Afr
ican)
ssp.mexi canus( Mexi can)
Redcastorvar
iet
ies(Popov
a1930)
Subspgibsoni
subspcambogenisi
s

Breedi
ngobject
ives:
1.Longdurati
onv ar
iet
iesf
ordr
ylands
2. Shor
tdurat
ionhi
ghy
iel
dingv
ari
eti
essui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
edmi
xedcr
oppi
ng
condi
ti
ons
TMV5
3.Breedi
ngnonshatt
eri
ngspi
nel
ess
vari
eti
es
Bakerv
ari
etyofUSANon-Shat
ter
ing.
32
4.Br
eedingforinsectresist
ance
Semi l
ooper,j
assid.Hopperbur
n-seri
ousindr
yland
vari
eti
es.Tri
plebloom -TMV5.-Tri
plebl
oom condi
ti
on
giv
esresist
ance.
5.Br
eedi
ngv
ari
eti
eswi
thl
owr
ici
nin
content.Breedi ngMet hods:
1.I
ntroduction.
Hospet
vari
eties.
Russianl ines.
2.Selecti
on
a)Pur el
inesel ection-
b)Masssel ection
3.Hy bri
dizationandsel ecti
on

4.Popul
ati
onimprovement
Byusi
ngrecur
rentsel
ect
iont
echni
que.

5.Mutat
ionbr
eedingAruna
cast
orSA2Natur
alMutantfr
om
TMV1.

6.Het
erosi
sbr
eedi
ng

33
 SUNFLOWER
Heli
ant
husannuus

Pl
aceofor
igi
n:Nor
thAmer
ica.

Classifi
cati
on: Thegenuscomprisesnear
ly67speci
es-al
lnat
ivet
oAmer
ica.Of
theset woareculti
vated.
a)H. annuus-diploi
d2n=34
Oilseedcrop.
b)H. tuber
osus-Hexapl oi
d 2n=102.
Jerusalem art
ichoke-cult
ivat
edf
or
tuber.

Wi
l es:H.
dspeci hir
sut
us,H.
ri
gidusmoder
atel
yresi
stantt
oAl
ter
nar
ia.

Putat
ivepar
ent:
Weedsunf
lowergaveri
set
ocult
ivat
edone.Theweed
sunfl
owerwasmodi
fi
edbyi
ntrogr
essi
onwihH.
t peti
olar
is.

Cult
ivar
sofsunf l
ower:
a)Gianttypes:6-14feettal
l
.Latematur
ing,Largeheads12-30”i
ndiamet
er,
seedslarge,whit
eorgreyorwit
hblackst
ripes.Oilcont
entisverylow.E.g.
Mamot hRussian.
b)Semidwar fvar
iet
ies:
Medi
um tall-4½t o6feet
,Earl
ymatur
ing.Heads7-9”indiameter
.Seeds
smal
ler
,black,gr
eyorstri
ped.Highoi
lcontent35%.E.
g.Jupi
ter
,Polest
ar.
c)Dwarft
ypes
2to4½feettal
l
.Earlymaturi
ng.Headsi
ze5½-6½“di
amet
er.Smal
lseeds,
high
oi
lcont
ent37%.
E.
g.Sunri
se,Morden,Co1,Co2

Br
eedingobjecti
ves
1.Todev el
opshor tdurat
ionv
ariet
iessui
tabl
efordr
ylandandir
ri
gated
condit
ions.
Dr
ylandsuccessful
inblacksoi
lsonly.I
nredsoil
underr
ainf
editi
snotsuccessf
ul.
2.Breedingvarieti
eswi
thhi
ghoilcont
ent:
Ranges38 t o 48%. Complexcharactery
iel
d and oi
lcont
entar
e negat
ivel
y
cor
relat
ed.
Toincr
easeoi l
cont
entt
heshellmustbet
hin.
3.Breedingforsel
ffert
il
eli
nes.
Protoandryandselfi
ncompatabi
l
itymechanism operat
esinsunf
lower.Hence
handpol l
i
nati
onisnecessar
y.Toav oi
dthissel
ff er
ti
lel
inescanbeevolved.

4.
Breedi
ngf ordi seaseresi
stance.
Maharastra hy bri
d suscepti
blet o powder
ymi l
dew.Hence ban i
sther
e.
Powderymi ldew,r ust
,charcoalr ,Al
ot ter
nar
ia.Wi
l
dspeci
eslkeH.
i hir
sut
aare
moderately
.r esist
ancetoAl t
ernari
a.
34
5.
Resi
stanttopests
Hel
iothi
s,GrasshopperJassi
ds.

Breedi
ngMet hods:
1.Intr
oduct
ion: Mordenf
rom Canada.

2.Massselect
ion:
Ec68414from Russi
a.Co1massselecti
onfr
om Morden.Usef
ul f
or
char
acter
swhicharehighl
yheri
tabl
e.E.
g.Planthei
ght
,di
seaseresi
stance.

3.Hybridi
zationandselection
a)Int
ervari
etal:
b)Int
erspecifi
c:
Wi l
dspeci esofNorthAmer i
canorigi
nandbestSov
ietv
ari
eti
eswer
e
cr
ossedandnumberofv ari
etieswereevolv
ed.
E.
g.Progress.
Nov elt
y
Jubilee
60-
TheyareresistanttoVer
tici
ll
ium wil
tal
so

4.Mut
ati
on
Co3(Mut
antf
rom Co2t
hro’
gammar
ays)

5.Headtorowandremnantseedmet hod
Devel
opedbyPust
ovoi
tinRussia.Byt
hismet
hodoi
lcont
enti
sincr
eased.
I
nthi
smet hodthef
oll
owi
ngarethesteps:

a)Fr om openpol l
inatedt ypeal argeno( 10,
000t o12,000)pl antsaresel ect
ed
basedonHeadsi ze.
b)Thesel ectedl i
nesar eanal ysedf oroilcontentandhi ghoi lcontentlinesare
i
solated(1000pl ants) .
c)Par toftheseedr eserv edandt hepar tissowni nprogenyr owsal ongwi t
h
checktoest imatey i
el d.
d)Secondseasont estingi sal sodone.Thebestl i
nesar eidentif
ied.
e)Ther emnantseedofel iteplantswhi chgivehi ghyiel
dwer eraisedi nisol
ati
on
andmul ti
pliedforcrossi ngintersenextseason.
f)Themul t
ipl
iedlinesal sot est
edf oroilcontentandhi ghy iel
dinghighoi l
contentli
neswer eraisedi nisolati
onandcr ossedinterse.

6.Populat
ioni
mpr ovement
Bymasssel ecti
on,recur
rentselect
ionanduseofmal
est
eri
l
eli
nes
popul
ati
oncanbei mpr ov
edandut il
isedforbr
eedi
ng.
7.Heter
osisbreeding:
Seed(Foundationseed).

35
 SAFFLOWER
Car
thamust
inct
ori
us(
2n=24)

Pl
aceofor
igi
n:Af
ri
ca

Relatedspecies:Thewil esCar
dspeci t
hamusoxy
cant
husi
sfoundinmanyparts
ofPunj ab.Iti
sadwarfbushyplant
,ver
yspi
ny,f
ormi
ngsmallachenes.Theoi
l
contenti s15to16per
cent

Breedingobj ecti
ves:
1.Br eedingforhighoilcont ent:
Nor maloilcontenti s32% ofwhi ch72%i sli
nolei
cacid,thefactorwhi
ch
reducesbl oodchol esterol
.Oi lcont
enti snegati
vel
ycorrel
atedwi t
hy iel
d.Wil
d
speciesofC. oxycanthushav ing28%oi lwereuti
l
isedinhybri
dizat
ionprogramme
toincreaseyieldandoi lcontentbutsuccesswasnotachieved.

2.Br
eedi
ngf
ornon-
spi
nyv
ari
eti
eswi
thhi
ghoi
lcont
ent
.

3.Br
eedingvari
eti
eshavingthinshell
4.Br
eedingvari
eti
esfordrylandcondi t
ions.
5.Br
eedingvari
eti
esresi
stanttopestanddi seases:
Pest
slikeProdeni
aandHel i
othi
sar eimpor t
antpests.Thewi
ldspeci
es
oxy
C. cant
husismoder at
elyresist
antt opests.Thisisbeinguti
li
sedi
nbreedi
ng
pr
ogr
amme.
NIGER
Guizoti
aaby ssini
ca(2n=30)

I
tisacrosspoll
inat
edcropoi
lcont
entis35t
o45%.Thei
nfl
orescenceisa
headorcapi
tul
lum andhet
erogamonsandfl
oret
sar
esi
mil
artot
hatofsunf l
ower.

Thebr
eedi
ngobj
ect
ivesandmet
hodsar
esi
mil
art
othatofsunf
lower
.
FI
BRECROPS

Gossy
COTTON( pium sp.
)
Di
ploi
dcotton:(2n=26)
G.ar
boreum -Karunganni
cott
onG.herbaceum -Uppam
cott
on

Tet
rapl
oidcot t
on:(2n=52)
G.hi
rsutum -Ameri
can
cott
on
G.barbadense=Egypt
aincot
ton,
seai
slandcot
ton.
A.Agenciesdeal
ingwit
hCott
onResearch
1.Nat
ionalAgency:CI
CR-Centr
alI
nst
it
uteofCot
tonResear
ch,
Nagpur
36
2.St
atel
evel :CICR-Regi onalSt
ati
on, Coimbat
ore.Al
lIndi
a,
Coordinatedcott
onimpr ovementproj
ect
3.TNAU :
Cot t
onBr eedingStat
ion,Coimbator
e,RRS,
Kovi
lpatti
CRS, Sr
ivi
l
liputhur
.
1.I
ntroduct ion:
2.Selection :
3.Hybridizationandselecti
on
a)Int
erv arietal:
b)Int
erspeci fichybr
idi
zati
on:Acala1517l i
nesofG. hi
rsut
um r esi
stantt
owi l
t
andbestf i
brequalit
yareduetonat ur
alcr
ossingwithG.barbadense.Eval
uat
ion
oft
etraploidcot t
onisduetoint
erspeci
fi
ccrossingandnatur
al doubl
ing.
Ol
dworl
ddi
ploi
dli
ntedcot
t r
onxG.ai
mondi
i
(
Agenome)
(Dgenome)
F1st
eri
l
e

Doubl
i
ng

bar
G. badens
e( AD
genome)

Ol
dwor
lddi
ploi
dli
ntedcot
tonx G.t
hurber
i
(
Agenome) (Dgenome)

F1st
eri
l
e

(
Doubl
i
ng)

G.hi
rsut
um
(ADgenome)
4.Het erosi
s
breedi ng
Bot
hi ntraspecif
icandinterspecif
ichy bri
dsar eevolv
edincotton.
a)Int
r aspecif
ic :G.hirsutum xG. hi
rsutum Shankar(H4)cot
tonofSur
at
(Guj ar
at67xAmer i
cannectaril
ess)
b)Interspecif
ichybri
ds: Var al
akshmi (Laxmi xSB289E)
hi
( rsutum)x( barbadense)
CBS156( AcalaglandlessxSB10856)
DCH32( DS26xSB425)
(Jay al
akshmi )
TCHB213( TCH1218xTCB209)

B.Hybr
idSeedproducti
on
1. DOAK'smethodofhy br
idseedpr
oduct
ion
I
nt hi
smethod,manualemasculat
ionoffl
ower
sisdoneonedaybefor
e
ant
hesi
s,and poll
inat
ion nextday morni
ng.Forconv
eni
ence,t
he par
ental

37
var
iet
ies ar
e grown i
n same fi
elds int
he r
ati
o of4:
1(Emascul
ati
on and
pol
li
nati
onisdoneasdescri
bedear
lier
).

38
2.Useofmal
est
eri
lel
ine

3.Mutationbr eeding
MCU7-Xr ayirradiatedmutantofL1143
MCU10-Gammai r
radi
atedmutantof
MCU4
4. Populationimpr ovementf ol
lowedinUSA
a)Recurrentselection: Pi
maS1Pi maS4ofG.bar
badense
b)Syntheti
cv ari
ety : Del
tapi
ne15dev el
opedatkony
vll
werUSA.
c)Composi te :Pima17ofG. bar
badense.

C.Speci albr eedingtechni quesincot ton

a)Bul kedpr ogenymet hod( Texasmet hod)
b)Masspedi greeselect i
ont echniqueofHarland
JUTE
Corchorussp(2n=14)
Ti
li
aceae
ThegenusCor chorusi ncl
udesabout40species.InIndi
aonl
y8speci
es
occur .
Twocul ti
v at
edspeci esar e
C.capsularis:Whi t
ej ute50r aces
C.oli
tori
us:Tossaj ute8r aces
Breedingobj ectives
1.Br eedingf orhighy i
eldingshor tdurati
onj
ut ev
ari
eti
es.

2.Breedingf orqualit
yfibre
Thequalitychar act
ersare
a)Fi
brelengt h.
b)Fi
brest rength
c)Fi
brecol our
d)Lustre
e)Percentageandqual it
yofr et
ti
ng
d)Proportionoff aul
tssuchasr oots,
spects,knots.
3.Breedingf orpestanddi seaseresi
stantvariet
ies
I
npest s,stem borerandaphidscausegr eat
erdamageandi
ndi
seases
Macrophomenai smaj or.

4.Br
eedingv
ari
eti
esf
orhi
ghseedy
iel
d:
.

5.Br
eedi
ngforol
it
ori
usvar
iet
ieshav
ingnon-
shat
ter
inghabi
tcoupl
edwi
thnon-
pr
efl
oweri
nghabi
t.

Breedi
ngMet hods:
1.Germplasm buildi
ngandUt i
li
sati
on
CentralJuteTechnologi
calResearchI nstit
ute,
Calcut
tai
smaint
aini
ngthe
Jutecol
lect
ions.Thisshowswider angeofv ariabil
i
tythusof
fer
ingagr
eatscope
fori
mprovementbysel ect
ionandhy br
idsat
ion.
39
2.Introduct i
on:
3.Hy br i
dizati
onandsel ecti
on
a)Interv arei
tal: Multi
plecr ossingandselecti
onarefol
l
owedbot
hinol
it
ori
us
and
capsul ari
simprovement .
nol
I itor
iusimpr ov
edv ari
etiesar eJRO524, JRO
7885.I ncapsulanisJRL412,JRL919
Si
ncey iel
dandqual i
tyar enegat
ivel
ycor r
elat
edabal
ancemustbestr
uck
i
nbr eedingf orimprovedv ar
ieties.
b)Interspeci f
ic
cross:

4.Mutat
ionbr
eedi
ng:Usi
ngxr aysusef uljutemut ant
swereobt
ainedat
Cal
cut
taJRC7447andRupali
twov arieti
es.
MESTA, KENAF
BIMLIJUTE
Hibiscuscannabi nus
H.sabar i
ffa
Var.al
tissima
Mal v
aceae
I
nThai
landSiamij uteorRosel lei
nIndi
a.

Bot
ht he species ar
ei mportantjute suppl
ements and show wi
de
adapt
abi
li
tyunl
i
kejute.Atpresentbot
ht hespeci
esareknownasMesta.

Placeofori
gin:
H.
cannabinushav eit
spossibl
eorigininAfri
caH.sabadari
ffi
a-Asia.
Kenafisusedf ormakingropes,twines,f
ishi
ngnetsandal sointhepaper
pulpmakingfrom kenafstal
ksespeci
all
yf i
nepaper,st
ruct
uralboards.
H.cannabinus:mest a

Comparedt oj utemestai sofinferi

orinqual
it
yinrespectoffineness,
l
usture,andcolour.Mest avar
iet
iesshowpoorper f
ormancei
nspinningbecause
thefi
breiscoarse,stiff
,bri
tt
leandirr
egularincr
osssecti
onmestaalonecannot
bespuni nj
utemachi nesunlessiti
smi xedwithj
utei
nsomeproporti
on.
H.sabadari
fr
avar.alt
issi
ma( Rosele)
l

Rosel
l
ei sanusefulsubsti
tut
et ojute. I
tisal edasSi
socal
l ami
j
ute
twotypesar
eavai
labl
e.
i
.Tallnonbr
anchi
ngtypescult
ivat
edf orf
ibr
e.
i
i.Dwarf,
bushywi
ldtypeusedasgr eenandedibl
ecaly
xaspickl
e.

Breedingobject
ives:
1.Breedingofhighyiel
dingshor
tdur
ati
onmest
avar
iet
ies
(Si
milartoJute)
2.Breedingforquali
tyfi
bre
(Si
milartoJute)
40
3.Br
eedi
ngf
orpestanddi
seaser
esi
stantv
ari
eti
es.

41
 BREEDI
NGFORAGECROPS

Pr ocedur esi nbr eedingf oragecr opsar ebasedupont hesamegenet ic

principlesut il
isedi nt hebr eedingofot hercr ops.Yet ,f oragebr eedi ngpr esent s
certaindi fficultieswhi chmustber ecogni sedandunder stoodbyt hebr eeder .The
diffi
cul ti
es ar i
se f rom t he di versityi n pol l
inat i
on oft he di fferentspeci es,
i
rregul aritiesi nf ertilizat i
onandseedset t
ing, theper enni alnat ur eofmostf orage
speci es,and di f ferencesi nt heev aluat ionand mai nt enanceofnew st rains.
Exampl esar e:
(a)Mosti mpor t antf oragespeci esar ecr osspol l
inat ed. Thehet erozy gosi t
y
i
ncr oss-pol linat edspeci esmakesi tdi ff
icultt opr opagat eandmai nt aint he
i
dent i
t yofl ines.
(b)Sel fi ncompat ibilityiscommoni nmanyf oragespeci es, l
imi ti
ngt heext entt o
whi cht heymaybei nbred.
(c)Manyf or agespeci eshav esmal lfloral par t
s, maki ngar ti
fi
cial hy br i
di zation
tedious.
(d)Somegr assesr epr oducel argelybyapomi xis( seedset ti
ngwi thoutuni onof
sper m andegg)pr esent i
ngpr obl emsi ncr ossi ngandobt aininggene
recombi nat i
on.
(e)Manyf or agesar epoorseedpr oducer s, orpr oduceseedofl owv iabi l
ity
(f)Manyf or agespr oduceweakseedl ingsandst andsar enoteasi lyest abl ished.
(g)I solationandcl eanl andonwhi chnewst r
ainsmaybei ncr easedwi thout
cont ami nat i
onar enotal way sav ail
abl e.
(h)Thei ni ti
alev al uat ionofsel ect edpl ant sorl inesi nt hebr eedi ngnur ser yi s
gener allybasedont heperformanceofspacedpl ant sorr ows, whi chmaynot
accur at elyr epr esentt heper for manceoft hest raini nat hickl yseededst and
asgr ownbyt hef armer .
(i
)For agespeci esar eof t
enseededi nmi xtureswi thot herspeci eswhi ch
compl icat est heev aluati
onofi ndi v i
dual strains.
(j
)St rainsmayper for m di ff
erentlywi t
hdi fferentsy st emsofgr azi ng
management
(k)Mostf oragesar el ong- l
ivedper enni al sandmanyy ear sar er equi r
edt o
evaluat eper si st enceandpr oduct i
v enessofnewst r
ai ns.
(l
)Manyf or agespeci esar epol yploids, whi chi ncreasest heirgenet i
ccompl exity.

For
ageCr
ops

1.Cumbunapi erhy bri

dgr ass,Cenchrus(Cenchrusgl aucus),
Foddersorghum
Maize,Cumbu,Lucerne,Cowpea, Velimasal ,Lucaena, Deenanath
Guineagrass,
Br
eedi ng
Thetwo mai ngr oupsoff oragecropsar egr assesandl egumes.For
gr
assest hef ol
l
owi ngchar acteri
sticsareimpor t
antandshoul drecei
veattent
ion
i
nanybr eedingprogr amme.
1.Yieldofdi gesti
blenut r
ientsandtheirdist
ribution.
2.Per si
stence-Per enniall
y
3.Easeofr eproduction.
4.Easeofmanagement .
42
 5.Pal
atabi
l
ity

1.Yieldofdi gest iblenut rientsandt hei rdi st ribution:Yi el di nt er msofbot h

quanti
tyandqual it
yi smor ei mpor tant .Quant itydependsupongenot ypeaswel l
asenv ironmentt hequal it
ychar act ersi ncl udepr otein,f at ,fibre,car bohy dr ate,
mineralsandv itami ns.Thi sdependsonnat ur eoft hespeci es,st ageofgr owt h
wheni tiscutf orgr azing.
2.Per sistence:Theper si
st enceoft heher bagei salsoi nfluencedbyt hev igour
andgr owt hhabi toft hespeci es,andi tst oler ancet odr oughtandt emper ature
vari
ati
ons.Per sistencei sl acki ng i ngr assesduet o di sease,pest s,dr ought ,
excessivegr azi ng.Per sistencecanbei ncr easedbyagr onomi cmet hodst hanby
breedi
ng.Howev ert hi
schar act eri sal sot obebor nei nmi ndwhi let akingup
breedi
ngpr ogr ammes.
3.Easeofr epr oduct i
on:Hi ghf ol i
agey ieldof tenassoci atedwi thpoorseedset .
Soacompr omi sei st obear rivedwhi let akingupbr eedi ngpr ogr amme.
4.Easeofmanagement:Thef or agegr assmusthav ehi ghseedl ingv igourso
thatitcanbeest abl i
shedeasi ly.Si ncegr assesar egr ownasmi xturest here
cannotbesepar atemanagementpr act icef ort hem.I thast ogr ow al ongwi th
othercrops.
5.Pal atabi lity:I ti snotl inkedwi thnut riti
v ev alue.Butpal at abil
itydeci dest he
i
ntakeoff or age/ fodder .Leaf inessandsuccul ent saremor eimpor tant .
Basedont heabov et heobj ect i
v esoff or agecr opi mpr ovementmaybe:
1.Abi li
tyt ogr owwel landqui cklybot hi ndependent lyandi nassoci ati
onwi th
legumes.
2.Resi st ancet opest sanddi seases, dr oughtandf rost .
3.Sui tabl egr owt hhabi t-Shor tty pesorgr assesf orgr azing.Tal ltypesf or
haymaki ng.
4.Pr olifi
cseedi ngandnonseedi ngt ypes, easeofv eget at i
v erepr oduct ion.
5.El imi nat ionofundesi rablechar act er ssuchasHCNi nsor ghum andSudan
grass,coumar ininsweetcl ov er ,st eami nessi ngr assordr y,pi thycul ms,
presenceofawnsandl eafsheddi ng.
Breedingpr ocedur es
For agecr ops, basedont hei rmodeofpol l
inati
oncanbedi vi
dedi nt o
followi ng
group
s. 1.Lar gel ycr osspol li
nat ed: Eg.Penni set um, S.hal apense, Cy nadon,
Lucer ne.
2.Lar gel ysel fpolli
nat ed: Eg.Sudangr ass, Vicia
3.Lar gel yapomi cti
cs: Eg.Pani cum maxi mum, Paspal um di l
at atum
4.Lar gel ydi oecious: Eg.Poaar achi nif era( Past uregr ass)
5.St erile: Digitari
apr ocumbens

43
 Br eedingmet hodsnor mall
yadoptedar eofthreet
ypes
1.Sel fpol li
natedcr ops:Cont rol
ledhybri
dizati
onandselecti
on,backcr ossi
ngand
sel ection,mut at
ionbr eeding.
2.Cr osspol l
inatedcr ops:I
ndi vi
dualpl
antselecti
on,Massselecti
on,Inbreedingand
hy bridizati
on,Recur rentselecti
on,Synt
hetics,Composit
es.
3.Apomi cti
cs:Cl onalsel ecti
onand pr opagat i
on. Control
ledhy bri
dizat
ion
andpr opagati
onwher ethereissomeamountofseedset .
A.For agegr asses
1.
Gui neagr assPani cum maxi mum
Ori
gin: Af ri
ca

Br
eedingobj
ecti
ve-Togethighyi
eldi
ngv ar
iet
ieswit
hdroughtandcol
dtol
erance,
mor
e
pr
otei
n,hi
ghleaf
iness,
amenablef
orfrequentharv
est.

Met hod
Thought hereisseedseti nthi
scrop,
theydonotmat
uresimult
aneousl
y.So
vegetati
vepropagat i
onisthebestmet hod.
Crossescanbemadebet weensel
ect
edparent
sandthebesthybr
idcanbe
clonall
ypropagat ed.
Int
roduction
Trueseedsowi ng&selection
Clonalselecti
onHy bri
dizati
on
andselect i
onMut ati
on

2.
Napiergrass:Pennisetum purpur
eum orElephantgr
ass
Or
igi
n: SouthAfr
ica
ClonalNapieri
denti
fiedthi
sanditwasnamedaf terhi
m.I
t
i
sRhi zomatous,perenni
alandtal
lgrowing.

Improvement
Clonalpropagat ionist
hemet
hod.Anot
herint
er-
speci
fi
ccr
ossandmai
ntenance
byvegetat
ivepropagat ion.
3.CumbuNapi erhy bri
ds
P.glaucum x P.pur
pur
eum
Diploid Tetr
apl
oid
(2n=14) (2n=28)

Tri
ploid(2n=21)
Ster
ile
Veget at
ivepropagat
ion
Napiergr
assisseasonboundf l
oweri
ngwillbedur
ingOct-
Deconl
y.Socrossi
ng
bet
weenCumbuxNapi ergrassi sdoneatthatti
meeasily.UseofCumbuasfemale-
i
denti
fi
cat
ionofsel
fedoneinshor terper
iodpossi
ble.

Br
eedi
ngObject
ives
1.Highyieldi
ngvar
iet
ieswi
thlessoxal
atecont
ent
.
2.Lesspubescenceandserr
ation.
44
 3.Dr
oughtr
esist
ant
4.Morel
eaf
inessandamenabl
eformul
ti
cut
.

Met
hods
1.Int
roduction
2.Selct
ion
3.Hybridi
zation
-I
ntervari
etal
- Interspeci
fi
c

4.Cenchr ussp.Kol ukkat tai assCenchr

gr us
cil
iarus-Whi tekolukkat taiCenchrus
setigerus-Blackkol ukkatt
aiCenchr us
glaucus-Bl uebuf fel
Ori
gin: I
ndia
Propagationbyseedsandsl ips
Apomi ct
iclinesar ealsoavail
ablePusa
giantcenchrus: Hy br
idbetween
Cenchrusci l
i
ar i
s x Penni setum ci
li
are
(I
ndia) (USA)
Steri
le,Clonal propagation.
CO1Neel aKolukat t
aipi ll
u:rel
easedf rom Depart
mentofFor
agecr
ops,
TNAU.

5.Mar velgrass
Dicanthium annulat
um
D.cariconum
A smal lgenusofper enni
algrasses,r ar
elyannuals,dist
ri
butedinalltr
opi
cal
regi
ons.Si xspeciesoccurinIndi
aofwhi cht woareimpor tantasfoddergr
asses.I
tis
consideredasoneoft hebestgrassesinIndia.
Seedset t
ingispoor.Sorootedsli
psar eusedforpropagati
on.
Improv ement
Bycr ossi
ngandv eget
ati
vepropagation.

6.Johnsongr ass-S.halapense
I
tisnat i
veofAf ri
ca.Itwastakent
oUSAbycol
onelJohnsonandhencenamed
aft
erhim.I nS.I ndiai
toccursbothas2n=20and40forms.Becauseofrhi
zomat
ous
condit
ionitwillspreadeasi
ly
CollxS.halapense-CO27f odderchol
am.

B.For
agel
egumes

Basedonpol l
inationbehavioursforagel
egumescanbecl
assi
fi
edas
1. Selfpoll
i
nated
Arachismarginata,Clit
ori
aternati
a.
Desmant husvir
gat us,Macrotyl
emauni f
lor
um
Phaseolustri
l
obus, Vi
gnatri
lobus
2. Oftencrosspolli
nat edMass
45
 selection.Singleplantsel ecti
on,
Hybr i
dizationandsel ection,
Mut ation.Eg.Vi gna.sp.Co5( Co1cowpeair
radi
ated)
3. Crosspol li
nat edRed
cl
ov er,Lucer ne
Manyoft hecr osspol l
inatedspeciesaresel
fster
il
e-Lucer
ne
Lucer ne; Medi cagosativa
Ori
gi n: Sout hWestAf ri
caBur
cl
ov erMedi cagohispodaBl ack
medi cagoM.l upulina

Medi
cagosp

Thegenusi ncludes65speci esnati

vet
oEurope.Someofthem ar
eweedsand
someareusef ul f
orf orage.
M.sat i
v a-Lucer ne
M.lupul ina
M.falcat ausef ulfodders
Breedi
ngmet hods
1.Int roduct ion
2.Masssel ect i
on
3.Hy br i
dizationandsel ect
ion
4.Sy nt het i
csandcomposi tes
Rangeral faal faofUSA
5.Polycr ossmet hod:infor
agecropsf
ort
hedev el
opmentofmulti
plantsy
nthet
ic

Thisisadoptedt odev el
opamul ti
plantsynthet
ici
nvegetati
vely pr
opagated
foragecr ops.Thef i
rststepi scoll
ectanumberofdesi r
abl
epl
antsandf orm asource
nurser y.Fr
om thenur ser
ytwent yfivetofi
ftysuperi
orplant
sar
eselectedandgrowni n
i
sol atednursery.Random cr osspol l
i
nati
ont akesplaceint
hei
solati
on.Theseedsar e
harv est
edandgr ownaspr ogenyr ows.Thent hebestonesareselectedandclonall
y
propagat ed.

Theseselectedclonesar
eagainraisedinisol
ati
onf
orr
andom cr
ossi
nganda
sy
nthet
icisest
ablished.
SUGARCANE
Saccharum sp

Sixspeci esofper enni

algrassesallofwhichor i
ginat
edinoldworl
d.Ofthesesix
twoareoccur r
ingi nawi ldstat
e.Theyar eS.spontaneum withawi dedi
str
ibut
ionf
rom
Nort
h EastAf r
ica thro’Asiat o pacif
ic.S.robustum confined t
o New Guinea and
nei
ghbour ingi slands.Theot herfourspeciesareculti
gens
1.S.offi
cinar um -Nobl ecaneofNewgui nea.
2.S.barber i-Nor thIndiancanes
3.S.si
nensi s-Chi nesecane.
4.S.edule-Mel enesi ancane.

Sy
stemat
ics,
ori
ginanddi
str
ibut
ion
46
1.Sacchar um spont aneum ( 2n=40-128)
Aper ennialgrass,freetil
leri
ng,oftenwi t zomes.S.
hRhi spontancum represent
sa
polypl
oidser ies.Formswi tht hesmal lestchr omosomenumber saref oundi nNorth
I
ndiawhi chi spr obablyt hecent reofor i
gin.Naturalhy
bri
dizati
onwi thS.off
icinar
um
wouldhav epr oducedS. barberiandS.sinense
S.spontaneum i swidelyusedi nbreedingofmoder ncommer cialhybri
dsbyapr ocess
of nobili
sation wi h S.
t offi
cinarum. Spont aneum provi
des v i
gour,har di
ness and
resi
stanceagai nstdiseases.

2.Saccharum robustum :(
2n=60-194)
Ori
ginNewgui neav i
gorousperenni
al.robust
um wouldhav egivenr
isetoS.of
fi
cinar
um
withwhichitisinter
fert
ie.S.
l r
obustum ishighlysuscept
ibletomosaicvir
usandl eaf
scaleandbecauseoft hi
sit
susei nbreedingprogr
ammei sv er
ymuchl i
mit
ed.

3.Sacchar um off
icinarum (2n=80)
Origi
n: Southpacif
ic.
Chewi ngcane.
Noblecane
Thiscaneissui tedtotropicalcondi
ti
onsandrequi
resfav
ourabl
esoil
andcl
imate
forit
sper f
ormance.Thest emsar est outt
hickhi
ghi
nsucrose,l
owinfibr
eandwit
hsoft
ri
nd.Thenobl ecanesar esuscept i
bletomostofthediseases.Some of theear
li
er
culti
varsar eBourbon, Cheribon,noblecanes.

4.S.barberi2n=82-124
S.barber
iisshortmedi
um t
oslenderi
nthi
ckness,
wit
hhi
ghf
ibr
econt
ent
,medi
um
sucrosecontentandpoory
iel
der.

5.S.si
nense :(
2n=18)
Chi
nesecane.Tall
vigor
ous,
slender
,hi
ghf
ibr
econt
ent
.Poorj
uicequal
i
ty.

S.
6. edule:Pol ynesi ancane( 2n=118)
Sl
ender,weedl ikef or m.Seedsar eedible.Notmuchused.
Breedingobj ectives.
1.Breedingv ari
et iessuit
abl eforJagger ymaki ng.
2.Breedingv ari
et iesforfact or
ypur poses-hi ghBr i
xvalueandrecover
y%.
3.Breedingv ari
et iessuit
abl eforallthethreeseasons
Earl
y-Dec-Jan
Mid-Feb-Mar ch
Late-Apr il
-May .
4.Breedingv arietiesresistanttoshootbor er.
5.Br eedingv arietiesresistancetodi sease shootdi sease,Rust
,Brownspot
.
6.Breedingv ari
et ieswithhi ghratooningabi l
i
t y
.
7.Breedingv ari
et ieswithdr oughtresistance.
8.Breedingv ari
et ieswithmor enumberofpr oduct i
veti
ller
s.
9.Var i
etieswi t
hshor terdur ati
onwi thoutyiel
dl ess.

47
 SUGARBEET
Bet
av ul
gari
s( 2n=18)
Chenopodiaceae

Pl
aceofori
gin:Nor ther
nEurope
Cl
assi
fi
caton: ThegenusBet
i aincl
udest hir
teenspeci
eswhi
chhav
ebeen
gr
oupedunderFoursect i
ons.Viz.
1.Vul
gar es B.vulgar
is
2.Caoll
i
nae B.maritima
3.Nanae B.macr ocar
pa
4.Patel
lares
I
ncludesbot h 2n=18and36
f
Bo
.r
m
nanae
3speci esallofthem 2n=18

Thecul
ti
v edBet
at avul
gar
isi
ncl
udesBeetSugar,Vegetabl
ebeetrootand
f
oragebeetr
oot.Al
lthemember
sofsect
ionv
ulgar
esintercrossfr
eel
y.

Br
eedi
ngobj
ect
ives:
1.Br
eedingfordi
seaseresi
stance
Curl
ytopVi
rus,cer
cosporal
eafspotandr
ootr
ot.

2.Br
eedi
ngforNon-
bolt
ingty
pes
Whi
chall
owearl
i
ergrowingF1consequentl
ongergr
owt
hper
iod.

3.Br
eedi
ngformonogerm seed
Fl
owersar
eproducedsi
ngly.

4.Breedingf orquality:
Betweenhar vestandpr ocessingsugarbeet sar egeneral
lykeptforalong
peri
odsi nl arge pileswher e considerabl
e st
or agelossofsugarwi l
loccur
.
Breedi
ngf orimprov edstoragequal i
tyincl
udes.
a)Selecti
onf orlowr espir
ationratein
roots.
b)Resistanceofr oot
stost oragerot.
Otherqualit
ychar actersareTSS, puri
tyofjui
ce,raffi
nosecontent
,ashand
ni
trogencont ent.

Breedi
ngMet
hods:
1.Masssel
ecti
on:

2.Fami
lyli
nebreedi
ng:
3.Hybr
idi
zati
onandsel
ect
ion

48
 POTATO
Sol
anum tuber
osum (
2n=48)

Tetraploid
Placeofor i
gin: SouthAmerica.
Ancest ry:
a)Nat uraldoublingofdipl
oidculti
varS.st
enotomum (
2n=24)
b)Byanat uralcrossi
ngofdi pl
oidwil
dspecies
S.
spar sipil
um andS. ver
neri
i

Classi
fi
cati
on:AccordingHawkes(
1992)inaddi
ti osol
ont anum t
uberosum
somesixothercul
ti
vatedspeci
esandover230wil
dspeci
esofpotat
oar e
general
lyr
ecogni
sed.

Di
ploi
d( 2n=24)
1.S.aj
anhui r
i-Fr
ostresi
stant
2.S.phureja-Sor
tdurati
on.4monthnodor
mancy
3.S.stenotomum -Longerindur
ati
on6monthsdor
mancy
.

Tr
ipl
oid(2n=36)
4.S.chauca
5.S.j
useczuki

Tet
rapl
oid(2n=48)
Sol
anum tuberosum
6.subspecies
S.
t.
ssptuberosum
S.
t.
sspandigena-Hi ghal
ti
tudepot
ato

Pent
aploids
7.S.curt
ilobi
um -Fr
ostr
esi
stant
.

Br
eedingobjecti
ves:
1.Breedingforhighyi
eld
Yiel
doftubersdecidedbynumberoft
uber
s,t
ubersi
zeanddi
str
ibut
ionof
tuber
.

2.Br eedingf orvar

iet
ieshav i
ngbettermor
phol
ogyoft
uber
Bettermor phologyoftuberisdeter
minedby
a)Ey edept h
b)f leshcol our
c)Gr owthcr acks
d)Hol lowhear t
e)Shape
f) Ski ncolour
3.Br eedingf orbet
terqualit
y:
Dependsonmanyf actor
s
49
a)Af
tercooki
ngbl
ackeni
ng

50
b)Dr ymat ter
.
c)Enzy mebrowning.
d)Gl ycoalkal
oidl
ev el
e)r educingsugarcontent
f) storageproper
ties

4.Br eedingfordiseaseresi
stance
Earl
yblight,
latebl
ight,powder
yscab.v
,er
tici
ll
ium wi
l
t,v
irus
di
seases.Resistantsource:S.demi
ssum,S.acaul
essp.
andi
gena

5.Breedi
ngforpestresi
stance
Nematodeisthemaj andi
orpestssp. gena-t
oler
ant
.
S.
ver
inei
iresi
stantt
oAphids,Col
oradobeetl
e.

Br
eedingmet hods
1.Clonalpropagat ion;
2.Cont r
oll
edpol l
inat i
on:
3.Populationbreedi ng
4.Truepot at
oseed( TPS)
5.Productionofdi ploidsandmonohapl
oids
6.Mut ati
onbreedi ng

51
 TAPIOCA(CASSAVA)
Mani
hotescul
ent
a(2n=
36)

Family:Euphorbi
aceae
Ori
gin:Central
Amer i
ca.

52
 Therearenowi l
dspeciesseeni nthecul t
ivatedMani hotesculent
a.The
cul
tiv
ated cassav a can be classif
ied int
ot wo broad gr oups v iz.a)Sweet
cassavaandb) Bitt
ercassav a.
a)Sweetcassav a:Shor t
erindur at
iont ubersmat ur
ingi n6- 9mont hs.The
cynogenicglucosideinconfinedmai nl
ytot heouterski n(periderm).
b)Bi t
tercassav a:Longeri ndur at
ion12-18mont hst omat ure,thecynogeni
c
gl
ucosideisdi str
ibutedt hr
oughoutt het uberincludingcor e.Theglucosi
de
wil
lbemor ei nvarieti
eshavingyell
owf l
esh.

St
ruct
ureoft
uber
:
Out
erski
n(per
ider
m)peel

Ri
ndorcort
ex
Cor
eorpit
hy(edi
ble)

i
. Peri
derm :Composedofdeadcel lswhichseal st
hesurf
aceoft hetuber
.
Normall
ybr ownincol our.
i
i
.Cor t
ex:1-2mm t hick,usuall
ywhiteincolourbutmaybesomet i
mepinkish
orbrown.Theper ider
m andcor t
exar ecol
lect
ivel
yknownaspeel
.
i
i
i.Coreorpith:Itistheedi bl
eporti
onandconsi stsmostl
yofpar
enchymatous
cel
lscontaininglargeamountofst oredstar
ch.Latexint
uberoccuri
nt he
fl
eshofthet uberandal soonthecortex.

SWEETPOTATOI pomoeabat
atus
(Hexapl
oid-2n=90)

Fami
l
y:

Conv
olv
ulaceae

Or
igi
n:Cent
ral

Amer
ica

Progeni
tor
s:Thepr
obabl
eancest
or eI
sar pomoeat
il
iacea–cl
osel
yresembl
i
ng
I
.batat
us.

Weedyspeci
es-
I
.t
ri
fi
da

Sweetpot
atowasder
ivedbyamphi
dipl
oidybycr
ossi
ngat
etr
apl
oid(
2n=
53
60)andadiploi
d(2n=30)hybri
dizat
iont
opr
oduceatri
ploid(2n=45),f
oll
owed
bysubsequentdoubl
i
ngofchromosometopr
oducehexaploid(2n=90)
Tet
ropl
oid x Di
ploi
d
2n=60 2n=30

Tr
ipl
oi
d2n=
45
Doubl
i
ng

Hexapl
oi
d(2n=
90)

Classifi
cation:
Thisf ami l
yincl
udesabout45gener aand1000speci yI
es.Butonl pomoea
batatasisofeconomi cimpor t
anceasf ood.Al argenumberoftuberstr
uctur
e
aftercookingt heculti
varscanbegr oupedintot hr
ee.
a)t hosewi thf i
rm,dry,mealyfleshaft
ercooking
b)t hosewi thsof t,
moist,gelat
inousfl
eshaftercooking
c)t hosewi thv erycoarsetuberswhicharesuitabl
eonlyforani
malfeedorfor
i
ndustr
ial use.
Nat
ionali
nst
it
utes
1.Cent r
al PotatoResear chI nstit
ute(CPRI )
,Shiml a.
2.Cent r
al Plantati
onCr opResear chInst i
tute(CPCRI ),
Kassar gar
h.
3.Cent r
al TobaccoResear chI nsti
tute(CTRI ),Rajahmundr i
.
4.Cent r
al TuberCr opResear chInsti
tute( CTCRI ),Ti
ruvananthpuram.
5.Cent r
al RiceResear chI nst i
tute(CRRI ),Cuttack.
6.Cent r
al I
nst i
tuteforCot tonResear ch( CICR) ,
Nagpur .
7.Directorateofoi l
seedr esear ch(DOR) ,Hy derabad.
8.Directoratewheatr esear ch( DWR) ,Ker nal
.
9.IndianAgr icult
ureResear chI nsti
tute(IARI),NewDel hi
10.I
ndianGr asslandandFodderResear chI nsti
tute(I
GFRI),Jhansi
11.I
ndianInst i
tuteofHor ticultureResear ch( I
IHR),Bangalore
12.I
ndianInst i
tuteofPulsesResear ch(IIPR) ,
Kanpur
13.NRCf orGr oundnut,junagar h
14.NRCf orsor ghum, Hyder abad
15.NRCf orsoy bean,Indor e
16.Sugar caneBr eedingI nst it
ute(SBI),Coi mbatore

I
nter
nat
ionali
nst
it
ute
1.I
CRISAT,Hyderabad.
2.I
CARDA, Syr
ia.
3.I
RRI,LosBanos,Phil
ippi
nes
4.RoyalBot
anicGarden,Kew,England
5.CanalPoi
ntFlori
daforsugarcane
54
6.Ethi
opia,
Afri
caforcoff
ee
7.Bambey ,
SenegalforGr
oundnut
8. I
nst
it
uteofPlantI
ndustr
y,Leni
ngr
ad(
USSR)

55