Weak forms of some pronouns

Pronouns Strong form Weak form WEAK FORMS OF SOME CONJUNCTIONS

He hi: h1
Him h1m h6m, 6m Conjunctions Strong form Weak form
She ~i: ~1 and %nd 6nd, 6n, n
Her h6r h6, 6
but b^t b6t
We wi: w1
than 5%n 56n
You jiu: j$, j6
as %z 6z, z
It 1t 6t
Them 5em 56m that 5%t 56t
Me mi: m1
Us ^s 6s
27 October 2016 001029 Pronunciation 2 Part 7 4 27 October 2016 001029 Pronunciation 2 Part 7 5

WEAK FORMS OF SOME PREPOSITIONS

5.2 Stress
Prepositions Strong form Weak form

• Stress has different functions in English

at %t 6t
for f0: f6 - to give special emphasis to a word
from fr4m fr6m - to contrast one word with another
of 4v 6v, 6 - to indicate the syntactic category of a word.
to t$ t6

6
27 October 2016 001029 Pronunciation 2 Part 7 6 27‐Oct‐16 001165 Chapter 5 : English Words and Sentences 7
 SYLLABLES
STRESS PATTERNS
IN WORDS
• COMPETITION /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ ˌ/kɑːmpəˈtɪʃn/

STRESS STRESS • DIRTY /ˈdɜːr /

IN NUMBERS

• BEAUTIFUL /ˈbjuːtɪfl/
STRESS IN
COMPOUND NOUNS

27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 8 27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 9

PATTERNS OF STRESS IN WORDS

SYLLABLES
Some general tendencies for word stress in English

• Consultant • Apologize Type of word Tendency Example Exception

1st
• Industry • Method
two-syllable Ns & stress on apple, happy hotel, asleep
Adjs syllable
• Professional • Electricity two-syllable Vs stress on 2nd escape, forget offer, listen,
• Community • Himself
syllable differ
words which can N: stress on 1st suspect (n) respect
• President be used as both syllable
suspect (v)
witness
Ns and Vs V: stress on 2nd
syllable

11
27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 10 27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 11
 WORDS WHICH CAN BE USED AS BOTH Ns AND Vs PATTERNS OF STRESS IN WORDS

‐ Convict Some general tendencies for word stress in English

‐ Conduct
Type of word Tendency Example NOTES
‐ Insult Verbs with a Stress the base, outRUN
‐ Produce prefix and a base or the 2nd overLOOK
element
‐ Recall interACT
Two-word phrasal Stress the Get OUT PRINTout (n)
‐ Project Verbs particle, or the Passed OFF #
2nd element,
‐ Object more strongly
Brushed UP print it OUT
(v)
Compound Advs Stress the 2nd outSIDE
indicating location part upSTAIRS
or direction
overSEAS
13
27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 12 27 October 2016
downTOWN
001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 13

STRESS IN COMPOUND NOUNS STRESS IN COMPOUND NOUNS

‐ Two‐noun compounds: stress on the first noun (or the
‐ Fairly equally balanced but with stronger stress on 1st main syllable of the first noun)
part E.g: VAcuum cleaner, comPUter lap
e.g. hairbrush, airport, laptop Air conditioner ‐> repair the air conditioner
Deadline ‐> establish a deadline Traffic jam ‐> stuck in a traffic jam
Classroom ‐> a noisy classroom Air pollution ‐> causes of air pollution
Software ‐> install the software

14 15
27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 14 27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 15
 STRESS IN COMPOUND NOUNS PATTERNS OF STRESS IN WORDS
Some general tendencies for word stress for suffixes
Type of word Tendency Example
‐ Stress –self or –selves
Words that end in stress on the version,
E.g: herSELF, themSELVES _ion, _ity, _ogy, syllable before solidity,
Myself ‐> went by myself _graphy, _ian the ending biology,
photography,
Ourselves ‐> finish it ourselves musician
Words that end in music,
_ic, _ical, _ial, identical,
_ious/eous essential,
mysterious,
Words that end in identify
_ify
16 21
27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 16 27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 21

PATTERNS OF STRESS IN WORDS (suffixes)

PATTERNS OF STRESS IN WORDS
Some general tendencies for word stress for suffixes PRACTICE

Type of word Tendency Example Note Congratulate, humidify, software, candidate,

Words that end in stress on the Employee Supervisor, agreement, suspicious, Canadian,
_ee, _eer, syllable with the Volunteer referee, commercial.
_esque, _ique, ending Picturesque
_ette, _ese 6. I can’t figure out the problem by myself.
Unique
Diskette 7. You’re not permitted to park here without a
Vietnamese permit.
Words that end in Stress on the motivate, motivation
_ate second syllable (motivated)
8. We expect a substantial increase in salary.
graduation
before the graduate 9. John is one of the new corporate officers.
ending (even –
ing/ed) 10. He’s working on a degree in pharmacology.
22
27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 22 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 24
27 October 2016
 NUMBERS THAT END IN -TEEN NUMBERS THAT END IN -TY
• In isolation/at the end of phrase: main stress: ‐teen
e.g. thirteen, fifteen
• Number‐ty: 1st syllable . e.g. fifty, sixty
• Followed by another word in the same phrase: main
stress: 1st syllable • In general: /t/ => /d/, e.g. thirty, forty, eighty
e.g. ten fifteen, fifteen miles • Dropping /t/ in –ty: twenty, seventy, ninety
• When counting: main stress: 1st syllable
e.g. fifteen, sixteen, seventeen …
• When contrasting two –teen numbers: main stress:
1st syllable
e.g. fifteen, not sixteen

27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 25 27 October 2016 001028 PRONUNCIATION 1 PART 4 26
 TON DUC THANG
UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Foreign Languages
BRIEFING
PHONETICS & 8.1. Introduction
PHONOLOGY - 001199
a/ Strong and weak forms
CHAPTER 8: b/ contracted forms
WEAK FORMS c/ function words
d/ Reasons studying weak form words
e/ Cases where strong forms are used
8.2. Common weak form words
Lecturer: HỒ PHƯƠNG THẢO

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 1 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 2

Strong & Weak forms Strong & Weak forms

• There are words in English that can be pronounced
in 2 different ways: strong forms and weak forms. • Weak forms >< contracted forms
• THAT • It is -> It’s
• /ðæt/: strong form • We have -> We’ve
• /aɪ laɪk ðæt/ => I like that. • Do not -> don’t
=> demonstrative function. • Did not -> didn’t
• /ðət/: weak form • I would like -> I’d like
• /aɪ həʊp ðət ʃɪ wɪl/ => I hope that she will.
=> Relative clause / that clause
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 3 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 4
 8.1. INTRODUCTION
Strong & Weak forms
A/ Two reasons why weak form words
• Almost all words which have both strong and important
weak forms are called function words.
• Functions words: - all strong forms sound unnatural and foreign
• Do not have meaning like Nouns, Verbs,
sounding
Adjectives, Adverbs.
• Include: Auxiliary Verbs, Prepositions, - one will have difficulty understanding native
Conjunctions, Articles, pronouns
speakers who use weak forms all the time

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 5 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 6

8.1. INTRODUCTION (CONT.) 8.1. INTRODUCTION (CONT.)

B/ Four cases that strong forms are used B/ Four cases that strong forms are used
(1) Prepositions at the end of an utterance: (2) A weak form word is being contrasted with another
word:
I’m fond of chips. The letter’s from him, not
to him.
Chips are what I’m fond
of. Or co-ordinated use of prepositions:
(a) What are you looking for?
(b) I’m looking for a book.
I travel to and from
London a lot.

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 8.1. INTRODUCTION (CONT.) 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
B/ Four cases that strong forms are used WORDS
(cont.) 1. “the”
(3) A weak form word is stressed: Weak forms: /ðə/ before consonants
/ði / before vowels
You must give me more money.
[mʌst] Shut the door.
(4) A weak form word is being cited or quoted:
Wait for the end.
You shouldn’t put “and” at the end of the
sentence.
[ænd]
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 9 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 10

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM WORDS (cont.)
WORDS
2. “a”, “an” 3. “and”
Weak forms: /ə/ before
consonants Weak form: /ən/ (sometimes
/ən/ before vowels Come and see.

Read a book [ən]

Fish and chips.
Eat an
apple. [ṇ]

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 11 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 12

 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
6. “than”
4. “but” Weak form: /ðən/
Weak form: /bət/ Better than ever.
It’s good but expensive.
/ðən/
[bət]
5. “that” 7. “his”
Weak form / ðət/ in a relative clause: When it occurs before a noun /ɪz/
The price is the thing Take his name.
that annoys me At the beginning of an utterance: /hɪz/
[ðət]

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 13 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 14

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 5.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
8. “her” 9. “your”
Weak forms: [ə] before consonants Weak forms: /jə/ Before consonants
Take her home. Take your time
[ə] [jə]
[ər] before vowels /jər/ Before vowels [jər]
Take her out. On your own.
[ər] [jər]

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 15 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 16

 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
10. “she”, “he”, “we”, “you” 10. “she”, “he”, “we”, “you” (cont.)
a. “she” /ʃi/ c. “we” /wi/
Why did she read it? How can we get there?
[ʃi] [wi]
Who is she? We need that, don’t we?
b. “he” /i/ or /hi/ d. “you” /ju/
Which did he choose? What do you think?
[i] [ju]
He was late, wasn’t he? You like it, do you?
[hi] [i]
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 17 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 18

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

WORDS (cont.) 13. “them”
WORDS (cont.)
11. “him”
Weak form: /ɪm/ Weak form: /ðəm/
Leave him alone. Eat them.
[ɪm] [ðəm]
I’ve seen him. Leave them here.
12. ‘her’ 14. “us”
Weak form: /ə/ , /hə/ (sentence –initial) Weak form: /əs/
Ask her to come. Write us a letter.
[ə]
[əs]
Her mother is over there.
They invited all of us.
[hə]
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 19 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 20
 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
15. “at” 16. “for”
Weak form: /ət/ Weak form: /fə/ before consonants and /fər/
I’ll see you at lunch. before vowels
[ət] Tea for two.
Strong form: /æt/ [fə]
What’s he shooting at? Thanks for asking.
[æt] [fər]
Strong form: /fᴐ:/
What’s that for?
[fᴐ:]
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 21 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 22

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
17. “from” 18. “of”
Weak form: /frəm/ WF: /əv/
I’m home from Most of all.
work. [əv]
[frəm] SF: /ɒv/
Strong form: /frɒm/ Someone I’ve heard of.
Here’s where it [ɒv]
came from.

[frɒm]

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 23 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 24

 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
19. “to” 20. “as”
WF: /tə/ before consonants or /tu/ before vowels WF: /əz/
Try to stop. As much as
[tə] possible.
Time to eat. [əz] [əz]
[tu] SF: /æz/
SF: /tu/ That’s what it was
sold as.
I don’t want to.
[tu] [æz]

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 25 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 26

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM WORDS (cont.)
WORDS (cont.) 22. “there”
21. ”some” WF: /ðə/ before consonants or /ðər/ before
WF: /səm/ -> before uncountable Noun / plural vowels.
Noun
There should be a rule.
Have some more
tea. /ðə/
[səm] There is a pen in the
SF: /sʌm/ -> before countable singular Noun. box.
I think some /ðər/
animal broke it. SF: /ðeə/ or /ðeər/ -> demonstrative or in final
[sʌm] position.
SF: /sʌm/ -> in final position. There it is.
I’ve got some. /ðeər/
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 27 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 28
[sʌm] There isn’t any, is there?
ðeə
 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
23. “can”, “could”
WF: /kən/ and /kəd/ 24. “have”, “has”, “had”
They can wait. WF: /əv/, /əz/ , /əd/
[kən] Which have you seen?
He could do it. [əv]
[kəd] Which has been best?
SF: /kæn/ and /kʊd/ [əz]
I think we can. Most had gone home.
[kæn] [əd]
Most of them could.
[kʊd]
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 29 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 30

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
24. “have”, “has”, “had” (cont.) 24. “have”, “has”, “had” (cont.)
WF: /həz/ , /həv/ , /həd/ SF: /hæv/ , /hæz/ , /hæd/
Has John come back yet? Yes , we have.
[həz] [hæv]
Have you met John? I think she has.
[həv] [hæz]
Had John left before I called? I thought we had.
[həd] [hæd]

24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 31 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 32

 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.)
25. “shall”, “should” WORDS (cont.)
WF: /ʃəl/, /ʃəd/ 26. “must”
We shall need to hurry. WF: /məs/ before consonants, /məst/ before
vowels
[ʃəl]
You must try harder.
I should forget it.
[məs]
[ʃəd]
He must eat more.
SF: /ʃæl/ , /ʃʊd/
[məst]
I think we shall.
SF: /mʌst/
[ʃæl]
She certainly must.
So you should.
[mʌst]
[ʃʊd]
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 33 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 34

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM

8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.)
WORDS (cont.)
27. “do”, “does”
WF: /də/ before consonants, /dʊ/ before vowels, /dəz/ 28. “am”, “are”, “was”, “were”
Why do they like it? WF: /əm/ , /ə/ before consonant, /ər/
[də]
before vowels
Why do all the cars stop?
[du] Why am I here?
When does it arrive? [əm]
/dəz/
SF: /du:/ and /dʌz/ Here are the
We don’t smoke plates.
but some people do.
[ə]
[du:] The coats are in
I think John does. there.
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 [dʌz] 35 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 36
[ər]
 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM 8.2. COMMON WEAK FORM
WORDS (cont.) WORDS (cont.)
28. “am”, “are”, “was”, “were” (cont.) 28. “am”, “are”, “was”, “were” (cont.)
WF: /wəz/ , /wə/ before consonants, /wər/ SF: /æm/ , /ɑ:/ , /wɒz/ , /wɜ:/
before vowels. She’s not as old
as I am.
He was here a
minute ago. [æm]
[wəz] I know the
The papers were Smiths are.
late.
[wə] [ɑ:]
The questions The last record
was.
were easy.
24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 37 24-Apr-20 001199: Chapter 8-9 38

ɒz
wər They weren’t as

wɜ
 TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Foreign Languages
BRIEFING
PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY - 001199 9.1. Rhythm
9.2. Assimilation
9.3. Elision
9.4. Linking
Chapter 9:
ASPECTS OF CONNECTED
SPEECH

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 1 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 2

9.1. RHYTHM 9.1. RHYTHM

• There are basically two types of sentence rhythm
in languages: - English has stress-timed rhythm.
"stress-timed rhythm" and "syllables-timed - Stressed syllables will occur at relatively
rhythm." regular intervals whether they are
separated by unstressed syllables or not.
- The time from each stressed syllable to
the next will be the same.

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 3 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 4

 Example 1:
9.1. RHYTHM - Syllable 1, 2 are not separated by any unstressed
syllables.
• 1) Walk down the path to the end of the - Syllable 2, 3 are separated by 1 unstressed syllable.
canal. - Syllable 3, 4 are separated by 2 unstressed syllables.
• 2) Run all the way to the house next door. - Syllable 4, 5 are separated by 3 unstressed syllables.

Walk down the path to the end of the canal.

Rhythm: 1 2 3 4 5
Stressed Walk down path to end of -nal
syllables the ca-
the the
15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 5 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 6

Divide these sentences into

9.1. RHYTHM
feet.
• The foot begins with a stressed syllable and
includes all the following unstressed • Give me a burger with cheese.
syllables up to (but not including) the
following stressed syllable. • Let me help you find your keys.
• Find a space and park your car.
• I'll have her call you back.
• He’s the man who you should see.
2) Run all the way to the house next door.
Run all the way to the house next door.
1 2 3 4
15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 7 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 8
 Written exercises (p.118)
Written exercises (p.118)
• Exercise 1:

15 March 2021 001199: Chapter 8-9 9 15 March 2021 001199: Chapter 8-9 10

9.2. ASSIMMILATION
9.2. ASSIMMILATION (cont.)
- Assimilation is concerned with one sound
becoming phonetically similar to a In terms of direction of assimilation:
neighbouring sound.
- Sounds that belong to one word can cause progressive regressive
changes in sounds belonging to other words.
- Assimilation is more likely to be found in rapid, coalescent.
casual speech.

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 11 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 12

 9.2. ASSIMMILATION (cont.)
9.2. ASSIMMILATION
Regressive assimilation:
- The assimilated sound precedes and is
affected by the following conditioning
sound.

• Cf changes to become like Ci -> regressive

assimilation
• Ci changes to become like Cf-> progressive
assimilation
• Cf and Ci combine to become another C ->
coalescent assimilation
15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 13 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 14

9.2. ASSIMMILATION (cont.)

9.2. ASSIMMILATION (cont.)
Progressive assimilation:
Coalescent assimilation:
- The conditioning sound precedes and affects the
following sound. where two neighboring sounds influence each
- This is often seen in the inflectional endings -s and –ed other to assimilate to a new different sound.
- If preceded by a voiced sound, they become voiced; if
preceded by a voiceless one, they become voiceless. Don’t you Would you
alveolar + palatal /dəʊnt ju/ /wʊd ju/

Alveopalatal / dəʊntʃu/ /wʊdʒu/

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 15 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 16

 6.2. ASSIMMILATION 6.2. ASSIMMILATION
(cont.) (cont.)
• Assimilation of place of articulation
• English word-final alveolar consonants such as
• Assimilation of place of articulation /t, d, n/ is followed by a word whose initial
• Assimilation of manner of articulation consonant begins with a bilabial, a velar or a
• Assimilation of voicing dental
=> the word-final alveolar consonant is likely to
change its place of articulation to match that at
the beginning of the second word.

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 17 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 18

Assimilation of place of articulation 6.2. ASSIMMILATION

• /t/ will become /p/ before a bilabial consonant. (cont.)
• /d/ will become /b/ before a bilabial Assimilation of place of articulation
consonant.
• /t/ will become /k/ before a velar consonant.
• /n/ will become /m/ before a bilabial
consonant. • /d/ will become /g/ before a velar consonant.
‘that’ ‘Boy’ ‘That boy’ • /n/ will become /ŋ/ before a velar consonant.
/ðat/ /bɔɪ/ /ðap bɔɪ/
Good Boy Good boy
/gʊd/ /bɔɪ/ /gʊb bɔɪ/
Green Paper Green paper
/griːn/ /ˈpeɪpə/ /griːm peɪpə/
15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 19 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 20
 6.2. ASSIMMILATION 6.2. ASSIMMILATION
(cont.) (cont.)
• /t/, /d/, /n/ will become dental plosive before a
dental consonant. • / s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by
a rounded vowel sound

• / z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by

a rounded vowel sound

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 21 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 22

6.2. ASSIMMILATION (cont.) 6.2. ASSIMMILATION (cont.)

• Assimilation of voicing
• Assimilation of manner of articulation • Cf is a lenis (voiced) consonant and Ci is fortis
• In the most rapid and casual speech (voiceless) -> lenis consonant has no voicing.
• Regressive assimilation
• A final plosive becomes a fricative or nasal.
• Cf is fortis (voiceless) and Ci is lenis (voiced) -
> Cf would become voiced.

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 23 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 24

 6.3. ELISION 6.3. ELISION
- The loss of weak vowel after “p, t, k”
- The omission of a phoneme in speech Examples:
- The most frequently elided consonants are Potato Today
/t/ and /d/.
- Examples:
- Weak vowel + “n, l, r” -> syllabic consonant
last year [lɑ:s jɪə]
- Loss of final “v” in “of” before consonants
thousand points [θaʊzən pᴐɪnts]
Moved back [mu:v bæk]
Liked meat [laɪk mi:t]
15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 25 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 26

6.4. LINKING 6.4. LINKING

Consonant-to-
Linking r
The connecting of final vowel links
sound of one word or
syllable to the initial Vowel-to-vowel Intrusive r
links
sound of the next
word.
Consonant-to-
consonant
links
15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 27 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 28
 Home Assignment

• [1]: 119-160
• [4]: 44-54
• [5]: 264-276

15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 29 15 March 2021 001165: chapter 6 30