Hi students!

Let’s have a
review.
DEFINITIONS
OF
RESEARCH
•a “systematic inquiry
that uses disciplined
methods to answer
questions or solve
problems. The ultimate
goals of research are to
develop, refine, and expand a
body of knowledge” (Polit &
Beck, 2004, p.4)
• plans a very significant role
in higher education.
Research is carried out for
a specific purpose– to
answer a specific question, to
solve a particular problem of
issue (Palispis, 2004)
• is to search again and again
or to examine carefully. More
specifically, “research is a
diligent, systematic
inquiry or investigation to
validate and refine
existing knowledge and
generate new knowledge”
(Burns & Grove, 2007, p.3)
•is a systematic
“investigation of new
facts leading to the
discovery of new
ideas”(Sanchez, 1999,
p.2).
• is both a critical and
self-critical inquiry
aimed at contributing
towards the advancement
of knowledge and wisdom
(Bassey, as cited in
Coleman & Briggs, 2002).
• is ideally, the careful,
unbiased investigation of
a problem based, insofar as
possible, upon demonstrable
facts and involving refined
distinctions, interpretations,
and usually some
generalizations (Good, as
cited in Alcantara & Espiuna,
1995).
Now, we’ll
recall the
characterist
ics of
research.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Systematic. Follows orderly and sequential procedure.
Objective. Unbiased, & Logical - all findings are
logically based on empirical.
Feasible. Directly and indirectly affects the profession.
Empirical. The researcher must present evidence for the
details appearing in his/her paper. Referencing of facts.
Clear. The choice of variables used in the study should
be explained by the researcher.
Subject/respondent/participant
Patient/client advocate during study
User of research findings ROLES OF
Evaluator of research findings RESEARCH
Identifier of researchable problems ER
(Nieswiadomy,
Member of a research team 2004)
Principal investigator
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or
methodology in any field or discipline.
Research is undertaken for continuous development of and for
further productivity in any field like education, management,
business, engineering, and other areas of endeavor.
Research develops tools for assessing the effectiveness of any
practice and operation .
 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all
issues encountered in the different areas of work.

Research advances the personal and profess ional

qualifications of a practitioner.
We’ll move
on the
types of
research.
 Types of research
Basic or Pure Research Examples:
It is primarily concerned How did the universe begin?
with generating new What are protons, neutron, and
electrons composed of?
knowledge (Kerlinger,
How do slime moulds
1986, as cited in Wilson, reproduce?
1990). It is synonymous to What is the specific generic
the creation of a theory code of the fruit fly?
which is the result of basic
research. Any newfound
knowledge reflected in
the conclusions can be
considered a theory.
 Types of research
Examples:
Applied Research Improve agricultural crop
It is concerned with using production.
knowledge to give immediate
solutions to a problem. A proposed Treat or cure a specific disease.
intervention is a usual contribution Improve the energy efficiency of
of this type of research. homes, offices, or modes of
transportation.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
BASIS BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH

1 Problem Individual researcher Employer or sponsor

selection by
2 Motivation Intellectual curiosity and satisfaction in Commitment to promote public
for advancing knowledge welfare
researcher

3 Goal Generated theoretical understanding Cost-effective reduction of

tools, techniques social problems
4 Research Laboratory Real world setting
Arena
GOALS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
To produce evidence-based practice.

To establish credibility in the profession.

To observe accountability for the profession.

To promote cost-effectiveness through documentation.
ETHICAL CODES

AND POLICIES
FOR RESEARCH
Honesty
Objectivity
Care
Openness Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge
Respect for intellectual property and truth and avoidance of error. It also
Confidentiality fosters values that are essential to
Responsible publication
collaborative work. Research often involves
Responsible mentoring
Respect for colleagues a great deal of cooperation and coordination
Social responsibility among many people in different fields or
Non-discrimination disciplines. Important values are trust,
Competence accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
Legality
Human subjects’ protection
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
(Trochim, 2006; Smith, 2003; and Polit, 2006)
1. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
2. INFORMED CONSENT
3. RISK OF HARM
4. CONFIDENTIALITY
5. ANONYMITY
The Research Title, Sources
and Considerations
 The Research Title
Generally, the title:
1. should summarize the main idea of the paper;
2. should be a concise statement of the main topic;
3. must include the major variable/s;
4. Should show the relationship of the main variables under
study; and,
5. must be self-explanatory.
 Considerations in Formulating
a Research Problem
External Criteria
1. Novelty
2. Availability of Subjects
3. Administrative Support
4. Availability and Adequacy of facilities (libraries) and equipment
(devices such as computers, printers, internet)
5. Ethical Considerations
 Considerations in Formulating
a Research Problem
Internal Criteria

1. Experience, training and professional qualifications of researcher

2. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and perceptiveness of the
researcher
3. Time factor
4. Cost and returns
5. Hazards, penalties and handicaps
 The
Introduction
Importance of the
Introduction

1. Rationalize why there is a need to research the problem

2. Clarify the important terminologies for the reader to easily
understand what the research is all about
3. Establishing the degree of seriousness of the problem
 The ff. questions aid the
researcher in formulating
the introduction:

1. What is the rationale of the problem?

2. What is the setting of the problem?
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?
4. How serious is the chosen research problem?
5. What is the general objective of the problem?
6. What is the overall purpose of the problem?
 The ff. questions aid the researcher
in formulating the introduction:
1. What is the rationale of the problem?
As an English teacher, the researcher was alarmed because students’ written
communication proficiency is very important for them to be prepared in the
field of work and besides their performance will give an impact to the
school’s reputation. The researcher found out that there were three most
common problems encountered by the students in their writing activities,
namely: tenses of verbs, subject-verb agreement and diction or word
choice. There are number of students who can write sentences but do not
have sufficient knowledge in using the correct tenses of verbs, subject-verb
agreement and diction or word choice.
 The ff. questions aid the
researcher in formulating the
introduction:
2. What is the setting of the problem?
The researcher opted to venture this study as per observation and
experienced in her classes at Father Saturnino Urios University,
there are 75% of AB-English and AB-Communication students that
have difficulty in writing.
 The ff. questions aid the researcher
in formulating the introduction:
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the study?
Writing well means conveying thoughts, ideas, and facts in simple and clear language. It is sad to
note that the art of writing is not learned seriously in school because of the difficulties
encountered by students in developing their writing skills. But to learn it is essential in order to
excel at both academic and professional levels. However, writing is regarded as a difficult skill
and a complex task (Jahin and Wafa, 2012).
In school, students writing ability is crucial to their academic performance since a greater part of
school activities such as examinations, assignments, reports, compositions, and researches are
written (Petajen, 2014). Moreover, in academia, the skill of writing is visible in conference
presentations, journals and book publication through which the transmission of new ideas and
concepts are affected according to (Cabansag, 2013).
 The ff. questions aid the researcher
in formulating the introduction:
4. How serious is the chosen research problem?
The researcher opted to venture this study as per observation and experienced in her
classes at Father Saturnino Urios University, there are 75% of AB-English and AB-
Communication students that have difficulty in writing.
It is an indication that they have difficulty in producing satisfactory written work; they
do not care much about the basic rules of grammar which are common as long as they
can write sentences and words. The researcher feels that there is something to be done
and be given much attention regarding the development of students’ writing skill
communication and encouragement to develop their writing skill proficiently as part
of their daily activities and routine.
 The ff. questions aid the researcher
in formulating the introduction:
5. What is the general objective of the problem?
The study attempted to determine teacher competencies in relation to the
writing skills in English of Third year College of Arts and Sciences
students of Father Saturnino Urios University.
 The ff. questions aid the researcher
in formulating the introduction:
6. What is the overall purpose of the problem?
Once this writing skill is developed and enhanced, students will be able to
communicate correctly and intelligibly and with ease, whatever writing
activities they may have inside or outside the classroom, thus this study.
END