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Linear Algebra Lecture notes Math 110 Lec 002 Summer 2016
Brandon Williams
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Introduction to Advanced Mathematics Randall R. Holmes
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XIN ZHOU
Abstract. This is the set of lecture notes for Math 8 during Spring quarter
of 2018 at UC Santa Barbara. The lectures follow closely [1, 2].
Contents
1. Sets 2
2. Proofs 8
3. Quantifiers 13
4. Number systems 17
5. Decimals 20
6. Inequalities 24
7. Mathematical Induction 25
7.1. Guessing the answer 27
7.2. The Σ notation 27
7.3. Principle of Strong Mathematical Induction. 27
8. Integers 29
9. Prime factorization 32
10. Equivalence relations 37
11. Functions 41
12. Infinity 45
References 50
We will cover Chapter 1-3, 8, 10-13, 17-19, 21 with additional topics as time
permits. This includes the following topics:
• Sets
• Number systems, decimals
• Proofs
– Direct proof
– Induction
– Proof by contradiction.
• Inequalities
• Prime number
– Prime factorization
• Equivalence relations
• Functions
• Infinity
Remark 0.1. For this class, reading the textbook and doing the homework is
more important than previous math classes you may have taken. Also, you are
expected to write homework proofs neatly and clearly, using complete sentences.
This course covers set theory, logic, functions and equivalence relations, and
techniques of proof, including induction. We will also cover topics in number
theory relating to integers and primes. The goals of the course are to introduce
fundamental mathematical concepts and definitions and to be able to use them
to write clear, logically correct proofs.
1. Sets
A set is just a collection of objects, we call those objects the elements of the
set.
Remark 1.1. Actually, this simple definition for sets is inadequate and gives
rise to contradictions. “The set of all sets” cannot exist. But we will not talk
about this. If you are really interested, you may read any set theory textbook.
How to describe a set?
• the first way is just to make a list of all the objects in the set and put
curly brackets (braces) around the list. For example,
– {1} is a set consisting of the objects 1.
– {π, U CSB, math8} is a set consisting of three objects.
– {1, 2, 3} is a set consisting of the objects 1,2, and 3.
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 3
– Here is a tricky one. {1, {2}} is the set consisting of two objects,
one is just the number 1, and the other one is the set {2}. We can
make a really complicated set,
{1, {2}, {3, {4, 5}}}.
• But the first way is not that convenient to describe a set in some cases.
For instance, if we have infinite number of objects, like all positive
integers, or if there are no explicit expressions for the objects, like the
solution of the equation xπ + x2 − 8 = 0. So we use the following form
{x|P (x)},
where P (x) is a condition or property of x. This is to be read “the set
of all x such that x satisfies the condition P (x)”. Sometimes, we also
use {x ∈ X|P (x)} to denote a set, where X is the domain of x. For
example,
– {x|x is a positive integer}.
– {x|x is a real number, x2 < 2}.
– {x|x is a real number and xπ + x2 − 8 = 0}.
Let me introduce some notations.
• N = {x|x is a natural number} = {1, 2, 3, . . .} (ellipsis indicates that
the list continues in the obvious way). The set of all natural numbers
• Z = {x|x is an integer} = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
• Note that in many other textbooks, 0 is also a natural number.
• R = {x|x is a real number}. The set of all real numbers
• Q = {x|x = pq , p, q ∈ Z, and q 6= 0}. The set of all rational numbers.
Definition 1.2. We also define the empty set to be the set consisting of no
objects, and denote by the symbol ∅.
and say x belongs to S. If some other object y does not belong to S, we write
y∈
/ S.
For example, consider the set
{1, {2}, {3, {4, 5}}}}.
We know that
1 ∈ S, {2} ∈ S, {3, {4, 5}} ∈ S,
but 2 ∈
/ S, {4, 5} ∈
/ S.
Definition 1.5. We say that two sets are equal when they consist of exactly
the same elements.
For instance A = {1, 2, 3} = {2, 1, 3}. But here is another set B =
{1, 1, 2, 3}. Since this set contains the same elements with the set A, it is
equal to the set A. Indeed, the definition of a set requires that it contains
distinct objects, so you cannot express a set like that. Consider the following
set
C = {x|x ∈ R, x2 − 2x + 1 = 0} = {1}.
For numbers, we have operations like addition and multiplication. For sets,
we also have set operations. Next, we will introduce some set operations.
Definition 1.10. Let A and B be two sets. The union of A and B, written
A ∪ B, is the set consisting of all elements that lie in either A or B (or both).
That is,
A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
The intersection of A and B, written A ∩ B, is the set consisting of all
elements that lie in both A and B. That is,
A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
B − A = B \ A = {x|x ∈ B and x ∈
/ A},
where \ is backslash.
Lemma 1.12. Let A and B be two sets. Then by Venn diagram, it is easy to
see that
A ∪ B = (A − B) ∪ (A ∩ B) ∪ (B − A),
and A − B, B − A, A ∩ B are mutually disjoint.
6 XIN ZHOU
Remark 1.15. What about set operations involving more than two sets? We
know that for numbers, there is a default order of operations. For example
2 + 3 ∗ 5,
we know that we should do the multiplication first.
But for set operations, union, intersection, and difference operations are all
equal in the order.
For example, the expression
A∪B∩C
does not make any sense because we do not know which operation we should
do first: should we take the union first, and then the difference, or should we
take the difference first and then the union?
So if we have more than one of these at a time, we have to use parentheses
to indicate which of these operations should be done first.
In order to make this clear, we need to either write
(A ∪ B) ∩ C or A ∪ (B ∩ C).
Definition 1.18. We say that A and B are disjoint sets if they have no
elements in common, i.e., if A ∩ B = ∅.
Question 1.19. Let A and B be two sets. If A and B are disjoint, i.e.,
A ∩ B = ∅, then
A − B = A, B − A = B.
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 7
2. Proofs
Let us talk about mathematical proofs. One of the goals of this course is to
learn how to write proofs.
Why we need proofs? There are many math questions and mathematicians
are trying to find answers to those questions. They can do experiments; they
can use computers to simulate; they can also guess and try. Sometimes they
may use those methods to get the answer, but for mathematicians, they are
not convinced unless they can prove it. For many other subjects, in order to
explain something, people propose a theory and this theory can explain 99%
of the cases, but fails the 1%. Later, a new theory will come up and replace
the old one.
we only have two situations: we can prove it or we can’t. Once it is proved,
then it will be always true and will not be replaced.
Example 2.1. There is a very famous conjecture about prime numbers named
Goldbach’s Conjecture: every even n > 2 is the sum of two primes. For
example,
4 = 2 + 2, 6 = 3 + 3, 8 = 3 + 5, 10 = 5 + 5, 12 = 5 + 7, . . . .
People verified that this is true up to 4 × 1017 . Numerical results suggest that
this is almost true and mathematicians also believe that it is true. But since
there is no proof, we cannot use it as a theorem to prove other results.
Before we talk about proofs, we need to introduce some notations. Let P
and Q are statements or mathematical statements. For example, (we always
use x to denote some real number, and n to denote some natural number):
P1 : x = 2;
P2 : 2 < 3;
P3 : x > 3 and x < 2;
P4 : n is an even integer;
P5 : n = m2 for some integer m.
For P1 , P4 , P5 , we do not know whether it is true or false before we know the
values of x or n. P2 is true, but P3 is false.
Definition 2.2. A mathematical statement is a mathematical sentence that is
either true or false (but not both).
Definition 2.3. We write
P ⇒Q
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 9
For example,
x = 2 ⇒ x2 < 6.
For instance, let us take the negation of all the examples on the previous
page:
P1 : x 6= 2;
P2 : 2 > 3;
P3 : x ≤ 3 or x ≥ 2;
P4 : n is not an even integer;
P5 : n 6= m2 for all integer m; n cannot be written as n = m2 for some
integer m.
Note that P ⇒ Q does not mean that Q ⇒ P . This is easy to understand.
For example, x > 1 ⇒ x > 0, but x > 0 ; x > 1.
Definition 2.11. Direct proofs: starting with any basic axioms or given as-
sumption, use a series of implications to conclude that the desired result is
true.
Remark 2.13. We could have written as this proof as the following series of
implications:
n is odd ⇒ n = 2m + 1 ⇒ n2 = 1 + 4(m2 + m) ⇒ n2 is odd.
But, this is too terse and somewhat strange. We are writing proofs so that
people can understand; we are human beings, not computers. We need to use
some English words to make the proof smooth and readable. For example, we
can use “then”, “ therefore”, “hence” and so on. (Certainly, you guys know
English better than I).
We also have indirect proofs, for example, proof by contradiction is a form
of indirect proof. Sometimes, it is almost impossible to give a direct proof, for
instance, if we want to prove the following statements:
• there exists infinitely many prime numbers. If we want to prove this
directly, our only choice is to list infinitely many primes or give a gen-
eral formula for infinitely many primes. But this is almost impossible
or very hard. However, we can easily prove this using proof by contra-
diction.
Definition 2.14. Proof by contradiction: Suppose we want to prove a state-
ment P is true. We first assume that P is false, that is, P̄ is true. We then
start with P̄ to deduce a statement Q which is impossible or contradict our
assumption. Hence, P must be true.
If P̄ is true, then Q is true. Q is false. Hence, P is true.
This uses P̄ ⇒ Q is equivalent to Q̄ ⇒ P . That is, an implication and its
contrapositive are propositionally equivalent.
Example 2.15. There is no greatest even integer.
Proof. Suppose the conclusion is not true. (We take the negation of the the-
orem and suppose it to be true.) Suppose there is a greatest even integer N .
(We must deduce a contradiction.)
Then for every even integer n, N ≥ n.
Now let M = N + 2. Then, M is an even integer. (Because it is a sum of
even integers.) Also, M > N since M = N + 2. Therefore, M is an integer
that is greater than the greatest integer.
This contradicts the assumption that N ≥ n for every even integer n. This
completes the proof.
Example 2.16. Let n be an integer such that n2 is a multiple of 3. Then n
is also a multiple of 3.
12 XIN ZHOU
3. Quantifiers
Next, we introduce two symbols. In mathematics, we will often see two types
of statements. They are so common and important that we will introduce some
symbols to denote them.
Let us consider the following examples:
• There is an integer x such that x3 = 27.
• For some integer x, x2 = −1.
• There exists a positive integer that is not equal to the sum of two
integer squares.
You can see that all the statements have the form: there exists some integer
with a certain property. This type of statements is everywhere in math. So
we will introduce a symbol ∃ (the backward E) to denote “there exists”.
Definition 3.1. The existential quantifier is denoted by the symbol ∃, and
is read “there exists”.
So we can rewrite the above statements as follows:
(1) ∃x ∈ Z such that x3 = 27.
(2) ∃x ∈ Z such that x2 = −1.
(3) ∃x ∈ Z and x > 0 such that x is not equal to the sum of two integer
squares.
They all have the form:
∃x such that P (x),
or simply
∃x(x ∈ X) P (x).
It means that there is at least one value of x for which P (x) is true.
To prove an existence statement is true, we only need to find just one object
satisfying the required property. There might be many objects satisfying the
property, but just one object is enough to conclude that the statement is true.
To prove an existence statement is false, we need to show that no such object
satisfying the required property; that is, for all x, P (x) is false or P (x) is true.
For (1), we know x = 3 satisfies the property. For (2), since there is no such
x, the statement is false. For (3), x = 3 has the required property.
Actually, many math statements are very complicated and they have more
than one quantifiers. For instance, (6) can be rewritten as
(6) ∀x ∈ Z and x > 0, ∃m, n ∈ Z such that x = m2 + n2 .
This means that the negation of an existence statement is just “for all”
statement.
Example 3.7. For the statements containing more than one quantifiers, we
just do negations step by step as follows:
(7) For any integer x and y, there is an integer z, such that x2 + y 2 = z 2 .
⇔ ∀x ∈ Z, ∀y ∈ Z, ∃z ∈ Z, such that x2 + y 2 = z 2 ;
⇔ ∃x ∈ Z, ∃y ∈ Z, such that ∀z ∈ Z, x2 + y 2 6= z 2 .
4. Number systems
We will introduce three number systems: the real numbers, the integers and
the rational numbers.
In the past, maybe 2000 or 3000 years ago, people were using integers and
they were also familiar with the fractions. Fractions are just rational numbers.
But it then turned out that the rational√ numbers are not enough to describe
every length. A simple example is 2. Suppose we have a right triangle
with sides a, b, c Pythagorean theorem implies that a2 + b2 = c2 . So people
discovered the irrational numbers.
What are the real numbers? They are just all the rational numbers and
irrational numbers. We can also view the real numbers as follows: If we draw
an infinite straight line and choose a point on this line as the origin. We also
choose a unit of length and label the whole numbers. Real numbers can be
thought of as points on an infinitely long number line.
Obviously, the real numbers have a natural ordering, that is, we can compare
the values of any two real numbers. For instance, suppose x and y are two
real numbers. If x is to the left of y on the real line, then x < y.
Definition 4.1. The integers are just whole numbers, denoted by Z.
Definition 4.2. A real number of the form m n
(m is the numerator and n is
the denominator) where m, n ∈ Z, n 6= 0 is called a rational number, denoted
by Q.
An irrational number is a real number that is not a rationals number.
Note that different fractions can represent the same rational numbers. We
say that the rational m
n
is in lowest terms if no canceling is possible - that is,
m and n have no common factor except 1 or m and n are coprime to each
other.
Definition 4.3. If two integers a and b are said to be relatively prime, mutually
prime, or coprime if the only positive integer that divides both of them is 1.
That is, the only common positive factor of the two numbers is 1. This is
equivalent to their greatest common divisor being 1.
For real numbers, we can do addition and multiplication.
Fact 4.4. (Rule 2.1) For all a, b, c ∈ R,
(1) Commutative law for addition and multiplication: a+b = b+a, ab = ba.
(2) Associative law for addition and multiplication: a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c,
a(bc) = (ab)c.
18 XIN ZHOU
These rules are axioms for real numbers and they cannot be proved or de-
duced from other facts.
Proposition 4.5. (Proposition 2.1) Between any two distinct rationals there
is another rational.
Proof. Let r and s be two rationals. We can assume r < s, otherwise the proof
processes the same way by flipping r and s. Let t = 12 (r + s). We now prove
that t is a rational, and r < t < s (this is the mathematical meaning of saying
t is between r and s).
We first prove that t is a rational. Since r, s are rationals, r = m
n
, s = pq for
some m, n, p, q ∈ Z and n 6= 0, q 6= 0. Then
1 1 m p mq + np
(r + s) = + = .
2 2 n q 2nq
Since mq + np, 2nq ∈ Z and 2nq 6= 0, we know t is a rational.
r s
Next we prove r < t < s. Since by assumption r < s, we have 2
< 2
.
Therefore
r r r s
r = + < + = t;
2 2 2 2
similarly one can prove t < s.
So we finish the proof.
√
Proposition 4.6. (Proposition 2.3) 2 is not rational.
√
Proof. Let us prove by contradiction. Assume by contradiction that 2 is a
rational. Then
√ m
2 = , for some m, n ∈ Z and n 6= 0.
n
m
We can assume that n is in its lowest terms.
Take the squares, we have:
m2
2= =⇒ m2 = 2n2 .
n2
Therefore m2 is an even integer. Next we prove the statement:
(P): if m ∈ Z and m2 is even, then m is even.
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 19
5. Decimals
We introduce the decimal notation. Decimal notation is the writing of num-
bers in a base 10 numeral system.
We know that every point on the real line represents a real number and
we can write out some of them, for example, the whole
√ numbers, the rational
numbers, and maybe some irrational numbers, like 2. But how about other
irrational numbers. We need to find a way to express all real numbers. So
we use decimal notation which is the writing of numbers in a base 10 numeral
system.
Example 5.1. Suppose a real number has decimal expression:
a0 .a1 a2 a3 ,
where a0 is an integer and a1 , a2 , a3 are integers between 0 and 9. We know
that this number equals to
a1 a2 a3
a0 + + 2 + 3.
10 10 10
For example,
1
100, 1.5, = 0.5,
2
1
(one third) = 0.3333 . . . , π = 3.14159265358979323846264338 . . . .
3
123.456: the 3 is in the Ones position, meaning 3 ones (which is 3); the 2
is in the Tens position meaning 2 tens (which is twenty); and the 1 is in the
Hundreds position, meaning 3 hundreds; the 4 is in the Tenths position; the
5 is in the Hundredths position; the 6 is in the Thousandths position.
What if a decimal has an infinite (non-terminating) fractional part? What
does that meaning? In order to make it a little bit more precise, we need the
following lemma. Given
a0 .a1 a2 . . . ,
this equals to the sum of the series
∞
X ak
a0 + k
.
k=1
10
Proposition 5.2. Let x be a real number.
1. If x 6= 1, then
x(1 − xn )
x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn = .
1−x
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 21
and
x ≤ 0.a1 a2 . . . ak−1 bk 9999 = 0.a1 a2 . . . ak−1 (bk + 1)000.
Hence, all the inequalities are indeed equalities. It follows that ak = bk + 1
and
x = 0.a1 . . . ak 000 = 0.a1 . . . (ak − 1)999 . . . .
We know that real numbers include rational numbers and irrational num-
bers. So we want to know what are the decimal expressions for rationals and
irrationals? Certainly, they should be different. So what is the difference?
Example 5.5. Let us first consider some rational numbers.
1 1 7 8
2, = 0.5, = 0.333 . . . , = 1.16666 . . . , = 1.142857142857 . . . .
2 3 6 7
You can see that they are either finite or infinite, and if it is infinite, then
there is a sequence of digits that eventually repeats forever. We call such a
decimal expression periodic.
If a periodic decimal has the form (repeating decimal with b1 . . . bl repeating)
a0 .a1 a2 . . . ak b1 b2 . . . bl b1 b2 . . . bl . . . ,
then we write it as
a0 .a1 . . . ak b1 . . . bl .
That a rational number must have a finite or recurring decimal expansion
can be seen to be a consequence of the long division algorithm, in that there
are at most q − 1 possible nonzero remainders on division by q, so that the
recurring pattern will have a period less than q.
Rational numbers have finite or infinite repeating decimal expressions while
irrational numbers have infinite non-repeating decimal representations.
Proposition 5.6. The decimal expression for any rational number is (finite
or) periodic.
Proof. Consider a rational number m n
(m, n ∈ Z). Think about how we get
the decimal expression for a fraction.
m = a0 n + b0 , 0 ≤ b0 ≤ n − 1.
10b0 = a1 n + b1 , . . .
If some bi = 0, then we get a finite decimal. Suppose for all bi 6= 0. Note that
bi is an integer between 0 and n−1, so at most after n steps, bi will repeat.
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 23
6. Inequalities
An inequality is a statement about real numbers involving one of the symbols
“>, “≥, “< or “≤; for example, x > 2 or x2 − 4y ≤ 2x + 2. In this chapter we
shall present some elementary notions concerning manipulation of inequalities.
Here are the rules concerning the ordering of the real numbers.
Rules: given x, y ∈ R:
(1) either x > 0, x < 0 or x = 0;
(2) if x > y, then −x < −y;
(3) if x > y, c ∈ R, then x + c > y + c;
(4) if x > 0, y > 0, then xy > 0;
(5) if x > y, y > z, then x > z.
Note that (3) =⇒ (2), since if x > y, then x + (−x − y) > y + (−x − y), and
this implies −y > −x.
7. Mathematical Induction
Mathematical induction is a mathematical proof technique. It is a very
powerful tool to prove a statement involving positive integers.
Let us first consider the following statements:
(1) The sum of the first n positive odd integers is equal to n2 . That is
∀n ∈ N, P (n).
Here, P (n) is “the sum of the first n positive odd integers is equal to
n2 ”.
(2) If p > −1 then (1 + p)n ≥ 1 + np.
We can easily check that statement (1) is true for many positive integers.
1 = 12 ; 1 + 3 = 22 ; 1 + 3 + 5 = 32 ; 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 42 .
In order to prove this “for all” statement, we need to show it is true for
all positive integer n. There are infinitely many positive integers, and it is
impossible to verify all of them. So how can we prove this statement for all n?
The answer is just the principle of mathematical induction. It is the follow-
ing.
Theorem 7.1. (Principle of mathematical induction) Suppose that for each
positive integer n we have a statement P (n). If we prove the following two
things
(1) P (1) is true.
(2) for all n ∈ N, if P (n) is true then P (n + 1) is also true.
then P (n) is true for all positive integers n.
Remark 7.2. The first step is called the base step and the second second step
is called the inductive step.
Example 7.3. The sum of the first n positive odd integers is equal to n2 .
Proof. The base step: this is trivial, since 1 = 1.
For the inductive step, we first assume that P (n) is true, where n is any
fixed natural number, we need to prove that P (n + 1) is true. Since P (n) is
true, we have
1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n − 1) = n2 .
This implies that
1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n − 1) + (2n + 1) = n2 + 2n + 1 = (n + 1)2 ,
26 XIN ZHOU
Note that in the base step, the first case might not be starting from 1.
Actually, it can start with 0 or any integers. It depends on the statement that
we prove. For instance, we need to prove that “P (n) is true for all integers
n ≥ 3”. This is because P (1) and P (2) make no sense or P (1) and P (2) are
not true.
Theorem 7.5. (Principle of mathematical induction II) Let k be any integer.
Suppose that for each integer n ≥ k we have a statement P (n). If
(1) P (k) is true.
(2) for all integer n ≥ k, P (n) ⇒ P (n + 1).
then P (n) is true for all integers n ≥ k.
Example 7.6. For every integer n ≥ 4, 2n < n!.
Proof. Note that 23 = 8 > 3! = 6. The base step: P (4) is true. This follows
easily since 24 = 16 < 4! = 24.
The inductive step: we assume for n ≥ 4, P (n) is true, that is 2n < n!.
Then we have
2n+1 = 2n × 2 < 2 × n! < (n + 1)!.
MATH 8 SPRING 2018 UCSB 27
7.1. Guessing the answer. You can see that the induction only tells you how
to prove some statements involving positive integers, such as some identities.
However, it doesn’t tell us how to find those identities. For example, consider
the following identity
1 1 1 n
+ + ··· + =
1×2 2×3 n × (n + 1) n+1
Certainly, this is a statement involving positive integers and you can prove
this by induction. But the question is if I don’t tell you the sum, how can you
find it?
The most naive way is that you just guess the answer. Since it is a statement
about positive integers, you can always try some simple cases, like n = 1, n =
2, n = 3, as long as you try enough cases, you will notice a patter. So you can
guess the answer. How to verify your answer, you just prove if by induction.
So, induction does not tell you the answer, but it can help you to verify
your guessing.
8. Integers
Next, we discuss the integers. From this chapter, we will learn some basic
stuff of number theory. For this chapter, our goal is to study how to find the
common factors of two integers.
Let us start with some basic definitions.
For instance, 2|4, −3| − 6, −5|10, 12|12. Note that 1 divides any integer
and any integer divides itself.
Given two integers a and b, in most cases, a will not divide b. But we can
still talk about “divide a into b” and get a quotient and a remainder.
b = qa + r and 0 ≤ r < a.
Proof. Let us consider the rational number ab . Since any number must lie
between two consecutive integers, we assume that
b
q≤ < q + 1.
a
Multiplying by the positive integer a (note that a is positive), we obtain
qa ≤ b < (q + 1)a.
Proposition 8.3. Let a, b, d ∈ Z, and suppose that d|a and d|b. Then d|(ma+
nb) for any m, n ∈ Z.
Given two integers a and b, we know that in most cases, a will not divide b,
but it is very likely that they share common factors.
Next, we will talk about the Euclidean Algorithm, which tells us how to
compute the common factors of two integers.
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les connaît jamais ; rappelez-vous donc que la tentation initiale a été
la connaissance de la science du bien et du mal.
— Ah ! Divin, dit Roseline, ne parlons pas de cette affaire-là, car
l’homme y joue un bien vilain rôle.
— D’accord, madame ; il s’est montré dès le commencement du
monde un animal très inférieur, mais le tentateur et la femme,
combien intéressants ! Soyez assurée que la femme ne lui en a pas
voulu du tout, tandis que madame d’Haspre me tiendra peut-être
rancune de mes sages conseils, car confessez que tous mes
conseils sont toujours merveilleusement sages.
— Nous le reconnaissons, dit madame Manassé avec grâce, et
en présentant à la cigarette de Monteux l’allumette qu’il cherche en
vain ; une fois que le Divin fume, on sait qu’il ne parle plus, et il
s’abîme dans un grand fauteuil, momentanément aussi impassible
que le chat Curiace.
— Comme c’est amusant de parler de péché ! dit madame de
Juvisy au comte d’Aveline ; je regrette seulement que monsieur de
Juvisy ne soit pas resté là ; j’aurais aimé entendre ses théories.
— Ah ! madame, soupire d’Aveline, ce n’est pas parler du péché
qui m’aurait contenté auprès de vous si j’avais vingt ans de moins.
— Ne me dites pas cela, cher ami, c’est trop ordinaire, Monteux a
dix fois raison : l’agréable est de se sentir au bord du précipice, d’en
avoir l’attirance et de n’y pas tomber ; tenez, je vais aller chanter un
duo d’amour avec Balti, qui me regarde là-bas.
Elle se lève, et d’Aveline la suit des yeux en soupirant ; il n’a pas
avec ces jeunes femmes le placement de ses jolis madrigaux
embaumés, et il en est tout triste. Didier et madame Baugé sont
assis dans un angle et causent à voix basse ; il n’y a que madame
Manassé qui le comprenne un peu ; elle l’appelle d’un geste
gracieux et lui laisse prendre et baiser sa main, comme le premier
accord est frappé par Luce, et que la voix prenante de Balti s’élève
dans une plainte caressante.
Quand ils ont fini, Roseline rompt le silence qui succède pour
demander à mi-voix à Monteux :
— Est-ce du péché, cela, Divin ?
— Oui, madame, et du très raffiné ; aussi voyez, comme madame
de Juvisy est belle. Au tour de madame d’Haspre, maintenant.
Et se tournant vers la belle Paule :
— Voulez-vous danser mon sonnet, madame ?
— Si vous le désirez tous, reprend madame d’Haspre avec une
délicieuse indifférence.
Et elle quitte sa place et sort.
En un moment, sur l’ordre de madame Manassé, les fauteuils
sont écartés ; un tapis blanc est étendu à terre, Albert Manassé,
affairé et rouge de satisfaction, fait élargir le cercle, se place dans
une embrasure de fenêtre et attend.
Madame de Juvisy s’est remise au piano, et joue un
accompagnement très doux ; le Divin, de sa belle voix chantante,
commence la récitation d’une strophe, et madame d’Haspre reparaît.
Elle est habillée d’une tunique flottante de gaze verte parsemée de
fleurs de lotus d’argent ; ses cheveux sont dénoués et couronnés de
pampre, ses pieds nus sont chaussés de sandales, dans sa main
fine, elle tient un magnolia fleuri, énigmatique et triste, elle s’avance
avec un balancement rythmé de son corps souple…
Tout à tour, la musique et la voix du Divin se reprennent, tandis
que la jeune femme, avec des grâces passionnées, danse et mime
le poème ; ils la regardent tous avec une sorte de fascination
attendrie. Albert Manassé écarquille ses yeux ronds ; il voudrait,
pour tout au monde, que madame d’Haspre eût besoin d’un
service… puis, quand elle s’arrête, et reprend sa mine dédaigneuse,
il use de son privilège de maître de la maison pour se précipiter et
offrir ses compliments chaleureux, et elle lui répond très
tranquillement.
— Oui, je sais que je suis belle… et je trouverais une offense que
vous ne soyez pas amoureux de moi.
— Et nous le sommes, madame, dit le Divin…
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
— Eh bien, dit Roseline à son mari lorsqu’il se retrouvent seuls,
c’est plus agréable ici que chez ton père, voilà comme je comprends
la campagne, moi.
— Mais, chère amie… vraiment Monteux avec ses théories sur le
péché ?…
Roseline le regarde… et il ne continue pas…
XI
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