Republic of the Philippines

Region IV-B MIMAROPA

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
College of Business and Accountancy

AN ANALYSIS OF NOTABLE POEMS OF JOSE RIZAL: ‘’Love of Country,’’ ‘’On the

Indolence of the Filipinos,’’ and ‘’The Philippines within a
Century Hence’’

Presented to Francis Joseph Batuigas

of the Department of Social Sciences
College of Arts and Humanities
Palawan State University - Main Campus

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

GE-LWR Life and Works of Rizal

by:

Lacap, Majesty
Merlin, Sarah Jane
Palay, Javer John
Pingol, Alexandra
Ramos, Jessica
 INTRODUCTION

Dr. José Rizal, the Philippines' national hero, was a prolific writer and intellectual whose
works continue to resonate with profound relevance. Among his numerous writings, three
essays stand out as reflections of his patriotism, critical thinking, and vision for his nation: "Love
of Country," "On the Indolence of the Filipinos," and "The Philippines within a Century Hence."
These essays serve as a testament to Rizal's unwavering dedication to the cause of Philippine
independence and social progress.

In "Love of Country," Rizal articulates the deep emotional bond between an individual
and their homeland, celebrating patriotism as an enduring and universal sentiment. "On the
Indolence of the Filipinos" presents a critical response to colonial accusations of Filipino
laziness, arguing that systemic oppression, not inherent character flaws, is the root cause of
societal stagnation. Meanwhile, "The Philippines within a Century Hence" showcases Rizal’s
keen foresight as he envisions the potential outcomes of colonial rule, ranging from violent
revolution to peaceful reform.

This paper aims to analyze these essays in the context of their historical backdrop,
explore the themes and arguments they present, and discuss their lasting significance in
contemporary Philippine society. Through this exploration, we gain a deeper appreciation of
Rizal’s enduring relevance as a thinker, reformist, and visionary leader.
 1. LOVE OF COUNTRY (EL AMOR PATRIO)

Historical Context:

This was the first article Jose Rizal wrote while in Spain. Composed in August 1882, it
was published in Diariong Tagalog under the pen name Laong Laan, meaning "ever prepared."
Rizal sent the article to Marcelo H. del Pilar for translation into Tagalog.

Written during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, this essay, titled "Amor Patrio"
(Love of Country), was Rizal's response to the socio-political climate of the time. The Philippines
was under oppressive Spanish rule, marked by widespread abuse, inequality, and the
suppression of Filipino rights. Rizal's essay aimed to inspire a sense of nationalism and
patriotism among his fellow Filipinos, particularly urging them to value and fight for their
homeland despite the challenges of colonial domination.

By addressing his message not only to those in the Philippines but also to expatriates
living in Spain, Rizal highlighted the importance of unity and collective action. He believed that
love for one's country transcended geographical boundaries and was a critical step toward
achieving social reform and national liberation. This essay laid the foundation for Rizal’s later
works, which would continue to challenge colonial rule and inspire the Philippine nationalist
movement.

Analysis of the Main Themes and Arguments:

The essays reflect profound patriotism and the enduring bond between individuals and their
homeland. Key themes include:

● Love for the Motherland

The essays glorify the homeland as a source of identity and pride. Rizal portrays the
Motherland as a maternal figure deserving of unconditional love, even amidst poverty
and suffering.Patriotism is elevated as a noble sentiment, inspiring acts of selflessness
and heroism for the nation's welfare.

● Sacrifice and Duty

Rizal highlights how individuals contribute to the nation through intellectual, physical,
and emotional sacrifices. From scholars to soldiers, each person's efforts are valuable to
the Motherland. Sacrifice is presented not as a transaction but as an expression of love,
exemplified by historical figures who devoted their lives to national causes.
 ● Critique of National Division

Rizal condemns internal strife and factionalism, emphasizing that unity is vital for
national progress. He laments the destructive consequences of rivalries that harm the
Motherland.

● Call for Constructive Patriotism

Rizal advocates for a modern form of patriotism rooted in reason, moral integrity, and
productive action. He urges his readers to reject destructive fanaticism and work towards
progress through science, education, and peaceful cooperation.

Analysis of some notable paragraphs in the essay:

1. ‘’From the cultured European, free, and proud of his glorious history, to the
African Negro dragged out of his forests and sold for a paltry sum; from ancient
peoples whose shadows still hover over their somber ruins-the tombs of their
glories and sufferings-to the modern nations, full of activity and life, all, all have
had and have an idol whom they call Motherland-beautiful, brilliant, sublime but
implacable, haughty, and exacting. A thousand tongues have sung to her, a
thousand lyres have offered her their most sonorous music; the most favored
intellect have displayed before her memory, their most resplendent fineries. She
has been the universal cry of peace, of love, and of glory because she is in the
hearts and minds of all men, and like the light enclosed in limpid crystal, she goes
forth in the form of the most intense splendors.’’

Explanation:
This paragraph illustrates the universality of patriotism, transcending social classes,
professions, and cultural backgrounds. Rizal highlights that love for the Motherland is an
inherent human sentiment shared across civilizations, whether in prosperity or adversity.
It establishes a foundation for the essay's exploration of patriotism as a common thread
in human experience.
2. ‘’The motherland is in danger! Soldiers and leaders as if by charm spring from the
ground. The father leaves his children, the sons leave their parents and all rush to
defend their common mother. They bid farewell to the quiet pleasures of the home
and hide under their helmets the tears that tenderness draws. They all leave and
die. Perhaps he is the father of many children, fair and pinkish like cherubs;
perhaps he is a young man of smiling hopes- a son or a lover-it does not matter.
He has defended the one who gave him life he has fulfilled his duty. Peter or
Leonides, whoever he might be, the Motherland will know how to remember him.’’

Explanation:
Rizal vividly portrays the sacrifices made for the Motherland during times of crisis. He
emphasizes the willingness of individuals to leave behind comfort and family to defend
their country, framing such acts as ultimate expressions of patriotism and duty.

3. ‘’Fair and grand is the Motherland when her children at the cy of battle, get ready
to defend the ancient land of their ancestors; cruel and arrogant when she sees
from her throne the terrified foreigner flee before the invincible phalanx of her
sons. But when her sons, divided into rival factions, destroy one another: when
anger and rancor devastate fields, towns, and cities; then ashamed, she tears
away her robe and hurling her scepter, she put on mourning clothes for her dead
sons.’’

Explanation:
This paragraph critiques the internal divisions and rivalries that harm the nation. While
Rizal celebrates the unity and heroism inspired by patriotism, he also laments the
destructive consequences of disunity, urging his readers to reject internal conflicts for the
greater good.

4. ‘’Love her! Oh, yes! But not as they loved in other times by performing ferocious
acts, denied and condemned by true morals and mother nature; by making a
display of fanaticism, destruction, and cruelty, no. A more promising dawn, in
short, of true Christianity, the prelude to happy and peaceful days.’’

Explanation:
Rizal advocates for a progressive form of patriotism, rejecting outdated and destructive
expressions of national devotion. Instead, he calls for peaceful, productive efforts rooted
in science, education, and moral integrity to achieve national progress and unity.
Relevance in Modern Times:

● Patriotism and National Unity

Rizal's call for unity and love for the Motherland resonates today as nations navigate
political divisions and social inequalities. His works encourage citizens to prioritize
collective welfare over individual or factional interests.

● Sacrifice for the Common Good

Rizal’s emphasis on selflessness inspires modern efforts toward social change, from
community service to activism. His message reminds leaders and citizens alike to act
with integrity and prioritize the nation’s well-being.

● Peaceful Advocacy

Rizal’s call for constructive patriotism through peaceful means is a powerful reminder for
modern societies to resolve conflicts through dialogue, reform, and collaboration rather
than violence.

1. ON THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS

2. ON THE INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS (SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS

FILIPINOS)

Historical Context

Rizal wrote this essay in 1890 at a time when the Spanish colonial government used the
idea of Filipino laziness to justify their oppressive policies. Rizal built upon Sancianco’s ideas,
using “The Indolence of the Filipino” to refute the notion that Filipinos were inherently lazy, a
stereotype perpetuated by Spanish officials to justify colonial rule. Rizal flips this narrative,
pointing out how colonial systems—like forced labor, unjust taxation, and the destruction of
industries—were responsible for creating conditions that left Filipinos discouraged and
disempowered.
The essay was also shaped by Rizal’s involvement in the Propaganda Movement, which
sought to counter colonial stereotypes and advocate for reforms. Spanish officials often justified
their rule by portraying Filipinos as lazy and incapable of self-governance, a notion Rizal refuted
by highlighting historical evidence of Filipino industry before colonization. He linked the decline
in productivity to exploitative policies, frequent wars, and the lack of education and intellectual
freedom.
Rizal’s exposure to European Enlightenment ideals influenced his belief that education,
reforms, and self-respect were crucial to revitalizing the Filipino spirit. His essay not only
critiqued colonial rule but also called for systemic changes to restore dignity and progress to the
Filipino people, making it a key work in the fight for national renewal and independence.
Rizal's Perspective on Filipino Indolence

● False Accusation

Rizal contended that the supposed indolence of Filipinos stemmed from Spanish
oppression and exploitation. He maintained that Filipinos possessed a strong work ethic
but were constrained by the oppressive colonial system.

● Factors of Indolence

Rizal identified factors such as a lack of education, limited opportunities, and exploitative
economic policies as the underlying causes of the perceived "indolence" among
Filipinos. He stressed the importance of social and economic reforms.

● Empowering Filipinos

Rizal was convinced that education and self-reliance could empower Filipinos, paving
the way for a more prosperous and independent society. He encouraged Filipinos to take
an active role in their own development.

Analysis of the Main Themes and Arguments

In The Indolence of the Filipino, José Rizal seeks to unravel the truth behind the
perception that Filipinos during the Spanish colonial era were indolent. He does so with
empathy and fairness, emphasizing that this so-called "indolence" is not a natural trait of the
Filipino people but a consequence of centuries of colonial exploitation and mismanagement.
Rizal discusses how the conditions created by Spanish rule stifled Filipino potential, breaking
their spirits and will to work. His analysis touches on:

● The Role of Environment and Culture: Rizal acknowledges the tropical climate's
influence on physical energy and labor patterns but rejects it as a primary cause of
indolence. Instead, he argues that cultural shifts, enforced by colonial practices, shaped
the Filipino's perceived laziness.
● The Impact of Colonial Policies: He carefully lays out how forced labor, heavy taxation,
and lack of economic freedom drained Filipinos of their motivation, forcing them into
survival mode. He argues that these practices created a cycle of poverty and
dependence, which fostered inactivity.
● A Broken Educational System: Rizal critiques the education imposed by colonizers,
calling it dehumanizing. He critiques the colonial education system for suppressing
intellectual growth and discouraging Filipinos from aspiring to progress. Instead of
uplifting the Filipino, it crushed their dignity and limited their ability to think critically.
 ● Economic Exploitation: Rizal argues that indolence became a natural response to the
exploitative system. The monopolization of resources by colonial authorities robbed
Filipinos of the fruits of their labor, leaving them with little reason to persevere. He
emphasizes that removing incentives for hard work leads to stagnation.

Through his arguments, Rizal sheds light on the humanity of the Filipino people,
portraying them not as "indolent" but as victims of systemic abuse.

Analysis of some notable paragraphs in the essay

1. "The word indolence has been greatly misused in the sense of little love for work
and lack of energy, while ridicule has concealed the misuse. This much-discussed
question has met with the same fate as certain panaceas and specifics of the
quacks who, by ascribing to them impossible virtues, have discredited them. In
the Middle Ages... the shortcomings of one, the misdeeds of another, are
attributed to indolence."

Explanation:
Rizal critiques the way the concept of "indolence" has been misinterpreted and misused
as a blanket accusation against Filipinos. He highlights how this term, much like
pseudo-remedies of the past, has been discredited by its overuse and misapplication.
Rizal draws a parallel to medieval superstitions, where unexplainable phenomena were
attributed to the devil, showcasing the irrationality of such blanket attributions. This
comparison underscores his argument that colonial authorities and others wrongly
blamed societal problems on a perceived lack of energy or love for work among
Filipinos. By exposing the flawed reasoning behind this label, Rizal invites a deeper and
fairer examination of the real issues causing stagnation and poverty.

2. “We must confess that indolence does actually and positively exist there; only
that, instead of holding it to be the cause of the backwardness and the trouble, we
regard it as the effect of the trouble and the backwardness, by fostering the
development of a lamentable predisposition.”

Explanation:
Rizal acknowledges the presence of indolence in Filipino society but reframes it as a
symptom rather than the root cause of societal problems. He emphasizes that systemic
issues such as colonial exploitation, forced labor, and lack of education have fostered
this predisposition to indolence. By shifting the perspective, Rizal challenges the
colonizers’ narrative that blames Filipinos for their situation, showing instead how
oppression creates conditions that stifle motivation and productivity. This redefinition is
critical to understanding the deeper social, economic, and historical forces at play.
Rizal's argument calls for addressing these root causes rather than simply criticizing the
Filipino character.
3. "A hot climate requires of the individual quiet and rest, just as cold incites to labor
and action. For this reason, the Spaniard is more indolent than the Frenchman;
the Frenchman more so than the German... Nature knows this and, like a just
mother, has therefore made the earth more fertile, more productive, as a
compensation."

Explanation:
Here, Rizal examines how climate shapes human behavior and productivity, using it as a
framework to understand Filipino work habits. He argues that living in a tropical climate
naturally leads to periods of rest and reduced physical exertion, a biological response
rather than a character flaw. By comparing Europeans—highlighting variations in
industriousness due to climate—he demonstrates that this phenomenon is universal and
not unique to Filipinos. Rizal also notes that nature compensates for the challenges of
the tropics by providing fertile and productive land, reducing the need for excessive
labor. This balanced explanation underscores the importance of considering
environmental factors in judging a society's work ethic.

4. "The doctrines of his religion teach him to irrigate his fields in the dry season, not
by means of canals but with masses and prayers... It is well, undoubtedly, to trust
greatly in God; but it is better to do what one can and not trouble the Creator
every moment."

Explanation:
Rizal critiques the misuse of religion, pointing out how it was often employed to promote
passivity and reliance on divine intervention rather than practical action. He observes
that excessive reliance on rituals like masses and prayers to solve tangible
problems—such as irrigation or pest control—leads to inaction. While Rizal respects
faith, he argues for a balance between spiritual trust and human effort, emphasizing that
tangible results require proactive measures. This statement also highlights the
colonizers’ role in fostering these habits, as the Church encouraged such practices to
maintain control and discourage critical thinking. Rizal calls for a more pragmatic
approach, urging Filipinos to combine faith with meaningful work.
Relevance in Modern Times

Rizal’s words continue to resonate because they challenge us to look deeper into
systemic issues and recognize the humanity behind societal struggles. Many of the challenges
he discussed—economic inequality, lack of access to education, and a lingering colonial
mentality—are still visible in modern Philippine society. Although written in the context of
Spanish colonial rule, Rizal’s analysis of the factors contributing to societal stagnation and his
call for reform offer enduring lessons for addressing contemporary issues.

● Economic Development

Rizal has shown that education is progress, whether through ignorance or lack of
opportunity to make things static-the cause thereof. Today, education is the backbone of
every individual's right access; to live above the poverty line by galvanizing opportunities
into the flourishing of life. Rizal's advocacy for intellectual freedom and critical thinking
now finds resonance among the modern new-age battles that are fought against
misinformation and through censorship of free speech.

● National Identity

With culture getting homogenized, and amnesia now posing threats to national identities,
Rizal's advocacy for self-respect and pride in one's heritage goes a long way in
reminding society that this is all about cultural identity preservation and civic
responsibility. Rizal's work is thus probably the strongest call reminding society of
national identity, self-reliance, and fighting for social justice.

● Social Issues

Rizal cited how these would lead to indolence among the colonial Filipinos by unjust
policies, lack of opportunities, and most of all exploitation. It is now manifested in the
current struggle against economic inequality and the call for social justice that Rizal
clearly echoed in his call to look into structural aspects as root causes of the maladies
plaguing society. Indeed, the critique of Rizal against the government, together with the
clamor for reforms addressing the causes of stagnation in society, is quite relevant in
many nations battling corruption, inefficiency, and weak leadership.
 3. THE PHILIPPINES WITHIN A CENTURY HENCE (FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN
ANOS)

Historical Context:

Jose Rizal's "The Philippines Within A Century Hence" was written in 1889 in four parts
in the magazine La Solidaridad running through the issues from September 1889, to January
1890. Rizal predicted the country's future in a hundred years based on the analysis of the
current situation of the Philippines in his time of significant unrest and growing nationalism.

The writings included much of Rizal's observations within the Philippines and his whole
journey to the world where he compared the political standing of European and American
countries to the Philippines. The publications include Jagor’s Prophecy in the beginning as a
supplementary reading before the essay as Rizal's reference to America as a possible factor in
the Philippines’ future is based upon the prediction of the German traveler Feodor Jagor, who
about 1860 spent several months in the Islands and later published his observations,
supplemented by ten years of further study in European libraries and museums, as “Travels in
the Philippines”, which is one of Rizal’s favorite books.

The essay ends with his forecasts on the possible political intervention of European or
neighboring powers or even that of the United States should the Philippines declare itself
independent from Spain. Rizal crossed out that possibility, given the existence of other more
enticing economic prospects. Rizal also predicted that the country will adopt a federal republic
government once liberated. He also warned that bloody uprisings may happen if the country
doesn't undergo drastic changes.

Analysis of the Main Themes and Arguments:

Jose Rizal's prophetic essay, "The Philippines a Century Hence," is a poignant analysis of
the Philippines' colonial predicament under Spanish rule. It delves into the nation's potential
future, highlighting the dire consequences of continued oppression and the urgent need for
reform.

● Colonial Oppression and Its Consequences:

Rizal exposes the exploitative nature of Spanish colonialism, detailing the systemic
injustices, corruption, and abuse suffered by the Filipino people.
He emphasizes the detrimental impact of colonial policies on the nation's economic,
social, and cultural development.

● The Importance of Education and Enlightenment:

Education is presented as a powerful tool for liberation and progress.
Rizal advocates for a well-educated populace, capable of critical thinking and informed
decision-making. He believes education can empower Filipinos to challenge the status
quo and demand their rights.
 "The Filipinos need education, lots of education, serious education, education
adapted to the times, education that will develop the mind and heart, that will
teach men to love their native land, its history, its language, its customs, its
rights and duties."

● The Failure of Spanish Colonialism:

Rizal contends that Spain's colonial policies have been ineffective and
counterproductive. He criticizes the lack of genuine reforms and the persistent disregard
for the Filipino people's aspirations.

● The Potential for a Brighter Future:

Despite the challenges faced by the Philippines, Rizal remains optimistic about the
nation's future. He envisions a prosperous and enlightened nation, capable of taking its
rightful place in the global community.

"The Filipinos are intelligent, docile and industrious. They love peace and
justice. They long for liberty and happiness. They are worthy to govern
themselves."

Analysis of some notable paragraphs in the essay:

1. "The friars have taught us resignation and humility, virtues fit for a slave, while
keeping us in ignorance of our own worth."

Explanation:
Rizal criticizes the way Spanish friars (priests) used religion to make Filipinos submissive and
obedient. Instead of empowering the people to think for themselves and recognize their rights,
the friars encouraged blind humility and acceptance of suffering. Rizal sees this as a way to
control Filipinos and keep them unaware of their potential and dignity.

2. "Nations like individuals are born, grow, and die; and if they allow themselves to
be dominated by others, they must suffer the consequences of their submission."

Explanation:
Rizal compares nations to people, saying they go through similar stages of life. Like a person, a
nation can be young, mature, or eventually fade away. However, if a nation allows itself to be
controlled by another, it will face the problems and hardships of that submission, such as losing
its freedom and identity. In simpler terms, letting someone else control your life, whether as a
person or a country, means giving up the chance to grow on your own.
 3. "There is no greater force than a people who, having long suffered in silence, now
rise to claim their rightful place in the world."

Explanation:
Rizal highlights the power of a united, oppressed people who decide to stand up for their rights.
He believes that once people realize they’ve endured enough suffering, their collective strength
and determination to fight for justice can create unstoppable change.

4. "A day will come when the Filipino people will realize that they have their own
history, their own identity, and their own rights as a nation."

Explanation:
Rizal is optimistic that Filipinos will eventually wake up to the truth: they are not just a colony but
a people with their own rich history, unique culture, and inherent rights. Once this realization
happens, they will understand their worth and fight to claim their rightful place in the world.

5. "Revolutions are not born of arbitrary will, but of necessity; and there will come a
time when the Filipinos, seeing no other recourse, will take up arms to assert their
rights."

Explanation:
Rizal explains that revolutions don’t happen randomly or because people simply want to rebel.
They arise out of necessity—when oppression becomes unbearable, and people have no other
choice. He predicts that if Filipinos continue to face injustice, they will eventually stand up and
fight for their freedom.

6. "What use is independence if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?"

Explanation:
Rizal warns that gaining independence isn’t enough if it only replaces one set of oppressors
(foreign colonizers) with another (corrupt local leaders). True freedom means ensuring that all
citizens are treated fairly and justly, not just changing who holds the power.
 7. "The real struggle begins after independence: to build a nation that is free not
only from foreign rule but also from internal decay."

Explanation:
Dr. Rizal is saying that winning independence is just the first step. The bigger challenge comes
afterward: creating a strong, fair, and just nation. True freedom isn’t just about removing foreign
rulers; it’s also about addressing internal problems like corruption, disunity, and lack of moral
leadership. He reminds us that a free nation must ensure its systems and leaders work for the
good of the people.

8. "The Philippines of the future will shine in the concert of nations, a beacon of
freedom and enlightenment in the East."

Explanation:
Despite his warnings, Rizal expresses hope for the future. He envisions a Philippines that is
free, enlightened, and respected by other nations. He sees it as a symbol of progress and
independence in Asia, inspiring others with its achievements.

Relevance in the modern times:

Rizal’s words remind us of the importance of knowing our identity, standing up against injustice,
and striving for genuine progress. As individuals or as a society, we must not settle for
superficial freedom but work toward a future where everyone’s dignity and rights are respected.
His vision of a "beacon of freedom" challenges us to aim for a better, united, and enlightened
community that inspires others around the world.
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Dr. José Rizal’s essays—"Love of Country," "On the Indolence of the Filipinos,"
and "The Philippines within a Century Hence"—not only encapsulate his profound intellectual
depth and patriotic fervor but also serve as timeless reminders of the struggles and aspirations
of the Filipino people. These essays reveal Rizal’s unrelenting desire to awaken his countrymen
to the realities of their condition under colonial rule, urging them to take pride in their identity
and to strive for national progress. Through his insightful arguments, Rizal dissected the root
causes of societal stagnation, exposed the damaging effects of colonial oppression, and
envisioned a future shaped by collective action and reform.

By analyzing these works, we uncover Rizal’s critical perspectives on the political, social, and
cultural challenges that hindered the nation’s growth during his time. His writings remain
remarkably relevant, addressing themes such as the importance of education, civic
responsibility, and the pursuit of justice—issues that continue to resonate in contemporary
society. They serve not only as historical artifacts but also as guiding principles for modern
Filipinos, challenging them to reflect on their role in shaping a just and equitable nation.

Rizal’s legacy endures as a beacon of inspiration, urging each generation to confront systemic
injustices, build unity, and work tirelessly toward the realization of his vision for a free,
independent, and prosperous Philippines. Through his timeless words, Rizal reminds us that the
path to true nationhood lies in a shared commitment to progress, equality, and the unwavering
love for one’s country.
 REFERENCES

Bonoan, R. J., & LAAN, L. (1996). Rizal’s First Published Essay: “El Amor Patrio.” Philippine
Studies, 44(3), 299–320.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634612

Rizal, J. (n.d.). The Indolence Of The Filipino.

https://web.seducoahuila.gob.mx/biblioWeb/upload/the_indolence_of_the_filipinO_by_jos%C3%8
3%C2%A9_rizal.pdf

Rizal, J. (n.d.). The Philippines a century hence (C. Derbyshire, Trans.). Project Gutenberg.
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