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Physics 25

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9 views7 pages

Physics 25

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sscaspirant164
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PHYSICS- 25

ELECTRONICS & NANO TECHNOLOGY


SEMICONDUCTOR
The substance in which electric conduction
is not possible at a low temperature but on
increasing the temperature, electric conduction
becomes possible are called the semiconductor.
• At absolute zero kelvin, semiconductor behaves
like a perfect insulator.
• The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor
increases with the increase in temperature.
• Germanium and silicon are two important
semiconductors.
• A pure semiconductor is called intrinsic
semiconductor and to increase its conductivity a
chemical process is performed on it which is
called doping.
• In pure semiconductors, impurity must be less
than 1 in 108 parts of semiconductor.
• An impure semiconductor is called extrinsic
semiconductor.
These are of two types
1. n-type
2. p-type
n-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
If pentavalent impurity atom (such as antimony, arsenic, phosphorus etc.) is
added to the pure germanium or silicon crystal, the crystal so obtained is called the n-
type semiconductor.
• Pentavalent impurities are called donor.
p-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
If trivalent impurity atom (such as aluminium, boron, gallium etc.) is added to
the pure germanium or silicon crystal, the crystal so obtained is called p-type
semiconductor.
• Trivalent impurities are called accepter.
P-N JUNCTION
• An arrangement consisting a p-type semiconductor brought into a close contact with n-type
semiconductor, is called a p-n junction.
• Rectifier is a device which converts alternating voltage into direct voltage or current.
• Diode valve acts a rectifier.
• LEDs are specially designed diode made of GaAsP, GaP and are used in electronic gadgets as
indicator light.
• Zener diode is a highly doped p-n junction diode which is not damaged by high reverse
current.
TRANSISTOR
• It is a combination of two p-n junctions joined in series.
TWO TYPES
1. n-p-n junction transistor
2. p-n-p junction transistor
• Triode valve can be used as amplifier, oscillator, transmitter and detector
• Air bubble rises up in water because of upthrust and its potential energy decreases.
• When two protons are brought towards each other they repel each other being similar
charges, thus work is done by us in bringing them close. So, potential energy increases.
• When the energy of the satellite is negative, it moves in either a circular or an elliptical orbit.
• When the energy of satellite is zero, it escapes away from its orbit and its path becomes
parabolic.
• When the energy of a satellite is positive, it escapes from the orbit following a hyperbolic
path.
• When the height of the satellite is increased, its potential energy increases and kinetic
energy decreases.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
• Generally nanotechnology deals with strcutures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one
dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.
Norio Taniguchi definition
“Nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing, separation, consolidation, and deformation
of materials by one atom or by one molecule.”
Molecular nanotechnology
• Called as molecular manufacturing, describes engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating
on the molecular scale.
• Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can
produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechnosynthesis.
Spintronics
A technology that exploits the intrinsic spin of the electron and it associated with magnetic with
moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices.
Diamondoids
Non-scale molecules with characteristic diamond structure isolated from petroleum.
Grey Goo is hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out of
control self- replicating robots consume all matter on earth, while building more of themselves.
Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers are molecular-scale tubes of graphitic carbon with outstanding
properties.
Nano computing is the technique of computing by using the various nano components.

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