TASK 1

1. OVERALL
EXAMPLES
In general
Overall
It is obvious that/ clear that
It is clearly presented that there are nine stages in the
As can be seen that
process of making wool, starting from sheeping herding
An overall trend can be seen that
to using wool in knitting or making woolen products.
At the first glance, it is clear that
It is clearly presented that
A glance at the graphs reveals that

THỜI GIAN
-Over a period of ... years starting from ...
-Over the next ... years
-Over the period of ... to ...
-During the same period
-Throughout the period
-In the following ... years
-In the first examined years,...

SỐ LƯỢNG
-the number of = the volume of + Ns = how many + S + V

2. TĂNG - GIẢM - BIẾN ĐỘNG

MEANINGS NOTES
TĂNG increase
double tăng gấp đôi
grow
rise
peak at tăng đỉnh điểm ở mức
reach the highest point đạt tới mức cao nhất
of...in... vào năm
 ascend
surge thường dùng tăng nhanh, nhiều
decrease
fall
decline
drop
descend
giảm 1 nửa
halve
GIẢM  roughly/nearly halve
 giảm gần như
1 nửa
go down
thường dùng giảm nhiều, đáng
plummet sụt
kể
hit a low of chạm mức thấp nhất
shrink
fluctuate over the #-year
period
Oscillated
be volatile
BIẾN vary
there were significant
ĐỘNG changes in...
thay đổi lớn
there were some slight shifts
biến động nhỏ
in...
go up and down several
tăng giảm vài lần
times

gradually dần dần

sharply mạnh
quickly nhanh
fast nhanh
rapidly nhanh
heavily nhiều
dramatically đột ngột
abruptly đột ngột
significantly đáng kể
considerably đáng kể
substantially đáng kể
remarkably đáng kể
sizably đáng kể
remarkedly rõ rệt
insignificantly không đáng kể
slowly chậm
slightly nhẹ
temporarily nhất thời
consistently liên tục
continually liên tục
continuously liên tục
 approximately xấp xỉ
almost gần như
roughly khoảng, xấp xỉ
nearly gần như

3. SO SÁNH – TỶ LỆ - SỰ ỔN ĐỊNH
SO SÁNH
MEANINGS EXAMPLES
Adventure represented close to 15 percent,
be nearly/roughly equal
gần như bằng which was nearly equal to the profit rates
to
of the three least popular genres combined.
The proportions for both sexes in Norway
be relatively evenly được phân chia tương đối đồng
and Finland were relatively evenly
distributed đều
distributed.
higher/ lower nhiều hơn/ ít hơn
The UK spent the most on health, at
followed by... theo sau là... roughly 8 percent, followed by education
at 6.4 percent.
Chilean and Finish men were close behind
be close behind at... gần bằng...
at roughly 70 percent.
The gap in population among the three
the gap in...
nới rộng/ thu hẹp khoảng cách countries has widened by the end of the
widened/narrowed
period.
Compared to the 2010 figure, the 2015
compared to so với
value was around 2.5 times higher.
In contrast, the proportion of people
in/ by contrast trái lại visiting on tour was cut by more than half
from 27% to 12%
A similar pattern was seen on the lower
a similar pattern/trend có thể thấy được xu hướng end with refrigerators and washing
was seen tương tự machines, capturing just 6.7% and 6.4% of
the total.
Brazil exported more beef than Japan,
...more + N +
nhiều hơn...cộng lại Switzerland, Norway and Uruguay
than.....combined
combined.
In the year 1995, it was drama that stood
stand out nổi bật
out as the most popular genre.
whereas trong khi

TỶ LỆ
MEANINGS EXAMPLES
The proportion of undergraduate students
account for almost/roughly chiếm khoảng accounted for almost three-quarters of all
students.
make up approximately/ chiếm xấp xỉ Those who went for other purposes made
almost up approximately three to four percent,
 while those who went to shop accounted for
just 1%
The total of master’s degree students,
represent approximately/
tương ứng với khoảng representing approximately 9% in 1980,
nearly
nearly quadrupled by 2000.
Projections show that 25% of the population
fall into rơi vào
will fall into this category by 2050.
the majority of The overwhelming majority of visitors
đa số
 the overwhelming went to art museum to learn and gain
 đại đa số
majority of knowledge.
The biggest differences consist of a
consist of bao gồm reduction in residences and an increase in
green spaces.
The diagram is composed of a voltage
measuring device, an engine, and a battery,
be composed of được cấu tạo bởi
all of which are connected by a series of
electric cables.
Rock was the dominant genre, accounting
be the dominant chiếm ưu thế/ áp đảo for approximately 40% of all sales in each
period.

ỔN ĐỊNH
MEANINGS EXAMPLES
Italy’s numbers were nearly flat from
be nearly/ relatively flat tương đối ổn định
1996 to 2006, but were constantly high.
The profitability of romantic comedy
remain relatively/ almost Duy trì trạng thái tương đối ổn
remained relatively stable, with slight
stable/ constant định
increases in the first 2 years.
There was nearly no change in the
proportion of graduates in Luxembourg,
There was nearly no change Hầu như không thay đổi
although the number of postgraduates
gradually rose.
Portugal consistently stayed at around
stay at Giữ nguyên ở mức
70% oveeer the span of 40 years.

4. QUÁ TRÌNH – SỰ BIẾN ĐỔI – VỊ TRÍ

QUÁ TRÌNH
MEANINGS EXAMPLES
There are six distinct stages in plastic
bottle production, each of which uses
There are....stages Có....giai đoạn
different equipment to create the final
product.
The process begins when a blend
The process/ life cycle begins consisting of 20% soft woods, 40% water,
Quá trình/ chu kỳ bắt đầu khi
when and 40% chemicals is placed in a pulp
digester machine.
 Subsequently, it goes through a machine
Subsequently Sau đó
that removes fine dust particles.
The first step is to spread the mixture
The first step is Bước đầu tiên là across a fine screen, which eliminates
lumps.
After this phase is completed, cultures
After this phase is completed Sau khi hoàn thành bước này are added to this blend to begin the
fermentation process.
Then, it moves along between stacked
Then Sau đó rollers to squeeze the water out of the
pulp.
In the final step/ In the last Ở bước cuối cùng của quy trình In the final step of this process, the
stage of this process này sheet of paper is rolled up in a large reel.

SỰ BIẾN ĐỔI
MEANINGS EXAMPLES
One of the biggest changes Một trong những thay đổi lớn One of the biggest changes to the town
to...was... nhất đối với...là... was the rerouting of the main road.
The main change Thay đổi lớn nhất đối với...bao The main change for the gallery
for...involves... gồm involves the construction of a courtyard.
-The removal of The most noticeable alteration is the
-Sự gỡ bỏ/ di dời
-The most noticeable removal of the park, which has been
-Thay đổi đáng chú ý nhất
alteration replaced by a massive stadium.
-The addition of -Sự thêm vào A projected change for 2020 is the
-A projected change for... -Thay đổi dự kiến cho... addition of a new hospital.
This area is transformed into a lively
A is transformed into B A được cải tạo thành B hub, with the new commercial
establishments.
A large golf course was constructed
A is constructed near B A được xây dựng ở gần B near the parking lot, which took up all of
the land previously used for farming.
The special exhibition room was moved
A is moved to B A được chuyển tới B to the second floor, which was expanded
with the addition of two new rooms.
The lift was extended to the third floor,
A is extended to B A được mở rộng/ kéo dài tới B where a terrace space with a bar had been
added.
To the southwest of the main road, the
A is replaced with B A được thay thế bằng B various small shops from the 1980s were
replaced with a large shopping center.
The bank was displaced by a large
A is displaced by B A được thay thế bởi B restaurant and a supermarket was built on
the opposite side of the road.
No changes were made to the layout of
No changes were made to Không có gì thay đổi với the town over the course of the last ten
years.
Line...along... Chạy dọc...theo... Other hotels lined the river along the new
footpath and a dock was added near to the
 largest hotel, providing access to the
river.

VỊ TRÍ
MEANINGS EXAMPLES
The road used to be parallel to the river,
A is parallel to B A song song với B but now turns east towards the
neighboring village.
The entrance is next to the refrigerator in
A is next to B A ở cạnh B
room B
The printer is across from the entrance
A is across from B A ở phía đối diện B on the left side of the room by the
bookshelves.
The table and coffee machine are in the
in the middle/ center of ở giữa
middle of the room.
The housing units are located near the
be located/ positioned/ situated
đặt cạnh park, which also includes a swimming
near
complex and fitness center
The cloakroom and front desk were split
A is split into B A được chia tách thành B
into individual rooms.
The two school buildings were separated
A is separated by B A được chia tách bởi B by a path, which extended to the train
station.
The entranceway is connected to the
A is connected to B A được nối liền với B
stairs on the first floor.