‭Class X Painting Notes 2024-25‬

‭CBSE Board Exam: 30 marks, 2 hour‬ ‭School Practical Exam: 70 marks‬

‭Question paper format‬

‭1.‬ ‭6 marker questions: Solve any two out of three questions‬
‭2.‬ ‭2 marker questions: Solve all five questions (har question me ek alternative‬
‭hoga to choose)‬
‭3.‬ ‭MCQ - Solve all eight mcqs (no extra options)‬

‭Table of Contents‬
‭Part‬‭I‬‭-‬‭Applications‬‭of‬‭Painting‬‭............................................................................................‬‭2‬
‭Painting‬‭(चित्रकारी)‬‭......................................................................................................‬‭2‬
‭Bodhisattva‬‭Padmapani‬‭(Ajanta)‬‭............................................................................‬‭2‬
‭Sculpture‬‭(मूर्तिकला)‬‭....................................................................................................‬‭5‬
‭Ashokan‬‭Lion‬‭Capital‬‭(Mauryan‬‭Period)‬‭.................................................................‬‭5‬
‭Architecture‬‭(वास्तुकला)‬‭..............................................................................................‬‭7‬
‭Kailashnatha‬‭Temple‬‭(Ellora,‬‭Maharashtra)‬‭...........................................................‬‭7‬
‭Indian‬‭Folk‬‭Art‬‭(भारतीय‬‭लोक‬‭कला)‬‭..........................................................................‬‭11‬
‭Paintings:‬‭Madhubani‬‭...........................................................................................‬‭11‬
‭Paintings:‬‭Warli‬‭.....................................................................................................‬‭12‬
‭Part‬‭II‬‭-‬‭Theoretical‬‭Aspects‬‭of‬‭Painting‬‭............................................................................‬‭14‬
‭Fundamentals‬‭of‬‭Visual‬‭Arts‬‭(दृश्य‬‭कला‬‭के ‬‭मूल‬‭सिद्धांत)‬‭..........................................‬‭14‬
‭Elements‬‭of‬‭Visual‬‭Arts‬‭(दृश्य‬‭कला‬‭के ‬‭तत्व)‬‭.............................................................‬‭14‬
‭Principles‬‭of‬‭Visual‬‭Arts‬‭(दृश्य‬‭कला‬‭के ‬‭सिद्धांत)‬‭....................................................................‬‭15‬
‭Painting‬‭as‬‭a‬‭Process‬‭(चित्रकारी‬‭-‬‭प्रक्रिया‬‭के ‬‭रूप‬‭में)‬‭.................................................‬‭17‬
‭Methods‬‭and‬‭Materials‬‭of‬‭Painting‬‭(चित्रकारी‬‭के ‬‭तरीके )‬‭..........................................‬‭17‬

‭Page‬‭1‬
 ‭Part I - Applications of Painting‬
‭Painting‬‭(चित्रकारी)‬
‭Bodhisattva Padmapani (Ajanta)‬

‭ odhisattva Padmapani tutorial lectures by Arty Krafty channel (YouTube link -‬

B
‭https://youtu.be/Tn0mxX6JMiA?si=Hw0xk0ygt_LKzPvt‬‭)‬

‭6 marker questions (200 words)‬

‭1.‬ E
‭ xplain the fresco painting* ‘Bodhisattva Padmapani’ in brief using the‬
‭following points/parameters (2024 & 2025 SQP ): -‬
‭a)‬ ‭Place and period‬
‭b)‬ ‭Subject matter‬
‭c)‬ ‭How is Compassion (करुणा) Shown?‬
‭d)‬ ‭Symbolic (प्रतीकात्मक) Meaning‬
‭e)‬ ‭Material & Technique‬
‭f)‬ ‭Posture (मुद्रा)‬

‭Answer -‬
‭Place, period, and importance (From which caves of India has it been taken?)‬
‭a)‬ ‭Place:‬‭Ajanta Cave No 1‬‭,‬‭Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad),‬‭Maharashtra‬‭.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Period: The painting belongs to the‬‭5th century CE‬‭during the‬‭Gupta‬
‭period‬‭, which marks the golden age (स्वर्णिम काल) of Indian art and culture.‬
‭c)‬ ‭Importance: These paintings have survived for‬‭more‬‭than 1,500 years‬‭and‬
‭yet they surprise the visitors with their beauty.‬

*‭ Fresco painting is a mural painting technique that involves applying‬‭water-based‬

‭pigments to freshly laid plaster on the wall‬‭. The pigments become part of the‬

‭Page‬‭2‬
‭ laster as it dries, creating a‬‭permanent (स्थायी), durable (टिकाऊ), and‬
p
‭matte-surfaced* painting‬‭. (Simple - Wall pe banaya hua permanent painting).‬

*‭ Matte-surface - Aisa surface jo dull ho and jo chamke nahi. Iska ulta hota hai‬
‭gloss, jo chamakta hai.‬

‭ ubject matter (Who is depicted in this painting?)‬

S
‭The fresco depicts‬‭Bodhisattva Padmapani‬‭(also known as‬‭Avalokiteshvara‬‭), a‬
‭compassionate (करुणामय) being who has‬‭postponed attaining (प्राप्त करना)‬
‭nirvana (मोक्ष) to help others achieve enlightenment (ज्ञान प्राप्ति)‬‭. He is shown‬
‭holding a lotus flower (‬‭Padmapani means "lotus-in-hand"‬‭).‬

‭ ow is Compassion Shown?‬
H
‭The gentle (नम्र) and serene (निर्मल) expression of Bodhisattva Padmapani reflects‬
‭his‬‭immense (अत्यधिक) compassion and kindness‬‭. His soft gaze (दृष्टि) and calm‬
‭demeanour (मुद्रा) symbolise his selfless love and desire to alleviate (कम करना)‬
‭human suffering.‬

‭ ymbolic Meaning (What kind of lotus is he holding in his hand and what does it‬
S
‭symbolize?)‬
‭a)‬ ‭Blue lotus‬‭: The lotus‬‭symbolizes purity and spiritual awakening‬
‭(आध्यात्मिक जागृति)‬‭. Despite growing in muddy waters, it remains‬
‭untouched, reflecting the idea of rising above worldly suffering (सांसारिक‬
‭कष्ट).‬
‭b)‬ ‭Long Ear Lobes‬‭: They represent‬‭renunciation (त्याग) of material wealth‬
‭(भौतिक संपत्ति).‬‭The‬‭elongated (लम्बी) ears signify the heavy jewellery‬
‭once worn by Bodhisattva, which he later abandoned to embrace spiritual‬
‭(आध्यात्मिक) life.‬

‭Material & Technique‬

‭a)‬ ‭Material: The fresco was created by making a base of‬‭plaster of clay, cow‬
‭dung, and rice husk‬‭, pressed onto the rough cave walls. To smoothen the‬
‭surface, the wall was‬‭coated with lime paste‬‭and then outlined with only 6‬
‭colours.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Technique: The paintings were done using the‬‭tempera technique, where‬
‭paint was applied to a wet plaster surface‬‭, allowing the colours to seep‬
‭(रिसना) in and become part of the wall.‬

‭Posture (Description of Boddhisattva Padmapani) - In which pose he is standing?‬

‭a)‬ ‭Bodhisattva Padmapani is shown in a‬‭tribhanga (three-bend) posture‬‭,‬
‭with‬‭one hand holding the lotus‬‭and‬‭the other resting gracefully‬‭.‬
‭b)‬ ‭The painting depicts Prince Siddarth as Bodhisattva who has a‬‭prince-like‬
‭appearance (राजकु मार जैसा रूप)‬‭with his pearl necklace, crown on his‬
‭head, and elegant features (सुंदर स्वरूप).‬
‭c)‬ ‭At the same time, his‬‭semi-closed eyes show compassion‬‭as he turns‬
‭into Bodhisattva after being detached (मोहभंग) from the material world‬
‭(सांसारिक दुनिया).‬

‭2 marker questions (100 words)‬

‭Page‬‭3‬
 ‭1.‬ W
‭ hich colours are used in the fresco paintings of Ajanta Caves? Explain how‬
‭these colours are nature-friendly. (2025 SQP)‬
‭Answer -‬
‭ he fresco paintings of the Ajanta Caves are characterized by their use of‬
T
‭natural, earth-derived colours, which include:‬
‭a)‬ ‭Red and Yellow Ochres: Derived from‬‭iron-rich soils‬‭,‬
‭b)‬ ‭Blue: Likely derived from‬‭lapis lazuli*‬‭,‬
‭c)‬ ‭Green: Made by‬‭mixing lapis lazuli with Indian yellow ochre‬‭,‬
‭d)‬ ‭White: Sourced from‬‭lime or chalk‬‭,‬
‭e)‬ ‭Black: Made from‬‭soot (काजल) or charcoal‬‭.‬

*‭ Lapis Lazuli is a blue-coloured precious stone, which was imported to‬

‭India from Afghanistan.‬

‭Nature-Friendly Aspects of These Colors‬

‭a)‬ ‭Organic and Mineral sources‬‭: These pigments (रं ग) were extracted‬
‭from natural materials like stones, soil, and plant extracts, ensuring‬
‭no harm to the environment during production.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Biodegradable‬‭: Since the colours were naturally produced, they‬
‭were biodegradable in nature. (96 words)‬

‭2.‬ H
‭ ow far has the artist been successful in showing the ‘Bhaav’ of Bodhisattva‬
‭Padmapani? Explain in brief. (2024 PYQ)‬
‭Answer - The artist portraying Bodhisattva Padmapani successfully conveys‬
‭the bhaav (emotion or essence) through several artistic elements:‬
‭a)‬ ‭On one hand, ornamentations (अलंकरण) and detailing through‬
‭jewellery, delicate clothing and sharp physical features portray the‬
‭royal descent (शाही वंश)‬‭of Prince Siddhartha.‬
‭b)‬ ‭On the other hand, the‬‭half-closed eyes showcase detachment‬‭and‬
‭inclination towards meditation (ध्यान), introspection (आत्मनिरीक्षण), and‬
‭compassion for all sentient beings (संवेदनशील प्राणी).‬
‭c)‬ ‭Posture (Tribhaga mudra): The relaxed yet elegant stance, often‬
‭depicted with one hand holding a lotus (Padma),‬‭symbolises purity‬
‭(पवित्रता) and spiritual awakening (आध्यात्मिक जागृति)‬‭. The slight tilt of‬
‭the head enhances the sense of humility (विनम्रता) and benevolence‬
‭(परोपकार).‬

‭Facts for MCQs (1 mark each)‬

‭3.‬ ‭Highlighted above.‬

‭Page‬‭4‬
‭Sculpture‬‭(मूर्तिकला)‬
‭Ashokan Lion Capital (Mauryan Period)‬

‭ elected video 1 for Ashokan Lion Capital -‬

S
‭https://youtu.be/LoJoMiRhlu4?si=jtPDBiY4cDLvGDh1‬

‭Tutorial Video -‬‭https://youtu.be/hnzgbzLqKXY?si=0lCBZq1qIlgoD0AS‬

‭6 marker questions (200 words)‬

‭ 1. Where has the National Emblem been taken from? Symbolically describe the‬
Q
‭four Lions sitting back-to-back on the Ashokan Capital. Also throw light on what do‬
‭chakra, animals, wheels on the abacus and the inverted lotus under it symbolize.‬
‭(2025 SQP)‬
‭Answer -‬
‭Where has the National Emblem been taken from?‬
‭●‬ ‭The National Emblem (राष्ट्रीय चिह्न) has been taken from the‬‭Lion Capital of‬
‭Ashoka at Sarnath‬‭, which was built during the reign (शासन) of‬‭Emperor‬
‭(सम्राट) Ashoka in 250 BCE‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Sarnath‬‭is the place where Lord Buddha gave his‬‭first sermon (उपदेश)‬
‭after achieving enlightenment‬‭(ज्ञान प्राप्ति)‬‭in Bodh Gaya.‬
‭●‬ ‭The Lion capital is‬‭7 feet tall‬‭and it was carved out of a‬‭single block of‬
‭polished sandstone (बलुआ पत्थर)‬‭.‬

‭ imilar question - Which Emperor/Dynasty got this pillar made and where? For‬
S
‭which historical event was this site chosen? (2023 SQP)‬

‭Description of Ashokan Lion Capital‬

‭Symbolic (प्रतीकात्मक) description of the four Lions‬

‭Page‬‭5‬
 ‭●‬ T ‭ he four lions sitting back-to-back symbolize‬‭courage (साहस),‬
‭compassion (करुणा), wisdom (बुद्धिमत्ता), and pride (अभिमान)‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭They also signify the spreading of the‬‭message of Dharma‬
‭(righteousness - नीतिपरायणता) in all four directions‬‭.‬

‭Symbolic meaning of Chakra (wheel)‬

‭●‬ ‭The chakra (Dharma Chakra) symbolizes the‬‭eternal (अनन्त) wheel of law‬
‭(Dharma)‬‭and progress. It represents the‬‭enlightenment of Lord Buddha‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭There are‬‭24 spokes in the chakra‬‭, which has also been incorporated into‬
‭India’s National flag‬‭.‬

‭ ymbolic meaning of wheels on the Abacus‬

S
‭The four small wheels on the abacus signify the‬‭responsibility to follow and‬
‭spread Buddhism perpetually (‬‭निरं तर रूप से‬‭)‭.‬‬

‭ ymbolic meaning of animals on the Abacus (आधार)‬

S
‭The animals – lion, elephant, horse, and bull – represent different phases of Lord‬
‭Buddha’s life:‬
‭●‬ ‭Elephant‬‭: Symbolizes Buddha’s conception or birth,‬
‭●‬ ‭Lion‬‭: Represents Buddha's lineage (कु ल) from the Shakya dynasty (राजवंश),‬
‭●‬ ‭Bull‬‭: Symbolizes the zodiac (राशि) sign of Taurus (वृषभ), denoting the month‬
‭in which Buddha was born, and‬
‭●‬ ‭Horse‬‭: Stands for Buddha’s renunciation‬‭(त्याग)‬‭.‬

‭ ymbolic meaning of Inverted Lotus –‬

S
‭The inverted lotus under the capital‬‭symbolizes purity, spiritual growth, and the‬
‭emergence of life even in adverse (‬‭विपरीत‬‭) conditions‬‭.‬

‭2 marker questions (100 words)‬

‭1.‬ T‭ he Lion Capital having the voluminous roaring lion (भारी गर्जना वाला शेर)‬
‭figures firmly standing on a circular abacus is carved with the figures of a‬
‭horse, a bull, a lion and an elephant in vigorous movement is now our national‬
‭emblem. Here the Dharmachakra symbolizes following the path of‬
‭righteousness Dharma 24 hrs of the day.’ (2024 SQP and 2024 PYQ)‬
‭a)‬ ‭Which Emperor/dynasty got this pillar made and for which historical‬
‭event was this site chosen? <Already answered above>‬
‭b)‬ ‭How many parts were there and their symbolic meanings? <4 lions +‬
‭Chakra + 4 smaller Chakra + 3 other animals + Inverted lotus>‬
‭2.‬

‭Facts for MCQs (1 mark each)‬

‭3.‬ ‭Highlighted above.‬

‭Page‬‭6‬
‭Architecture‬‭(वास्तुकला)‬
‭Kailashnatha Temple (Ellora, Maharashtra)‬
‭ elected video - Documentary on Kailashnatha temple by History TV Channel‬
S
‭(YouTube link -‬‭https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrB5rvEMyo0‬‭)‬
‭Video 2 -‬‭https://youtu.be/02MOwZlRvJ8?si=D6OxGNzzYGoXLbYc‬

‭6 marker questions (200 words)‬

‭ 1.‬‭Formed‬‭from‬‭a‬‭single‬‭block‬‭of‬‭excavated‬‭stone‬‭(खोदा‬‭हुआ‬‭पत्थर),‬‭the‬‭Kailashnath‬
Q
‭temple‬‭is‬‭considered‬‭one‬‭of‬‭the‬‭most‬‭impressive‬‭(भव्य)‬‭cave‬‭temples‬‭in‬‭India.‬‭Write‬‭a‬
‭short‬ ‭note‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭following‬ ‭features‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭temple:‬ ‭a)‬ ‭Architectural‬ ‭beauty‬ ‭(स्थापत्य‬
‭सौंदर्य)‬‭b)‬‭Who‬‭built‬‭the‬‭temple?‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭medium‬‭(साधन)?‬‭c)‬‭What‬‭is‬‭the‬‭meaning‬
‭of vertical excavation? (2024 SQP and PYQ both)‬
‭Answer -‬
‭a) Size and Architecture:‬
‭●‬ ‭The Kailashnath Temple is a‬‭rock-cut temple‬‭dedicated to‬‭Lord Shiva‬‭. It is‬
‭located at‬‭Cave No. 16, Ellora Caves, Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭The temple is‬‭300 feet long, 175 feet wide and 106 feet deep‬‭. Despite‬
‭being carved from a single rock, the temple is known for its‬‭intricate‬
‭carvings (जटिल नक्काशी) and elaborate sculptures (विस्तृत मूर्तियां)‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭In the temple complex, we find all different aspects (पहलू) of a temple such‬
‭as‬‭Shikhara, Vimana, Garbhagriha, Mandapa, Gopuram, Torana,‬
‭Dhwajasthamba, and Elephants at the base of the temple.‬

‭●‬ T
‭ he temple has also been decorated with‬‭themes (प्रसंग/कहानियां) from‬
‭Ramayana, Mahabharata, and tales (कथा) of other gods and‬
‭goddesses‬‭. Since it is Lord Shiva temple, the‬‭sculpture (मूर्ति) of Nandi‬‭is‬
‭also present.‬

‭b) Who Built the Temple? What is the Medium?‬

‭●‬ ‭The Kailashnath Temple was commissioned (निर्माण) by‬‭King Krishna I‬‭of‬
‭the‬‭Rashtrakuta dynasty‬‭in the‬‭8th century CE‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭The temple complex was designed by the‬‭famous ancient architect‬
‭(वास्तुकार) Kokasa‬‭.‬

‭Page‬‭7‬
 ‭●‬ T
‭ he temple was carved out of‬‭solid basalt rock, a volcanic stone‬
‭(ज्वालामुखीय पत्थर)‬‭. These stones provided the temple with‬‭stability (स्थिरता)‬
‭and longevity (दीर्घायु)‬‭.‬

‭c) What is the Meaning of Vertical Excavation?‬

‭●‬ ‭Vertical excavation refers to a construction method in which the rock is cut‬
‭from the‬‭top downward (ऊपर से नीचे की), rather than horizontally‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭At the Kailashnath Temple, this technique allowed artisans (कारीगरों) to‬
‭carve (तराशना) the entire structure out of a single massive rock without‬
‭external supports.‬
‭●‬ ‭In the process of carving the temple out of stones,‬‭3 million cubic feet of‬
‭stone (more than 1 lakh tonne)‬‭was excavated (Nikala gaya) and‬
‭removed from the site. Till date, these stones have‬‭not been found‬‭.‬

‭2 marker questions (100 words)‬

‭ ur rich cultural heritage (सांस्कृ तिक विरासत) teaches us how to live in harmony‬
‭1.‬ O
‭(सद्भाव) with nature and build monuments without harming Mother Earth.‬
‭Explain with an example of vertical excavation in this context. (2025 SQP)‬
‭Answer -‬
‭Vertical‬ ‭excavation‬ ‭refers‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭construction‬ ‭method‬ ‭in‬ ‭which‬ ‭the‬ ‭rock‬ ‭is‬ ‭cut‬
‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭top‬ ‭downward,‬ ‭rather‬ ‭than‬ ‭horizontally.‬ ‭In‬ ‭comparison‬ ‭to‬‭horizontal‬
‭excavation,‬ ‭the‬ ‭vertical‬ ‭excavation‬ ‭process‬ ‭is‬ ‭far‬ ‭more‬ ‭challenging‬ ‭and‬
‭requires more precession. <VA repeat>‬

‭ he‬‭Kailashnath‬‭Temple,‬‭located‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Ellora‬‭Caves,‬‭is‬‭a‬‭stunning‬‭example‬‭of‬
T
‭rock-cut‬ ‭architecture‬ ‭created‬ ‭using‬ ‭the‬ ‭vertical‬ ‭excavation‬ ‭technique.‬ ‭The‬
‭temple‬ ‭is‬ ‭300‬ ‭feet‬ ‭long,‬ ‭175‬ ‭feet‬ ‭wide‬ ‭and‬ ‭106‬ ‭feet‬ ‭deep.‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭being‬
‭carved‬ ‭from‬ ‭a‬ ‭single‬ ‭rock,‬ ‭the‬ ‭temple‬ ‭is‬ ‭known‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭intricate‬ ‭carvings‬‭and‬
‭elaborate relief* sculptures. (99 words) <S & A repeat>‬

‭*Relief = Stone ko carving karke jo Murti banayi jaye.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Answer the following:‬

‭a)‬ ‭Where are the Ajanta caves and who lived in them?‬
‭The‬ ‭Ajanta‬‭caves‬‭are‬‭rock-cut‬‭caves‬‭made‬‭during‬‭the‬‭Gupta‬‭period‬‭in‬
‭Sambhajinagar,‬ ‭Maharashtra‬‭.‬ ‭These‬ ‭caves‬ ‭were‬ ‭places‬‭of‬‭dwelling‬
‭(आवास) and praying‬‭for Buddhist monks (भिक्षु).‬

‭b)‬ H
‭ ow many kinds of caves are there and what is the purpose? (2024‬
‭SQP)‬
‭There are two types of caves:‬
‭(i)‬ ‭Vihara‬ ‭caves‬‭:‬ ‭These‬ ‭caves‬ ‭were‬ ‭used‬ ‭by‬ ‭Buddhist‬ ‭monks‬ ‭to‬‭live.‬
‭The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is also found in them.‬

‭Page‬‭8‬
 (‭ ii)‬ ‭Chaitya‬ ‭caves‬‭:‬ ‭These‬ ‭caves‬ ‭included‬ ‭Stupas‬ ‭which‬ ‭were‬
‭worshipped‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭Buddhist‬ ‭monks.‬ ‭The‬ ‭Stupas‬ ‭included‬ ‭rock-cut‬
‭sculptures and an image of Buddha.‬

‭3.‬ ‘‭Kailashanatha Temple’ is a megalith (‬‭महापाषाण, Pashan matlab paththar‬‭) structure‬

‭carved from a single rock.‬
‭a)‬ ‭Describe this structure based on its size, and architecture. <Already‬
‭answered>‬
‭b)‬ ‭Explain what is vertical excavation. <Already answered>‬
‭c)‬ ‭When and why do you go to a place of worship and how does the‬
‭architecture of a temple (place of worship) enable you to find what you‬
‭are looking for? (2024 SQP)‬
‭For‬ ‭Hindu‬ ‭students‬ ‭only‬ ‭-‬ ‭I‬ ‭usually‬ ‭visit‬ ‭the‬ ‭temples‬ ‭on‬ ‭special‬
‭occasions‬ ‭like‬ ‭festivals,‬ ‭birthdays,‬ ‭etc.‬ ‭The‬ ‭temple's‬ ‭intricate‬‭carvings‬
‭(जटिल‬ ‭नक्काशी)‬ ‭teach‬ ‭me‬ ‭about‬ ‭Hindu‬ ‭scriptures‬ ‭and‬‭the‬‭pradakshina‬
‭path‬ ‭enables‬ ‭me‬ ‭to‬ ‭focus‬ ‭my‬ ‭mind‬ ‭and‬ ‭seek‬ ‭divine‬ ‭guidance‬ ‭(दिव्य‬
‭मार्गदर्शन).‬

‭ or‬ ‭Muslim‬ ‭students‬ ‭only‬‭-‬‭I‬‭usually‬‭visit‬‭the‬‭mosque‬‭to‬‭perform‬‭my‬

F
‭daily‬ ‭prayers‬ ‭and‬ ‭interact‬ ‭(मिलना)‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭community.‬ ‭The‬ ‭sound‬ ‭of‬
‭Ajaan‬‭from‬‭minarets‬‭(मीनारों)‬‭helps‬‭me‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭performing‬‭Namaz‬‭and‬
‭develop a deeper connection with Allah.‬

‭4.‬ T
‭ he Indian temple architecture is designed to lead us from the outer world to‬
‭the inner world. Thus, the Parisar represents the outer world and Garbha‬
‭Graha represents the inner world. Write the names and describe any other‬
‭two parts of the temple from your syllabus. (2023 SQP)‬

‭Page‬‭9‬
 ‭ nswer - Apart from the Garbhagriha and Parisara, we also find the following‬
A
‭two parts of a temple in the Kailasnatha temple -‬
‭(a)‬‭Mandapa: The flat-roofed mandapa of the temple is supported by‬‭16‬
‭pillars‬‭.‬
‭(b)‬‭Gopuram: The temple's entrance is‬‭U-shaped with Shaivite deities‬
‭on the left and Vaishnavite deities on the right side‬‭.‬

‭Facts for MCQs (1 mark each)‬

‭5. Already highlighted above.‬

‭Page‬‭10‬